Answer
True or False:
1. True
2. False (A reinforcement *strengthens* a response.)
3. True
4. True
5. True
Multiple Choice:
6. D. Convergence (Convergence is a binocular cue, not an organizing principle of perception.)
7. C. The Closer the Object, the greater is the retinal disparity
8. D. Learning is a Passive Process (Learning is an active process.)
9. B. Unconditioned Stimulus
10. C. Spontaneous recovery
11. B. Negative reinforcement (Nagging is the aversive stimulus being removed.)
12. A. Variable ratio schedule (This schedule is unpredictable, leading to high response rates.)
13. D. All Except B (Short-term memory is not known for its rapid accessibility; retrieval can take time.)
14. D. A baby takes his first steps. (This is a developmental milestone, not learned through operant conditioning.)
15. A. Long-term memory is unlimited in capacity while short-term memory is not.
Short Answer:
16. Factors important for the effectiveness of punishment include:
* Consistency: Punishment must be applied consistently every time the undesired behavior occurs.
* Severity: The punishment must be severe enough to be effective but not overly harsh or abusive.
* Immediacy: Punishment should be delivered immediately after the undesired behavior.
* Explanation: The reason for the punishment should be clearly explained.
* Alternatives: Positive reinforcement of desired behaviors should accompany punishment.
17. Four conditions necessary for successful modeling (Bandura's Social Learning Theory):
* Attention: The observer must pay attention to the model's behavior.
* Retention: The observer must remember the model's behavior.
* Reproduction: The observer must be physically capable of reproducing the behavior.
* Motivation: The observer must be motivated to reproduce the behavior (e.g., through reinforcement).
18. The serial position effect is the tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the items in the middle.
19. According to George Miller, the estimated capacity of short-term memory is the magic number 7 ± 2.
20. Based on the scenario:
a) UCS (Unconditioned stimulus): Electric shock
b) UCR (Unconditioned response): Fear, crying
c) CS (Conditioned stimulus): The toy
d) CR (Conditioned response): Fear, refusal to play with the toy
True or False:
1. True
2. False (A reinforcement *strengthens* a response.)
3. True
4. True
5. True
Multiple Choice:
6. D. Convergence (Convergence is a binocular cue, not an organizing principle of perception.)
7. C. The Closer the Object, the greater is the retinal disparity
8. D. Learning is a Passive Process (Learning is an active process.)
9. B. Unconditioned Stimulus
10. C. Spontaneous recovery
11. B. Negative reinforcement (Nagging is the aversive stimulus being removed.)
12. A. Variable ratio schedule (This schedule is unpredictable, leading to high response rates.)
13. D. All Except B (Short-term memory is not known for its rapid accessibility; retrieval can take time.)
14. D. A baby takes his first steps. (This is a developmental milestone, not learned through operant conditioning.)
15. A. Long-term memory is unlimited in capacity while short-term memory is not.
Short Answer:
16. Factors important for the effectiveness of punishment include:
* Consistency: Punishment must be applied consistently every time the undesired behavior occurs.
* Severity: The punishment must be severe enough to be effective but not overly harsh or abusive.
* Immediacy: Punishment should be delivered immediately after the undesired behavior.
* Explanation: The reason for the punishment should be clearly explained.
* Alternatives: Positive reinforcement of desired behaviors should accompany punishment.
17. Four conditions necessary for successful modeling (Bandura's Social Learning Theory):
* Attention: The observer must pay attention to the model's behavior.
* Retention: The observer must remember the model's behavior.
* Reproduction: The observer must be physically capable of reproducing the behavior.
* Motivation: The observer must be motivated to reproduce the behavior (e.g., through reinforcement).
18. The serial position effect is the tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the items in the middle.
19. According to George Miller, the estimated capacity of short-term memory is the magic number 7 ± 2.
20. Based on the scenario:
a) UCS (Unconditioned stimulus): Electric shock
b) UCR (Unconditioned response): Fear, crying
c) CS (Conditioned stimulus): The toy
d) CR (Conditioned response): Fear, refusal to play with the toy
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