Example of Routes of injection in mammals

Affinity is the force of antigen-antibody binding when multiple binding sites of an
antibody interact with multiple epitopes on an antigen.

Epitope found on surface of Ab but Paratope found in surface of Ag

All antibodies have a basic structure, consisting of two identical heavy polypeptide chains and one
identical light polypeptide chains,

Heavy chain and light chain in Ab linked together by

All of the following types of heavy chain except

Kappa and lambda is a types of light chain

Protects mucosal surfaces, acting as a first line of defense in the respiratory and
gastrointestinal systems.

The first antibody produced in response to infection, forming pentamers for efficient binding.

IgD is Protects against parasitic infections and plays a role in allergic reactions.

Provides long-term immunity and can cross the placenta to protect the fetus. Found in all body
fluids.

The antibody classes are named based on light chain.

Agglutination tests are based on the lines of antibodies (Ab) and antigens (Ag)
to forming visible clumps.

involves antigen-antibody combination through single antigenic
determinants and is rapid, reversible

Lattice formation is involves antigen-antibody complexes through multiple
antigenic determinants and the formation of stable visible clumps.

The antibody excess results very small complexes that not form
visible clump and gives false-negative agglutination in Post-zone effect

All of the following is Direct (active) agglutination test except

The antigens or antibodies are coated on the surface of carrier particles such as
carbon particles, latex particles, or RBCs.

The best example of this occurs in ABO blood group typing of RBCs.

Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination Test Example for

Direct (active) agglutination test is used to detect antibodies in the serum against virus infection. Some viruses such
as Influenza virus, Measles virus, and some bacteria .