Sapta Kranti (Seven Revolutions) 

Ram Manohar Lohia gave the idea of Sapta Kranti (Seven Revolutions) for creating a new world  order based on socialism in the modern world system.

The Sapta Kranti constituted:

1. The civil disobedience against violent revolutions

2. Economic equality

3. The abolition of castes

4. The emancipation of women

5. National independence

6. An end to colour discrimination

7. The individual’s freedom of thought, free of coercion from collectives of any kind. 

Lohia wanted to give a new direction to the movement for socialism by giving equal emphasis to the struggles against sexism, class, and caste-based exploitations. This was a departure from the Marxist line of a class-centric programme for a socialist revolution. It also went beyond the Gandhian emphasis on a constructive programme of ending untouchability and casteism.

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The Indian Struggle 1920-42 is a two-part book by Subash Chandra Bose. It is a major analytical study of the freedom struggle from the Non-Cooperation Movement to the Quit India Movement and Mahatma Gandhi’s critical role.

Bose wrote the first part of the narrative, covering the years 1920-34, based on his memories during his exile in Vienna. Although this first part was published in London in 1935, the British government banned its distribution in India, citing concerns about its potential to incite extremism and direct action. This book played a significant role in promoting the cause of Indian Independence in Europe.

The second part, covering the years 1935-42, was written after an eight-year gap and was published by his wife, Emilie, after World War II. In the book, Netaji envisions the complete political and economic liberation of India, which he believes can only be achieved through forceful methods and the growth of mass consciousness.

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