As of 1 Aug 2025, FOREX Reserve = $688.9 billion
1 billion = 1,000 million
688.9 billion × 1,000 = 688,900 million US dollars
So, 688.9 billion USD = 688,900 million USD.
1 billion = 1,000 million
688.9 billion × 1,000 = 688,900 million US dollars
So, 688.9 billion USD = 688,900 million USD.
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A Compressed Biogas (CBG) plant will be set up by Reliance Industries Limited at Lohat Industrial Area (Phase-1), Madhubani, Bihar.
#BIHARspecial
#BIHARspecial
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• Dishum Guruji – This was the popular name of Shibu Soren, known for his campaigns against local moneylenders (Mahajans) and liquor.
• First elected – He was first elected to the Lok Sabha in 1980 from Dumka.
#BIHARspecial
• First elected – He was first elected to the Lok Sabha in 1980 from Dumka.
#BIHARspecial
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Reserve Bank of India (RBI) – Key Facts
• Established: 1 April 1935, under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
• Original Headquarters: Kolkata (moved to Mumbai in 1937).
• Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra.
• Ownership: Fully owned by the Government of India since nationalisation on 1 January 1949.
• Current Governor: Sanjay Malhotra – 26th Governor (since 11 December 2024).
• Parent Ministry: Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
• Currency Issuer: Sole authority to issue Indian currency notes, except ₹1 notes and coins (issued by Ministry of Finance).
• Emblem: Lion Capital of Ashoka with a palm tree and tiger.
• Primary Functions:
1. Formulation and regulation of monetary policy.
2. Regulation and supervision of banks and NBFCs.
3. Issuance and management of currency.
4. Regulation of foreign exchange under FEMA, 1999.
5. Maintaining financial stability.
6. Developmental role for rural and cooperative banks.
• Official Language: Hindi and English.
• First Governor: Sir Osborne Smith (1935–1937).
• First Indian Governor: C. D. Deshmukh (1943–1949).
• Established: 1 April 1935, under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
• Original Headquarters: Kolkata (moved to Mumbai in 1937).
• Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra.
• Ownership: Fully owned by the Government of India since nationalisation on 1 January 1949.
• Current Governor: Sanjay Malhotra – 26th Governor (since 11 December 2024).
• Parent Ministry: Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
• Currency Issuer: Sole authority to issue Indian currency notes, except ₹1 notes and coins (issued by Ministry of Finance).
• Emblem: Lion Capital of Ashoka with a palm tree and tiger.
• Primary Functions:
1. Formulation and regulation of monetary policy.
2. Regulation and supervision of banks and NBFCs.
3. Issuance and management of currency.
4. Regulation of foreign exchange under FEMA, 1999.
5. Maintaining financial stability.
6. Developmental role for rural and cooperative banks.
• Official Language: Hindi and English.
• First Governor: Sir Osborne Smith (1935–1937).
• First Indian Governor: C. D. Deshmukh (1943–1949).
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1. Aurangzeb’s Tomb
• Location: Khuldabad (Aurangabad), Maharashtra.
• Simple and stark design; located near the tomb of Sufi saint Zainuddin Shirazi.
• Maintained by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
2. Historical Context
• Aurangzeb (Alamgir) ruled for 49 years, expanded Mughal Empire to its greatest territorial extent.
• Died in 1707; spent last 27 years of life in Deccan campaigns.
• His reign saw capture of key forts from Marathas but also long guerrilla resistance by Marathas led by Shivaji Maharaj and later Sambhaji Maharaj, Rajaram, and Maharani Tarabai.
3. Key Maratha-Mughal Events
• 1660: Shaista Khan (Aurangzeb’s governor) lost Pune to Shivaji in a surprise attack.
• 1665: Treaty of Purandar — Raja Jai Singh (Mughal general) compelled Shivaji to cede 23 forts.
• 1664: Shivaji’s attack on Surat weakened Mughal prestige.
• 1674: Shivaji crowned at Raigad as “Chhatrapati”.
• Sambhaji Maharaj captured by Mughals in 1689; executed.
• Post-Sambhaji, Rajaram ruled from Jinji (Gingee) Fort, Tamil Nadu, continuing resistance.
4. Aurangzeb’s Deccan Policy
• Focused heavily on subduing the Marathas, consuming large resources.
• Frequent guerrilla tactics by Marathas bled Mughal treasury.
• Aurangzeb personally led Deccan campaigns for decades.
5. Cultural References
• Gujarati-born Aurangzeb invaded Maharashtra but was unable to fully subdue it.
• In popular culture, depicted in Marathi and Hindi films (e.g., Chhava).
• Location: Khuldabad (Aurangabad), Maharashtra.
• Simple and stark design; located near the tomb of Sufi saint Zainuddin Shirazi.
• Maintained by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
2. Historical Context
• Aurangzeb (Alamgir) ruled for 49 years, expanded Mughal Empire to its greatest territorial extent.
• Died in 1707; spent last 27 years of life in Deccan campaigns.
• His reign saw capture of key forts from Marathas but also long guerrilla resistance by Marathas led by Shivaji Maharaj and later Sambhaji Maharaj, Rajaram, and Maharani Tarabai.
3. Key Maratha-Mughal Events
• 1660: Shaista Khan (Aurangzeb’s governor) lost Pune to Shivaji in a surprise attack.
• 1665: Treaty of Purandar — Raja Jai Singh (Mughal general) compelled Shivaji to cede 23 forts.
• 1664: Shivaji’s attack on Surat weakened Mughal prestige.
• 1674: Shivaji crowned at Raigad as “Chhatrapati”.
• Sambhaji Maharaj captured by Mughals in 1689; executed.
• Post-Sambhaji, Rajaram ruled from Jinji (Gingee) Fort, Tamil Nadu, continuing resistance.
4. Aurangzeb’s Deccan Policy
• Focused heavily on subduing the Marathas, consuming large resources.
• Frequent guerrilla tactics by Marathas bled Mughal treasury.
• Aurangzeb personally led Deccan campaigns for decades.
5. Cultural References
• Gujarati-born Aurangzeb invaded Maharashtra but was unable to fully subdue it.
• In popular culture, depicted in Marathi and Hindi films (e.g., Chhava).