🍃🍃Name the toxins produced by Staph.aureus and their activities?

1- Enterotoxins :- cause vomiting and Diarrhea

2- Protein A :- Anti- Phagocytic

3- Toxic Shock syndrome toxin-1 :- Toxic Sock syndrome

4- Epidermolytic toxin A, B :- Epidermal splitting and exfoliation ( Skin Exfoliation) > Ritter- Lyell's disease

5- Heamolysin الفا بيتا جاما دلتا : Lysis of Erythrocytes

6- Coagulase :- clot plasma ( Localize the infection)

7- Fibrinolytase :- Lyses of Fibrin

8- catalase:- degredes H2o2 to h2O +o2

9- DNAase : Damage DNA
10- lipase :- lipolytic > Cell mambrane
11- hyaluronidase : Breakes Hyaluronic acid
12- Leucosidies :- Kill Leukocytes

#بكتيريا
#نموذج

🍄 What are the functions of Hospital sterilization and disinfection unit (HSDU):- .

1)Prepare packs of Sterilized dressings , equipment, etc
Then transported to various wards ,clinc and theatres .

2) disinfection of heat labile equipment

3) most of sterilization needs of the hospital are undertaken in the HSDU by specially trained and supervised staff .

#نموذج
#بكتيريا

💐💐Mention the reservoir or source and the main route of infection for the following diseases:-

• Plaque :-

Reservoir:- 🐀 rural or Sylvatic rats

Via vector which is the infected Flea ( Xenopsylla cheopis )

• Dysentery :-

Human beings are the main reservoir of Shigella

Source :- person to person through Feco-oral route


• haemophilus influenzae:-

Reservoir:- the normal flora ( endogenous)

Source of infection:- During expecturation the number of Hemophilus influenza increased

#نموذج
#بكتيريا

من هنا بداية حل اسئلة ال Short notes المذكورة في النماذج

المواضيع المهمة في ال GIT :

Q)Differentiate between ulcer and erosion?

صفحه 9
Tumer of salivary gland

صفحه 23
Defense mechanism

صفحه 25
الاثنين الجداول مهمه جدا

صفحه 28
الجدول مهم جدا جدا
Q)write short account on gastric carcinoma?

صفحه 30
Acute abdomen(Main causes)

صفحه 31
Acute appendicitis
(pathogenesis and morphology)


صفحه 32
Differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis

صفحه 47
IBD موضوع مهم
Crohn's disease موضوع مهم
Q) Extra Intestinal manifestation of Crohn's disease?


صفحه 51
الجدول مهمه جدا جدا

صفحه 53
Q) Compare between the neoplastic polyps or write short account?

صفحه 55
Colorectal carcinoma مهم

54
familial polyposis syndrome

56
adenoma carcinoma sequence مهم

58
Staging system of cancer colon مهم(Mcq)

#باثو

Cvs
1)what are the main complication of Vasculitis ?

2)write short account about stage of atherosclerosis?

3)write short acount about the complicated stage of atherosclerosis?

4)what are the pathological lesion of syphilitic aneurysm ?

5)what are the complication of aneurysm?

6)mention the cardiac manifestation of rheumatic fever ?

7)what are the main characteristic features of acute Vasculitis?

8)write short account on characteristic features of arteriosclerosis?

9)Characteristic features of benign hypertention?


أسئله المحاضرات :
1)write feature of kawasaki disease?
2)pathological change of syphilis anyresm?
3)write major features of RHF?
4) Pathway of infective vegetation?

Respiratory:

1)what's the clinical picture of chronic bronchitis ?
 
2)what are the characteristic features of lobar pneumonia ?

3)mention the main phase of lobar pneumonia  and it's characteristic features ?

4)mention the characteristic feature of adenocarcinoma of lung ?

أسئله المحاضره :
1)what are type of the COPD?
2)what is the clinical definition of chronic bronchitis ?
3)what's the clinical picture of chronic bronchitis?

نقلا عن الدكتورة الفاضلة منية
المواضيع اللي اخذناها معاها ومقررة علينا

Female genital tract:

🌺Ovary
- Ovary cysts
- Ovary tumor

🌺Placenta & Fallopian tube
- Vesicular mole
- Choriocarcinoma
- Ectopic pregnancy
-Salpingitis

🌺Uterus
- Endometriosis
- Adenomyosis
- Endometrium Hyperplasia
- Endometrium polyp
- Leiomyoma
- Uterine tumors

🌺Cervix
- Cervisitis , Vaginatis , Valvulitis
- CIN
- Tumor
( squamous cell carcinoma)

Male genital tract:

🌺Testis :
- Cryptorchidism
- Orchitits + Epididymitis
- Torsion
- Tumors >>

🌺 Prostate
- prostatitis
- Benign prostatic Hyperplasia ( BPH)
- Prostatic cancers
- Gleason classification system
(pattern and scores )


#باثو
#اللجنة_العلمية

مع الإجابة

تأكدوا من رقم 10.شكلها C

#باثو
#نموذج

Risk factors of breast cancer
APSIL 3FROG
الضفدع اللي اسمه أبسل
A age and gender
P prolonged exposure to estrogen

S smoking
I ionazatio and radiation
L late pregnancy
F functional tumors
F fibrocystic changes
F food rich in calories
R relative with breast cancer
O obesity
G genetics

هذا الcardiomyopathy
الدكتور شرحه بس مش مكتوب في الملخص

هذه mechanism of Copd
بشكل عام الدكتور شرحها

بس مش مكتوبه في الملخص

وهذه كمان اضافات من التسجيل

Prognosis of Breast Cancer:
"موضوع مهم وموضع سؤال،
سقط منا سهواً في ملخص البريست"

عنقارب الموضوع من ثلاثة مناحي كالتالي:

🥇Staging:
It is based on TNM System:

T: tumor size and invasion
N: Extent " Lymph nodes " involvemet
M: Distant Metastasis

The most important factor is metastasis "M"; however, because most pts present before metastsis occurs, spread to lymph nodes "N", axillary lymph nodes for most, has become the most important prognostic factor.

Tumor size "T" comes second in importance.


🥈Histological :

✨Grading :-

( well differnetiated, Moderate , and poorly differentiated) the more differnetiated the better the prognosis. ( Related to mitotic rate )

✨ the Histological type of Carcinoma:-
( Medullary , Tubular ,Musinous) have better prognosis than ( Dactal ) Carcinoma


🥉Predictive factors:

❗️Estrogen and progeserone receptors- Good prognosis (shows response to hormonal therapy).

❗️ overexpression of HER2/Neu receptor: associted with poor prognosis.

Gleason Grading:
أولاً: كخطوط عامة لازم نعرف الآتي:
🎯Gleason Grading system is based on architectural differntiation and the gowth pattern in relation to stroma (not on cellular atypia مثل ما تعودنا في بقية الكانسر).

🎯Multiple regions of the tumor are assessed because architicture varies from area to area.
لذا يأخذوا فيه:
Two architictural Patterns:
1-Primary: the most predominant pattern.
2- Secondary: the 2nd most present pattern (if present).

كيف إذا ال2ry مش موجود؟!
If the tumor has only one pattern, then, both the primary and secondary patterns are given the same grade.
وبعدا،
🎯A score (1-5) is assinged for two distinct areas and then added to produce a final score (2-10).
وبشكل عام:
The higher the sum, the worse the prognosis would be.

يلاه نبدأ الآن:
معانا في النظام هذا حاجتين: جريد وسكور:
🥇Grading
These patterns are as follows:

Pattern 1:
small, well formed and closely packed (glandular arrangment is prominent).

pattern2:
well formed glands but the stroma is increased.

pattern 3:
-The glandular structures unite (crypriform).
-some cells start invading.

pattern 4:
- Only few undifferentied glandular structures remains, and most cells are already invading the stroma in clumps.
-Cells show cellular atypia (prominent necleoli, hyperchromatisia, increase mitotic activity).

Pattern 5:
all that remains are atypical individual cells.
glandular structures disappears with necrosis inside them (comdeo).

🥈Gleason Score: The sum of the two grades.

according to this score, the adenocarcinoma is graded as follows:
2-5 low grade.
5-7 intermediate grade.
8-10 high grade.