Improved PPT

Logic final DDU
1, https://t.me/c/2104872456/769
2, https://t.me/c/2104872456/832
3, https://t.me/c/2104872456/868
4, https://t.me/c/2104872456/904
5,https://t.me/diredawa2015/206?single

📚Fallacies of Weak Induction

This types of fallacies usually appears in inductive arguments.
እነዚህ አሳሳች የሆኑ የግምታዊ አስተሳሰብ አመክንዮዎች ናቸው።

Chapter 2 ላይ ባያቿቸው inductive arguments ላይ defect ሲፈጠር Fallacies of weak induction are committed እንላለን።

The premises of the argument may be relevant but not sufficient to establish a conclusion.

9. Appeal to Unqualified Authority
[Argumentum Ad Verecandium]

Sometimes we are in need of the suggestion, comment, advice and information of others that would enable us to reach a conclusion of our own.

However, The person that we relied on to provide the information that we seek might be unreliable.

ይሄ መረጃ ለመስጠት ብቃት የሌለውን ሰው እማኝ ወይም ምስክር ማድረግ ነው።

ለምሳሌ፣ " Dr. Ismail, who is the famous biochemist in this country, told me last night that all economic policies of this country are wrong. It implies thay, this country's Economic policy is wrong."

አያቹ Dr. Ismail በህክምና ትልቅ ስልጣን አለው ማለት ስለ ሌላ ነገር የሰጠው ሃሰብ ትክክል ነው ማለት አይደለም።
ከዚው ጋር ተያይዞ ግን ስለ ኢኮኖሚው ማብራርያውን የሰጠው Economist ቢሆን ኖሮ Appeal to Authority ወይም Appeal to expert opinion ነው የሚባለው።

ስለዚህ ስለማያገባችሁ ወይም በደንብ ስለማታውቁት ነገር ማብራሪያ ከመስጠት ተቆጠቡ😊 So that you do not commit this fallacy😎

10. Appeal to Ignorance
[Argumentum ad ignorantiam]

This Fallacy is committed when one's conclusion is supported by one's own ignorance, lack of evidence or lack of tangible information or knowledge.

ስለ መረጃው ትክክለኛ እውቀት ሳይኖረን እንደምናውቀው ሆነን መደምደሚያ መስጠት። ይሄ Fallacy በሁሉት መንገድ ሊፈጠር ይችላል:-

📌Arguing that something is True Because no one has proved to be false.
(ሀሰት እንደሆነ ስላልተረጋገጠ እውነት ነው ማለት)

📌Arguing that something is false Because no one Hassan proved it to be True. (እውነት እንደሆነ ስላልተረጋገጠ ውሽት ነው ማለት)

Eg1. "Life After death is real, since no one has proved that there is no such thing as life after death."

Eg2. "Life after death is a myth, because no one yet proved that it is real."

11. Hasty Generalization Fallacy

This fallacy is just the opposite of Accident fallacy.
It is drawing a conclusion or reaching a certain point of generalization from too small evidences.

ከተወሰኑ ወይም ከጥቂት መረጃዎች ብቻ ተነስተን መደምደሚያ ስንሰራ የሚፈጠር የአስተሳሰብ ስህተት ነው።

Eg. "Addis Zemen Gazeta carried an interview to know the reading skill among young people. It has found out that, among ten young people it interviewed, none of them read a book for the last two years. The conclusion is obvious: all young people in the country do not have the culture of reading books."

12) False Cause Fallacy

Is Committed when someone infering causal explanations from premises that do not provide sufficient evidence to it.

የስህተት መንስኤን መረጃ ስናደርግ የሚፈጠር Fallacy ነው። ሶስት አይነት የFalse cause fallacy አይነት አለ

📍Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy

ስሙን ማንበብ ከበዳቹአ😂

This fallacy is committed when we arrive at a certain conclusion by claiming that one thing is the cause of another thing Because it preceds by the time.

ለምሳሌ፣ "ፈተና ላይ ሆናችሁ ወደ ክላስ እየሄዳችሁ የሞተ ጥቁር ዶሮ 🧟መንገድ ላይ ካያቹ ከዚያ ያንን ፈተና ከ3/10 ብታመጡ ያ ዶሮ ነው እንዲ ያረገኝ ስትሉ😁" ይህ post hoc...ነው።

ሌላ ምሳሌ " Ever since we quit going to church, our business has been going to worse. If we start attending church our business would become good"

📍Non causa pro causa fallacy

🔖Not the cause for the cause ማለት ነው።
መንስኤ መሆን የማይገባው መንስኤ ሆኖ ሲወሰድ።

Eg1. "እሷ ድሃ ናት ምክንያቱም ጠንቋይ ረግሟታል"😔

Eg2. "What makes Africans poor is because they are black people."

📍OverSimplified cause fallacy

አንድ ነገር ለመከሰቱ ብዙ ምክንያቶች እያሉት አንዱን ብቻ ተጠያቂ ማድረግ።

Eg. "Don't worry; she will be all right from her abdominal sicknes. I gave her good advices"
ስለመከራት ብቻም አይሻላትም፣ ነገር ግን ከህመሟ እንድታገግም ምክር እንዱ ምክንያት ሊሆን ይችላል።

13. Slippery Slope Fallacy

🔖is a species of negative reasoning from consequences, used where two parties are deliberating together and one warns the other not to take a contemplated action.

ለተከሰቱት ሁኔታዎች ሁሉ ወይም መጨረሻ ላይ ለደረሰው ከባድ ችግር የመጀመሪያውን ምክንያት ተጠያቂ ማድረግ።

ለሜሳሌ:-
Student: I do have a question, teacher.
Teacher: I will not allow you to ask me because, If I allow you to ask me, others will start asking me and as a result I will not have enough time for my lecture.
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Professor, hear me once please. I should deserve at least a B in this course. If I do not, I will be in Prohibition and total lose of moral courage to attend other courses."

3. Appeal to People
[Argumentum ad Populum]

Is committed whenever anyone urging the acceptance of a claim by arousing strong feelings that may leaf audiences to accept the claim without a logical justigication of it.

ይህ ደግሞ የህዝብን ስሜት በማነሳሳት የፈለጉትን ለማሳካት ሲሞከር የሚፈፀም የስህተት አስተሳሰብ ነው።

Two approaches are involved in appeal to people fallacy:
📍direct and
📍indirect.

🔖The direct approach occurs when an arguer, addressing a large group of people, excites the emotions and enthusiasm of the crowd to win acceptance for his or her conclusion.

ለምሳሌ እነ Hitler የህዝቡን ስሜት በማነሳሳትና በመቀስቀስ ነበር በሁዝቡ የዘረኝነትን መርዝ ከረጨ በኃላ የዚያ ሰው ሁሉ እልቂት የተፈፀመው።

🔖In the indirect approach, the arguer aims his or her appeal not at the crowd as a whole but at one or more individuals separately.

ይህ ደግሞ ለግለሰቦች የሚቀርብ ማባበያ ነው። There are Three forms of indirect approach

📍Appeal to Bandwagon
Emphasizes that the majority's choice is a correct one and urges audiences to join them
ይህ ማለት "አብዛኛው ሰው ተቀብሎታልና አንተም ተቀበለው" ማለት ነው።

Eg. " Many Freshman Students study in library so, Studying in library is the best for freshman students"

📍Appeal to Vanity
በችሎታቸው ዝኘኛ የሆኑ ሰዎች ስለሚጠቀሙበት አንተም ብትጠቀምበት የዝነኞቹ ክብር ይኖረሃል።

Eg. "Who is going to wear this new fashion dress, a dress worn by the famous Aster Awoke in her New Year's Sheraten Hotel's Show?"

📍Appeal to Snobbery

የተከበሩ ሰዎችን መጥቀስ ወይም ለሌሎች #የበላይ (Superior) የመሆን ፍላጎት

Eg. "The newly produced Malt Guiness is not for everyone to drink. But you are different from other people, aren't you? Therefore, the newly malt guiness is for you.

🔖In Birhanu direct and indirect approach to appeal to the people fallacy the arguer targeted on exploiting strong emotions of the people.

4. Argument against The Person
[Argumentum Ad Hominem]


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1. I guess I should buy my 12-year-old daughter an iPhone. Everyone at her new school has one and I want her to fit in with the other kids.

A. Appeal to False Authority
B. Either/ Or
C. Bandwagon
D. Slippery Slope

2. Charlie: I think we should put more money into schools. Quality public education is so important.
Bob: So you’re saying we should cut military spending and spend it instead on more spiral notebooks and crayons? I guess you want our country to be a weak, defenseless target for terrorists.
A. Ad Hominem
B. Hasty Generalization
C. Faulty Causality
D. Straw Man

3. My opponent raises a good point, but can we really trust him? I mean, he moved to this town only two years ago and everyone knows that his wife left him.
A. Slippery Slope
B. Sentimental Appeal
C. Bandwagon
D. Ad Hominem

4. Oh, please. What would you know about labor laws? You don’t even have a job.

A. Ad Hominem
B. Scare Tactic
C. Hasty Generalization
D. Sentimental Appeal

5.If I don’t take this A.P. class, then I won’t do well on the exam. If I don’t do well on the A.P. exam, then I can’t get into a good college. If I can’t get into a good college, then I’ll never get a good job. If I can’t get a good job, then I’m going to have to live in my parents’ basement forever. Guess I’ll sign up for the A.P. class.
A. Scare Tactic
B..Slippery Slope
C. Hasty Generalization
D. Faulty Causality

6.You need to go to the party with me, otherwise you’ll just be bored at home.
A. hasty generalization
B..post hoc
C. false dichotomy
D. appeal to ignorance
E. tu quoque

7. I know the professor said the Bridges of Madison County was smarmy trash and lacked any artistic worth. But I still think he's wrong. After all, it was on the best-seller list for over 100 weeks.

A. Scare Tactics
B..Red Herring
C. Bandwagon Argument
D. Begging the Question

8.An ad hominem attack
is a very effective debate strategy goes after a person's argument. is always against a popular idea. is an attack on the person, not the argument
9. Teacher: If I let you go to the bathroom pretty soon everybody will want to go to the bathroom. This is an example of
A. Argument from Authority
B. The Bandwagon Fallacy
C. An Ad Hominem attack
D. The Slippery Slope Fallacy
10."Good morning! Have you gotten over the grouchy mood you were in?"

A..Loaded question
B. Ad hominem
C. False dilemma
D. False analogy

1. C
2. D
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. C
7. C
8. D
9. D
10. A

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Logic practice Exam

1. Which fallacy of relevance best describes the following passage? Well, you should heed her advice about college not being worth the time and money. She is a successful billionaire, and she never finished college.
a) Appeal to unqualified authority
b) Missing the point
c) Appeal to the people
d) Appeal to pity
e) Appeal to force

2. Which fallacy of relevance best describes the following passage? It is absurd that he expects me to heed his advice about diet and exercise when he weighs at least 200 pounds and sits behind a desk every day.
a) Ad hominem
b) Tu quoque
c) Appeal to ignorance
d) Appeal to pity
e) Appeal to force

3. Which fallacy of relevance best describes the following passage? Do not listen to his advice; his business went bankrupt, and he’s been unemployed for over a year.
a) Ad hominem
b) Tu quoque
c) Appeal to the people
d) Appeal to pity
e) Appeal to force

4. Which fallacy of relevance best describes the following passage? You condemn eating meat and poultry as wrong, when I have seen you eat chicken nuggets by the fistful! I cannot take your position seriously when you do not follow it yourself.
a) Ad hominem
b) Tu quoque
c) Appeal to the people
d) Appeal to pity
e) Appeal to force

5. Which fallacy of relevance best describes the following passage? You may not care for the poor or the middle class, but some of us here still do. That is who you are. The 1% does not care about ordinary people like us. Do not be suckered; be on the right side. It is our only chance.
a) Appeal to ignorance
b) Missing the point
c) Appeal to the people
d) Appeal to unqualified authority
e) Appeal to force

6. Which fallacy of relevance best describes the following passage? I have been cheated by my dishonest boss of my severance package and the last five weeks of pay. I have tried to find a new job, but the infection in my leg has kept me bed ridden. So, you have got to lend me $2000. I swear I will pay you back.
a) Ad hominem
b) Missing the point
c) Appeal to unqualified authority
d) Appeal to pity
e) Appeal to force

7. Which fallacy of relevance best describes the following passage? I cannot believe the nerve the French government has, criticizing us for “human rights abuses.” Why, if it were not for us, they’d all be speaking German! Then they would see some human rights abuses worth whining about!
a) Ad hominem
b) Tu quoque
c) Appeal to the people
d) Appeal to pity
e) Missing the point

8. Which fallacy of relevance best describes the following passage? Well, the novel is highly recommended by the president. He says it inspires him. So even if it is a hard read, you should keep going.
a) Ad hominem
b) Tu quoque
c) Appeal to the people
d) Appeal to pity
e) Appeal to unqualified authority

9. Which fallacy of relevance best describes the following passage? Plants cannot feel. Says who? You have never been a plant, so you cannot say that they do not. It is your instinct against mine, and I say plants do.
a) Ad hominem
b) Tu quoque
c) Appeal to the people
d) Missing the point
e) Appeal to ignorance

10. Which fallacy of relevance best describes the following passage? Of course, there should be a wall between church and state. Stephen Hawking insists this is necessary for a free republic.
a) Ad hominem
b) Tu quoque
c) Appeal to the people
d) Appeal to unqualified authority e) Appeal to force


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1. 𝗔
2. 𝗕
3. 𝗔
4. 𝗘
5. 𝗖
6. 𝗗
7. 𝗔
8. 𝗘
9. 𝗔
10.𝗗

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8) C...precising definition ዋና ጥቅሙ vagueness ን መቀነስ (reduce) ማድረግ ነው። vagueness ማለት ደግሞ አለምአቀፋዊ የሆነ አንድ ወጥ ትርጉም የሌለው ማለት ነው ፤ ያ ማለት vague ለሆነ ቃል እያንዳንዱ ሰው የራሱ የሆነ ትርጉም አለው። ለምሳሌ tall(ረዝም) የሚለው ቃል የአለምን ህዝብ ሊያስማማ የሚችል አንድ ወጥ ትርጉም አለው? የለውም። ምክንያቱም ለአንዳንዱ ረዝም ማለት 1.70m በላይ የሆነ ሊሆን ይችላል ፤ ለአንዳንዱ ረዝማ ማለት 2m በላይ የሆነ ሊሆን ይችላል ፤ ለአንዳንዱ ረዝም ማለት 3.0 m በላይ የሆነ ሊሆን ይችላል ፤ ሁሉም የራሱ የሆነ ትርጉም ስለሚሰጠው አንድ ወጥ የሆነ አለምአቀፋዊ ትርጉም ስለሌለው tall የሚለው ቃል vague ነው። precising definition እንዴት ነው vagueness ን reduce የሚያደርገው? ቲቶርያሉ ላይ ተምረንዋል ማየት ትችላላችሁ።
9) B... ባህሪያቶቹን(attributes/features) በመግለፅ define ማድረግ ፤ intensional definition ነው ኣ። አባላቶችን(members) በመዘርዘር define ማድረግ ደግሞ extensional definition ነው። ተምረንዋል።
10) A... 😁should not be negative when it is affirmative ነው መሆን ያለበት። positive መሆን እየቻለ negative meaning መስጠት የለብንም። Good ን define አድርጉት ብትባሉ ፤ Good means not bad ብትሉ።
11) C... ይቺ ኬክ ናት😎😋
12) E... ምርጫ A ላይ ዘይት የሚሰርቁባትን ሀገር "petrograb" ብለው መግባቢያ code አውጡላት። መግባቢያ code መጠቀም ደግሞ stipulastive definition ነው። ምርጫ D ላይ የቃሉን የ መዝገበ ቃላት(dictionary) ፍቺ ነው የተጠቀመው - dictionary ፍቺ ደግሞ lexical definition ነው። ስለዚህ choice A ና D ትክክል ናቸው። Choice B persuasive definition ነው ፤ choice C ደግሞ precising definition ነው - for legal purpose የምትለው precising definition መሆኑን ያሳያል። ለፈተና የሚሆናችሁን ልንገራችሁ comma ተጠቅሞ for እንትን purpose የሚል ከሆነ precising definition ነው።
13) A
14) B
15) አልተነበበኝም፤ predictable የሚል ከሆነ መልሱ C ነው። predictable ማለት ሊገመት ሊተነበይ የሚችል ማለት ነው። መገመት መተንበይ የምንችለው ደግሞ ወጥ የሆነ አቋም(consistency) ሲኖረው ነው። የሚያወላውል አቋም ካለው(consistent ካልሆነ) ሰውየውን መገመት ይከብዳል።
16) C... fallibility principle ማለት ስህተትን አምኖ ለመቀበል ፈቃደኛ መሆን ነው። ምርጫ A - truth seeking principle ነው። ምርጫ B- suspension judgement principle ነው። ስለ ሁሉም ቲቶርያሉ ላይ ተምረንዋል።
17) D
18) A... ውሳኔዎችን በስሜት ተነሳስተው አይወስኑም።
19) B
20) C
21) B
22) B
23) C... ማስረጃዎቹ ና ድምዳሜው በነባራዊው አለም ውሸት ስለሆኑ ብቻ ፤ fallacy ተፈፅሟል ማለት አንችልም- ፈተና ላይ እንዳትሸወዱ። informal fallacy የሚፈፀመው false premises ስላላቸው አይደለም። informal fallacy የሚፈፀመው bad argument ን good argument አድርጎ አስመስሎ በማቅረብ ሰዎችን ለማታለል(deceive) የሚፈፀም የስህተት አስተሳሰብ ነው።
24) B... ይቺ ኬክ ናት😎😋yummy
25) B... Fallacy of weak induction የሚፈፀመው ድምዳሜውን ለመደገፍ የቀረቡት ማስረጃዎች በቂ(sufficient) ሳይሆኑ ነው። ቲቶርያሉ ላይ ተምረንዋል።
26) D...😎ይቺ ቼኮሌት ናት😋
27) B
28) C
29) B... strawman የሚፈፀመው ፤ የተናጋሪውን ወይም የፀሀፊውን ሀሳብ ለትችት(attack) እንድመች አድርጎ በማጣመም(misrepresent/distort) ነው። ተምረንዋል።
30) D...ሀሳቡ ገብቷችሗል ኣ😁 ልጅሽ አሁንም(still) ከጉያሽ ከመቀነትሽ ብር ይሰርቃል? ብላ ጠየቀቻት። fallacy ው ከዚህ ላይ ነው የተፈፀመው።

Part III: Match.

1) I...Appeal to ignorance fallacy የሚፈፀመው ፤ የአንድ ነገር እውነትነት በማንም ስላልተረጋገጠ ያ ነገር ውሸት ነው(no one prove X is true, thus X is false) በሚል የስህተት አስተሳሰብ ነው ፤ እንዲሁም የአንድ ነገር ውሸትነት በማንም ስላልተረጋገጠ ያ ነገር እውነት ነው(no one proves X is false, thus X is true) በሚል የስህተት አስተሳሰብ ነው።
2) J... supressed evidence fallacy የሚፈፀው ፤ መደምደሚያውን(conclusion) ኑን ውሸት ሊያደርግ የሚችሉ ማስረጃዎችን በመደበቅ በመጨቆን(supressed) ፤ ሌላ አላስፈላጊ ማስረጃ በማቅረብ ነው።
3) A...ማስቀየስ
4) H... ይቺ ጣፋጭ ኬክ ናት😋
5) C.



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