“Byzantine-Mediaeval Greek (A.D. 600-1500)
This period opens with Justinian's reign (527-65), who declared Greek the official language of the Byzantine empire, thus legalizing a state of affair that had existed since Hellenistic times, whereby Greek was the language of c. 80% of the citizens of the eastern part of the empire. With the in ception of this period the Greek language enters a new stage in its development: the scanty evidence that we have shows definitely that the spoke form of Greek, the Demotic speech, may now be characterized as incipient Modern Greek. This spoken proto-Modern Greek is the natural development spoken Koine from post-classical times. But as during the high period Koine, the centuries around Christ, the Greeks used Attic or Atticizin Greek for their writings along with a simplified Koine for their oral com munication, so during the Byzantine and Mediaeval period, they continued under the influence of Atticism, to write an Atticistic Greek, even as the spoke a more modern form of Koine, i.e. Demotic (= popular or colliquial). This state of affairs consolidated even more the 'dimorphia' of ealier times, and led to an even greater gap between spoken and writte Greek, a situation that reached its climax in the next period of the history the language, in particular during the XXth century.
Because learned treatises were throughout this period authored in th Atticistic form of Greek, our sources for the Demotic form are scanty, and in certain respects, piecemeal. A number of works are written in a simple Greek containing demotic elements, and from these we may piece together the state of Demotic or colloquial Greek as this has come down from the Koine. In his article on Mediaeval Greek, Anagnostopoulos mentions i.a. the following works from which Demotic may be abstracted:
parts of Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos' works, a satirical song at the expense of empero Mavrikios, various Lives of Saints, apocryphal Gospels, apocryphal Acts, various chronographies, the Paschal Chronicle (VII A.D.), Theophanes the Confessor's Chronographia (VIII A.D.), the chronicles of George Monachos, Symeon Magistros (X A.D.), Leon the Grammarian, George Kedrenos (XII A.D.), Michael Glykas (XII A.D.), Kekaumenos' Strategikov (XI A.D.), various parainetic poems (as e.g. Prodromos' poems, XII A.D., novelistic stories such as Lyvistros and Rhodamne, Velandros and Chrysantza, Physiologos, and Poulologos.”
Из The Development of Greek and the New Testament by Chrys Caragounis.
This period opens with Justinian's reign (527-65), who declared Greek the official language of the Byzantine empire, thus legalizing a state of affair that had existed since Hellenistic times, whereby Greek was the language of c. 80% of the citizens of the eastern part of the empire. With the in ception of this period the Greek language enters a new stage in its development: the scanty evidence that we have shows definitely that the spoke form of Greek, the Demotic speech, may now be characterized as incipient Modern Greek. This spoken proto-Modern Greek is the natural development spoken Koine from post-classical times. But as during the high period Koine, the centuries around Christ, the Greeks used Attic or Atticizin Greek for their writings along with a simplified Koine for their oral com munication, so during the Byzantine and Mediaeval period, they continued under the influence of Atticism, to write an Atticistic Greek, even as the spoke a more modern form of Koine, i.e. Demotic (= popular or colliquial). This state of affairs consolidated even more the 'dimorphia' of ealier times, and led to an even greater gap between spoken and writte Greek, a situation that reached its climax in the next period of the history the language, in particular during the XXth century.
Because learned treatises were throughout this period authored in th Atticistic form of Greek, our sources for the Demotic form are scanty, and in certain respects, piecemeal. A number of works are written in a simple Greek containing demotic elements, and from these we may piece together the state of Demotic or colloquial Greek as this has come down from the Koine. In his article on Mediaeval Greek, Anagnostopoulos mentions i.a. the following works from which Demotic may be abstracted:
parts of Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos' works, a satirical song at the expense of empero Mavrikios, various Lives of Saints, apocryphal Gospels, apocryphal Acts, various chronographies, the Paschal Chronicle (VII A.D.), Theophanes the Confessor's Chronographia (VIII A.D.), the chronicles of George Monachos, Symeon Magistros (X A.D.), Leon the Grammarian, George Kedrenos (XII A.D.), Michael Glykas (XII A.D.), Kekaumenos' Strategikov (XI A.D.), various parainetic poems (as e.g. Prodromos' poems, XII A.D., novelistic stories such as Lyvistros and Rhodamne, Velandros and Chrysantza, Physiologos, and Poulologos.”
Из The Development of Greek and the New Testament by Chrys Caragounis.
Τι θέλεις ἐδῶ; Εἶπα. Με ἠρώτησε τι διδάσκω. Εἶπα ἐξορία κι ἀσκητική — Что ты тут делаешь? Я объяснил. Он спросил, что я преподаю. «Изгнание и аскетику» сказал я.
Γιώργης Γιατρομανωλάκης «Λειμωνάριο»(1974)
Γιώργης Γιατρομανωλάκης «Λειμωνάριο»(1974)
Греческий огонь всегда стоял на службе идее: от Θνήσκου ὑπέρ Πατρίδος («Умри за Родину»), Ἐν Τούτῳ Νίκα («Сим победиши»), Ἤ τάν ἤ ἐπί τᾶς («Со щитом или на щите»), до Ἐλευθερία ἤ Θάνατος («Свобода или Смерть») и Ὄχι («Нет!»)
Ибо, «исподлобья взглянув, шлемоблещущий Гектор ответил: Εἷς οἰωνός ἄριστος ἀμύνεσθαι περί πάτρης (Лучшее знаменье знаю одно лишь - за родину биться!)
Ибо, «исподлобья взглянув, шлемоблещущий Гектор ответил: Εἷς οἰωνός ἄριστος ἀμύνεσθαι περί πάτρης (Лучшее знаменье знаю одно лишь - за родину биться!)
…χαρακτηριστικά οὐδέν — «без особых примет». Это из старого полицейского протокола. «Ничего особенного». Подходит, наверное, для описания многих жизненных явлений.
В этом отрывке учитель в греческой школе описывает сложности в восприятии древнего синтаксиса детьми, когда класс видит предложение Βούλομαι φαγεῖν τὴν μητέρα (хочу, чтобы мать поела) и хотя понимает все слова, воспринимает «мать» не как «подлежащее при инфинитиве» φαγεῖν, а как прямое к нему дополнение, считывая всю фразу как Θέλω να φά(γ)ω τη μητέρα — хочу съесть мать.
Обломки колонн обрамляют нагромождение голых скал.
Ты в костюме-тройке и в галстуке стоишь, такой героический.
А я сижу спокойная в греческой тунике.
Узел на затылке тоже греческий.
Сильвия Плат "Разговор среди руин"
Ты в костюме-тройке и в галстуке стоишь, такой героический.
А я сижу спокойная в греческой тунике.
Узел на затылке тоже греческий.
Сильвия Плат "Разговор среди руин"
«Предлог διὰ изначально означал «сквозь, через, в течение чего» (в пространстве διὰ ἀσπίδος — сквозь щит, время: διὰ νυκτός — всю ночь, орудие или средство: διὰ ἑρμηνέως — через переводчика). Сегодня, одно из значений его состоит в выражении абстрактной цели движения (allative): πάω για ψάρεμα — иду на рыбалку («для/ради рыбалки») или «бенефициара» действия: δουλεύει για τα παιδιά της — она работает для (ради) своих детей. Для описания конкретной цели движения применяется предлог σε (редуцированная версия εἰς) вкупе с винительным падежом: πάω στο σπίτι — иду домой («в дом») и тот же предложный падеж выполняет функцию местного (μένω στο σπίτι – я в доме).»
Morphological and Syntactic Change in Medieval Greek and South Slavic Languages ὑπό Vit Bubenik
Morphological and Syntactic Change in Medieval Greek and South Slavic Languages ὑπό Vit Bubenik