EFTA

During the Emergency (1975–77), ADM Jabalpur (1976) upheld suspension of Article 21, denying habeas corpus, with Justice HR Khanna’s lone dissent affirming liberty. It symbolised judicial surrender to executive power. In Justice KS Puttaswamy (2017), a 9-judge Bench overruled ADM Jabalpur, MP Sharma (1954) and Kharak Singh (1962), declaring Right to Privacy intrinsic to life and liberty under Articles 14, 19, 21. It laid constitutional foundations for autonomy, dignity, and data protection in the digital age.

The Court said Right to Privacy = Part of the “Golden Triangle” of the Constitution:
• Article 14 —> Right to Equality
• Article 19 —> Freedoms of Citizens
• Article 21 —> Right to Life & Personal Liberty

#GS2mains

Where to use Justice H.R. Khanna in Essay Writing
1. Essay on Democracy & Liberty
• “No democracy can survive if judiciary bows to executive pressure.”
• Khanna’s lone dissent in ADM Jabalpur (1976) defending liberty shows that constitutional values must stand even in crisis.

2. Essay on Role of Judiciary in Democracy
• Use him as a contrast: Majority surrendered in ADM Jabalpur —> Khanna upheld individual liberty.
• Shows how one judge’s courage can shape the moral legacy of a Constitution.

3. Essay on Ethics & Integrity in Public Life
• He sacrificed his chance to become Chief Justice (was superseded) but upheld truth.
• Example of ethical leadership and duty to Constitution above personal gain.

Best way to use him:
• As an anecdotal opening (to start essay with a powerful story).
• As a case study in body (while discussing liberty/judiciary).
• As a concluding moral lesson (that courage of conviction safeguards democracy).

#ESSAY

• Global Governance Initiative(GGI) = Equality + UN authority + practical cooperation + anti-double-standards + anti-decoupling.

• SCO remit expanding: security
—>development, connectivity, education, innovation.

• Shanghai Spirit = trust, benefit, equality, consultation, civilizational respect, common development.

• China–India line: manage differences, deepen cooperation, leverage anniversary for stable ties.

Mission Sudarshan Chakra –
1. Context & Need – Aimed for operationalisation by 2035, it envisions a multi-layered air defence system blending legacy and modern platforms to counter drones, missiles, and stand-off aerial threats amidst evolving warfare (Ukraine war, proxy conflicts, terror outfits).
2. Framework – Integration of short, medium, and long-range systems; mix of legacy (Pechora, OSA-AK, Akashteer) and modern (S-400, SPYDER, Igla MANPADS) weapons; focus on cost-effectiveness and graduated procurement without abrupt system replacement.
3. Lessons & Challenges – Operation Sindoor showed effective integration of old and new; global lessons (e.g., Iran’s over-reliance on drones) highlight risks of focusing only on one technology. Challenges include cost, indigenisation, seamless integration, and fast-evolving drone/AI threats.

#GS1mains

A thing of beauty is joy forever

Evaluated copies

PFA : MODEL STRUCTURE

❤️ Qatar

#CA2025

𝐁𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐚𝐲 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐂𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐭 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐀𝐬𝐡𝐚 𝐁𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐥𝐞 𝐚𝐝-𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐀𝐈 𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐮𝐬𝐞.

#AI platforms, online marketplaces and sellers are restrained from cloning her voice or exploiting her image & likeness without authorisation.



Essays - how AI is limiting the possibilities ?

1. Copyright violations - hamperin writers , authors etc

2. AI : to generate images , voice etc : hampers artists example ghibli images , asha bhosale case

Sample Evaluation of essay

Day 12 Question .pdf

GST cuts + income tax relief to boost demand.
• GST structure simplified (5%, 18%, 40% slabs).
• ₹1 lakh crore left with middle class; revenue loss ₹48,000 crore.
• Govt bets on higher consumption —> investment revival —> higher tax collections.
• Risks: rising fiscal deficit, inflation, weak external sector.
• RBI must cut rates to support demand.
• Goal: sustain >7% GDP growth with fiscal prudence + structural reforms.

#GS1mains

Inverted Duty Structure (IDS)

Definition:
• Occurs when input taxes exceed taxes on finished goods, causing Input Tax Credit accumulation.

Issues:
• Blocks working capital, burdens MSMEs, reduces competitiveness.

Sectors Affected:
• Fertiliser industry (corrected under reforms).
• Textile sector: man-made fabrics face IDS, while handloom fabrics exempt.

Recent Reforms:
• Shift inversion to later manufacturing stages (chemical —> textile).
• Streamlined refund process to ease liquidity stress.

#GS1mains

• GST Rate Rationalisation: India will move towards one GST rate eventually, but multiple rates remain due to revenue needs.
• Consumer Focus: Government priority is ensuring benefit of tax rate cuts reaches consumers; earlier this was monitored by NAA(National Anti-Profiteering Authority ), now gap exists.

With the closure of NAA from April 2025, a gap has emerged in ensuring GST rate cuts reach consumers. Its absence weakens monitoring of profiteering, making tax benefits harder to transmit. This risks eroding consumer welfare and diluting the credibility of GST reforms.

#GS1mains

Women in Judiciary – Key Facts & Issues
1. SC strength: 34 judges, only 1 woman – Justice BV Nagarathna.
2. Last women appointment to SC: Aug 31, 2021 (Kohli, Trivedi, Nagarathna).
3. High Courts (2025): 779 judges, only 105 women (~13.5%).
4. Best performing HCs: Telangana (33%), Sikkim (33.3%), Manipur (25%).
5. Worst: Meghalaya, Tripura, Uttarakhand – no women judges (2025).
6. First woman judge in India: Anna Chandy, 1937, Kerala District Court.
7. Women face bias & double standards (e.g., Sunanda Bhandare rejected at 42 as “too young”).
8. Representation improves diversity, empathy & legitimacy in judgments.
9. Key gender issues before SC: marital rape, marriage equality, women’s rights.
10. Reforms: quota system, institutional mandate, substantive representation

#GS2mains


Building interlinkages :

https://t.me/civils_web/6859

https://t.me/civils_web/6860

Japan's ruling conservative party has elected Sanae Takaichi(Far-Right Nationalist) as its new leader, positioning the 64-year-old to be Japan's first female prime minister.