Questions
Unit 4 memory and forgetting
https://t.me/diredawa2015/228
Answer
https://t.me/diredawa2015/229
Unit 5 motivation and emotion
https://t.me/diredawa2015/230
Answer https://t.me/diredawa2015/232
Unit 6 PERSONALITY
https://t.me/diredawa2015/233
Answer https://t.me/diredawa2015/235
Unit 7
https://t.me/diredawa2015/237
Answers
https://t.me/yohana1234567/989

topic of psychological disorders and treatment techniques:

1. What is a psychological disorder?
a) A temporary emotional state
b) A pattern of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that causes significant distress or impairment
c) A normal variation in human behavior

2. Which of the following is not a category of mental disorders in the DSM-5?
a) Anxiety disorders
b) Major depressive disorder
c) Behavioral disorders

3. What is the primary difference between mood disorders and anxiety disorders?
a) Mood disorders are characterized by excessive worry, while anxiety disorders involve disturbances in mood
b) Mood disorders involve disruptions in mood regulation, while anxiety disorders involve excessive fear or anxiety
c) Mood disorders are temporary, while anxiety disorders are chronic

4. What is the most common type of psychological disorder in the United States?
a) Bipolar disorder
b) Major depressive disorder
c) Schizophrenia

5. What is the purpose of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)?
a) It provides a comprehensive list of potential psychological disorders and their symptoms
b) It offers treatment recommendations for mental health professionals
c) It focuses on prevention strategies for psychological disorders

6. What is the main characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder?
a) Sudden episodes of intense fear or panic
b) Persistent and excessive worry about various aspects of life
c) Excessive preoccupation with physical symptoms without a medical cause

7. Which of the following is a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
a) Intense fear of social situations
b) Intrusive thoughts creating anxiety and repetitive behaviors
c) Rapid mood swings and impulsivity

8. What is the primary feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
a) Fear of leaving one's home
b) Flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety following a traumatic event
c) Lack of emotional expression or reaction to events

9. What is the most effective treatment for phobias?
a) Medication
b) Cognitive-behavioral therapy
c) Hypnosis

10. Which of the following is not a common symptom of schizophrenia?
a) Hallucinations
b) Dissociative identity disorder
c) Delusions

11. What is the goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?
a) To uncover unconscious conflicts
b) To change negative thought patterns and behaviors
c) To provide insight into past traumas

12. How does medication typically work in treating psychological disorders?
a) It cures the disorder completely
b) It alleviates symptoms but does not address underlying causes
c) It has no effect on psychological disorders

13. What is the main principle behind exposure therapy for treating phobias?
a) Encouraging avoidance of feared situations
b) Gradually exposing individuals to feared objects or situations to reduce anxiety
c) Providing medication to reduce anxiety levels

14. What is the purpose of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)?
a) To address maladaptive behaviors and thought patterns in individuals with borderline personality disorder
b) To explore deep-seated emotional conflicts
c) To enhance memory and cognitive functioning

15. What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) primarily used for?
a) Treating anxiety disorders
b) Severe depression that has not responded to other treatments
c) Bipolar disorder management

16. What role do antipsychotic medications play in treating schizophrenia?
a) They cure the disorder completely
b) They help manage psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions
c) They increase the risk of suicide

17. What is the primary technique used in psychodynamic therapy?
a) Exposure to feared stimuli
b) Dream analysis and exploring unconscious conflicts
c) Relaxation training

18. Which approach to therapy focuses on the present moment and emphasizes non-judgmental awareness?
a) Cognitive-behavioral therapy
b) Humanistic therapy
c) Mindfulness-based therapy

19. How does reinforcement work in behavior therapy?
a) Punishing unwanted behaviors through negative consequences
b) Rewarding desired behaviors to encourage their repetition
c) Encouraging the expression of negative emotions

20. What is the primary goal of family therapy?
a) To diagnose individual psychological disorders
b) To address and improve family interactions and communication
c) To promote individual independence from family structures

Answer
https://t.me/yohana1234567/989

I think your exam not considered Unit 7

Unit 4 - 6
1. What is the process of encoding in memory?
a) Storing information in memory
b) Retrieving information from memory
c) Converting information into a form suitable for storage

2. Which type of memory is typically associated with remembering personal experiences and events?
a) Semantic memory
b) Procedural memory
c) Episodic memory

3. What term describes the inability to remember events from early childhood?
a) Retrograde amnesia
b) Infantile amnesia
c) Anterograde amnesia

4. What is the role of motivation in behavior?
a) It involves regulating physiological processes like hunger and thirst
b) It energizes and directs behavior towards specific goals
c) It controls emotional responses to external stimuli

5. Which theory of emotion suggests that physiological arousal precedes the experience of emotion?
a) James-Lange theory
b) Cannon-Bard theory
c) Schachter-Singer theory

6. What is the primary difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation?
a) Extrinsic motivation comes from internal factors, while intrinsic motivation arises from external rewards
b) Extrinsic motivation involves pursuing activities for personal satisfaction, while intrinsic motivation involves external pressures
c) Extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards or consequences, while intrinsic motivation comes from internal desires or enjoyment

7. What is the purpose of emotional regulation?
a) To suppress all emotions to avoid conflict
b) To manage and modify one's emotional responses to adapt to situations
c) To intensify emotional reactions for better communication

8. Which personality trait in the Big Five model relates to being careful, responsible, and organized?
a) Openness
b) Conscientiousness
c) Extroversion

9. According to Freud, which part of the personality operates on the reality principle?
a) Id
b) Ego
c) Superego

10. What is the purpose of defense mechanisms in personality psychology?
a) To suppress unwanted thoughts and desires
b) To protect the conscious mind from harmful or threatening thoughts
c) To facilitate the expression of unconscious desires

11. How does the humanistic perspective on personality differ from other theories?
a) It emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts
b) It focuses on the potential for personal growth and self-actualization
c) It highlights the influence of childhood experiences on personality development

12. What is the central idea behind trait theory in personality psychology?
a) Personality is shaped by an individual's unique life experiences
b) Personality can be described and understood through a set of core traits
c) Personality is determined by unconscious desires and conflicts

13. How does social-cognitive theory explain personality development?
a) It focuses on genetic influences on behavior
b) It highlights the interplay between personal characteristics, environmental factors, and behavior
c) It emphasizes the role of early childhood experiences in shaping personality

14. What is the main goal of psychoanalytic therapy based on Freud's theories?
a) To analyze dreams and unconscious conflicts
b) To bring unconscious conflicts to the conscious mind for resolution
c) To focus on changing maladaptive behaviors through conditioning

15. How does self-esteem differ from self-efficacy in personality psychology?
a) Self-esteem refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed, while self-efficacy is the overall evaluation of oneself
b) Self-efficacy relates specifically to confidence in performing tasks, while self-esteem involves feelings of self-worth
c) Self-esteem is based on external validation, while self-efficacy is internally driven

16. What is reciprocal determinism in personality theory?
a) The idea that personality is determined solely by genetic factors
b) The concept that individual characteristics, behavior, and environmental factors interact and influence each other
c) The belief that personality traits remain stable over time

17. How does culture influence personality development?
a) Culture has no impact on personality traits
b) Cultural norms, values, and societal expectations shape individuals' personality characteristics
c) Personality is entirely biologically determined and unaffected by cultural factors

18. What is the purpose of projective tests in assessing personality?
a) To measure specific personality traits objectively
b) To reveal unconscious aspects of personality through ambiguous stimuli
c) To assess cognitive abilities and intelligence

19. What is the self-serving bias in relation to personality?
a) The tendency to attribute successes to internal factors and failures to external factors
b) The belief that one's personality traits are superior to others
c) The inclination to seek psychological advice from others

20. How does the Five Factor Model of personality categorize personality traits?
a) Into three primary traits
b) Into five broad dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism
c) Into seven distinct categories based on childhood experiences

21. In the context of psychology, what does the term "emotional intelligence" refer to?
a) The ability to memorize emotions accurately
b) The capacity to understand, perceive, and manage emotions effectively
c) The concept of being emotionally sensitive to others' needs

22. Which area of the brain is heavily involved in emotional processing and memory formation?
a) Hippocampus
b) Frontal lobe
c) Cerebellum

23. What role does the amygdala play in emotion?
a) It regulates sleep patterns
b) It processes and identifies emotions, particularly fear and aggression
c) It controls muscle movement during emotional expression

24. Which theory of motivation suggests that physiological needs must be satisfied in a specific sequence?
a) Drive-reduction theory
b) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
c) Incentive theory

25. How does intrinsic motivation differ from extrinsic motivation?
a) Intrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards, while extrinsic motivation comes from internal drives
b) Intrinsic motivation arises from internal desires or enjoyment, while extrinsic motivation involves external rewards or consequences
c) Intrinsic motivation involves pursuing activities for personal satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation is based on social approval

26. What physiological process is associated with the fight-or-flight response to stress?
a) Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
b) Release of adrenaline and cortisol
c) Decrease in heart rate and blood pressure

27. How does the Yerkes-Dodson law explain the relationship between arousal and performance?
a) Increased arousal always leads to improved performance
b) Optimal performance occurs at moderate levels of arousal; too much or too little arousal impairs performance
c) High arousal levels are necessary for complex tasks, while low arousal levels are suitable for simple tasks

28. What is the purpose of personality inventories in psychology?
a) They provide a standardized way to assess personality traits and characteristics
b) They analyze unconscious desires and conflicts
c) They focus on diagnosing mental disorders

29. What is the fundamental premise of the humanistic perspective on personality?
a) The belief that personality is shaped by unconscious conflicts
b) The emphasis on personal growth, self-actualization, and the importance of inner experiences
c) The focus on observable behaviors as the core of personality

30. How does the social-cognitive theory approach the study of personality?
a) By emphasizing the interaction between cognitive processes, behavior, and environmental influences
b) By focusing on genetic predispositions and temperament
c) By considering the impact of cultural norms and societal expectations on personality

Answer
https://t.me/yohana1234567/991

Questions
Unit 4 memory and forgetting
https://t.me/diredawa2015/228
Answer
https://t.me/diredawa2015/229
Unit 5 motivation and emotion
https://t.me/diredawa2015/230
Answer https://t.me/diredawa2015/232
Unit 6 PERSONALITY
https://t.me/diredawa2015/233
Answer https://t.me/diredawa2015/235
All unit 4 - 6
https://t.me/diredawa2015/241
Answer
https://t.me/yohana1234567/991

Short note

Improved PPT

Logic final DDU
1, https://t.me/c/2104872456/769
2, https://t.me/c/2104872456/832
3, https://t.me/c/2104872456/868
4, https://t.me/c/2104872456/904
5,https://t.me/diredawa2015/206?single

📚Fallacies of Weak Induction

This types of fallacies usually appears in inductive arguments.
እነዚህ አሳሳች የሆኑ የግምታዊ አስተሳሰብ አመክንዮዎች ናቸው።

Chapter 2 ላይ ባያቿቸው inductive arguments ላይ defect ሲፈጠር Fallacies of weak induction are committed እንላለን።

The premises of the argument may be relevant but not sufficient to establish a conclusion.

9. Appeal to Unqualified Authority
[Argumentum Ad Verecandium]

Sometimes we are in need of the suggestion, comment, advice and information of others that would enable us to reach a conclusion of our own.

However, The person that we relied on to provide the information that we seek might be unreliable.

ይሄ መረጃ ለመስጠት ብቃት የሌለውን ሰው እማኝ ወይም ምስክር ማድረግ ነው።

ለምሳሌ፣ " Dr. Ismail, who is the famous biochemist in this country, told me last night that all economic policies of this country are wrong. It implies thay, this country's Economic policy is wrong."

አያቹ Dr. Ismail በህክምና ትልቅ ስልጣን አለው ማለት ስለ ሌላ ነገር የሰጠው ሃሰብ ትክክል ነው ማለት አይደለም።
ከዚው ጋር ተያይዞ ግን ስለ ኢኮኖሚው ማብራርያውን የሰጠው Economist ቢሆን ኖሮ Appeal to Authority ወይም Appeal to expert opinion ነው የሚባለው።

ስለዚህ ስለማያገባችሁ ወይም በደንብ ስለማታውቁት ነገር ማብራሪያ ከመስጠት ተቆጠቡ😊 So that you do not commit this fallacy😎

10. Appeal to Ignorance
[Argumentum ad ignorantiam]

This Fallacy is committed when one's conclusion is supported by one's own ignorance, lack of evidence or lack of tangible information or knowledge.

ስለ መረጃው ትክክለኛ እውቀት ሳይኖረን እንደምናውቀው ሆነን መደምደሚያ መስጠት። ይሄ Fallacy በሁሉት መንገድ ሊፈጠር ይችላል:-

📌Arguing that something is True Because no one has proved to be false.
(ሀሰት እንደሆነ ስላልተረጋገጠ እውነት ነው ማለት)

📌Arguing that something is false Because no one Hassan proved it to be True. (እውነት እንደሆነ ስላልተረጋገጠ ውሽት ነው ማለት)

Eg1. "Life After death is real, since no one has proved that there is no such thing as life after death."

Eg2. "Life after death is a myth, because no one yet proved that it is real."

11. Hasty Generalization Fallacy

This fallacy is just the opposite of Accident fallacy.
It is drawing a conclusion or reaching a certain point of generalization from too small evidences.

ከተወሰኑ ወይም ከጥቂት መረጃዎች ብቻ ተነስተን መደምደሚያ ስንሰራ የሚፈጠር የአስተሳሰብ ስህተት ነው።

Eg. "Addis Zemen Gazeta carried an interview to know the reading skill among young people. It has found out that, among ten young people it interviewed, none of them read a book for the last two years. The conclusion is obvious: all young people in the country do not have the culture of reading books."

12) False Cause Fallacy

Is Committed when someone infering causal explanations from premises that do not provide sufficient evidence to it.

የስህተት መንስኤን መረጃ ስናደርግ የሚፈጠር Fallacy ነው። ሶስት አይነት የFalse cause fallacy አይነት አለ

📍Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy

ስሙን ማንበብ ከበዳቹአ😂

This fallacy is committed when we arrive at a certain conclusion by claiming that one thing is the cause of another thing Because it preceds by the time.

ለምሳሌ፣ "ፈተና ላይ ሆናችሁ ወደ ክላስ እየሄዳችሁ የሞተ ጥቁር ዶሮ 🧟መንገድ ላይ ካያቹ ከዚያ ያንን ፈተና ከ3/10 ብታመጡ ያ ዶሮ ነው እንዲ ያረገኝ ስትሉ😁" ይህ post hoc...ነው።

ሌላ ምሳሌ " Ever since we quit going to church, our business has been going to worse. If we start attending church our business would become good"

📍Non causa pro causa fallacy

🔖Not the cause for the cause ማለት ነው።
መንስኤ መሆን የማይገባው መንስኤ ሆኖ ሲወሰድ።

Eg1. "እሷ ድሃ ናት ምክንያቱም ጠንቋይ ረግሟታል"😔

Eg2. "What makes Africans poor is because they are black people."

📍OverSimplified cause fallacy

አንድ ነገር ለመከሰቱ ብዙ ምክንያቶች እያሉት አንዱን ብቻ ተጠያቂ ማድረግ።

Eg. "Don't worry; she will be all right from her abdominal sicknes. I gave her good advices"
ስለመከራት ብቻም አይሻላትም፣ ነገር ግን ከህመሟ እንድታገግም ምክር እንዱ ምክንያት ሊሆን ይችላል።

13. Slippery Slope Fallacy

🔖is a species of negative reasoning from consequences, used where two parties are deliberating together and one warns the other not to take a contemplated action.

ለተከሰቱት ሁኔታዎች ሁሉ ወይም መጨረሻ ላይ ለደረሰው ከባድ ችግር የመጀመሪያውን ምክንያት ተጠያቂ ማድረግ።

ለሜሳሌ:-
Student: I do have a question, teacher.
Teacher: I will not allow you to ask me because, If I allow you to ask me, others will start asking me and as a result I will not have enough time for my lecture.
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