PM-WANI Scheme:

• It was launched by the Department of Telecommunication (DoT) in December 2020 to provide affordable and high-speed internet connectivity to the public in rural and remote areas of the country. 
• The scheme aims to establish a public Wi-Fi network across the country through the creation of Wi-Fi Access Points (WAPs) set up by public data offices (PDOs).
• The WAPs will operate on an open-architecture system, allowing multiple service providers to offer their services to the public through a single platform. 
• PM-WANI ecosystem: It consists of four parts: Public Data Office (PDO), Public Data Office Aggregator (PDOA), App Provider, and Central Registry.
• PDO establishes Wi-Fi hotspots and provides internet access to users. There shall be no license required by PDOs from the DoT for providing broadband Internet through these public Wi-Fi networks.
• PDOA provides authorisation and accounting services to PDOs. PDOA provides user interface for the user to buy a plan and keep track of their data consumption. PDOA need not pay any license fees.
• The small shopkeepers can become PDOs as last-mile access service providers and take services from PDOAs for Internet and backend services.
• App Provider, who will develop an application to register users, and ‘discover’ and display PM-WANI Wi-Fi hotspots in proximity for accessing the internet service, and also authenticate the potential broadband users. Startups and wallet providers can become App Providers.
• The central registry overseen by the Centre for Development of Telematics maintains details of App Providers, PDOs, and PDOAs.
• How can you access the PM-WANI internet?
• To access public hotspots under the PM-WANI scheme, one needs to download a relevant app which shows the available networks.
• The user can then choose from a list of available connections and make a payment to use the network.
• The user can access the network till his/her balance is exhausted.

With reference to the X-Chromosome, consider the following statements:
1. It is one of the two sex chromosomes in humans.
2. Males typically have two X chromosomes, while females typically have one X and one Y chromosome.
3. Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with X-Chromosome.

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With reference to the International Criminal Court (ICC), consider the following statements:
1. It is a permanent judicial body established by the United Nations to investigate, prosecute, and try individuals.
2. India is a signatory to the Rome Statute, the ICC’s founding treaty.
3. The ICC may only exercise its jurisdiction if the national court is unable or unwilling to do so.

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With reference to Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, consider the following statements:
1. It does not apply to the crimes committed between Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs).
2. It authorizes the respective State Governments to frame rules for carrying out the purpose of the Act. 
3. An investigation of offence committed under the Act cannot be investigated by an officer not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP).

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Arab League:

• The Arab League, also called the League of Arab States (LAS), is a regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East and parts of Africa.

• Formation:
• It was formed in Cairo on March 22, 1945.
• The league was chartered in response to concerns about postwar colonial divisions of territory as well as strong opposition to the emergence of a Jewish state on Palestinian territory.

• Goals:
• The overall aim of the league is to promote Arab interests.
• Its main goals are to strengthen and coordinate the political, cultural, economic, and social programs of its members and to try to settle disputes among them or between them and third parties.
• In 1950, the members also agreed to provide military support to help defend each other.

• Headquarters: Cairo, Egypt.
• Official language: Arabic

• Members:
• Currently, it has 22 members. The founding member states of the league are Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen.
• Members who joined later are Libya, Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco, Kuwait, Algeria, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Mauritania, Somalia, the Palestine Liberation Organization, Djibouti, and Comoros.
• The League regards Palestine as an independent state. 
• There are four nations that were conferred observer status by the League: Brazil, Eritrea, India, and Venezuela.

• Council:
• The highest body of the league is the Council, composed of representatives of member states, usually foreign ministers, their representatives, or permanent delegates. 
• The League makes decisions on a majority basis, but there is no mechanism to compel members to comply with resolutions.
• Each member has one vote on the Council, with decisions binding only on those states that have voted for them.

With reference to Neanderthals, consider the following:
1. They are our closest extinct human relative.
2. Their bodies were shorter and stockier than modern humans and were extremely muscular.
3. Their brains were much smaller compared to modern humans.

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