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Sodium Extracellular fluid
Potassium Intracellular fluid
Chloride Extracellular fluid.
Magnesium Intracellular fluid.
Bicarbonate Extracellular fluid.
Phosphate Intracellular fluid.

Calcium Extracellular fluid (with small amounts in the intracellular fluid for
signaling).

ذني مهمات
ركزوا على الحالات بالأرتفاع والأنخفاض والمصطلحات هم مالتها والنسبة الطبيعية لكل عنصر .

1. Sodium (Na⁺):
• Main Location: ECF.
• Function: Fluid balance, nerve impulses, muscle contraction.
• Normal Concentration: 135-145 mmol/L (ECF).
• Imbalances:
• Hypernatremia: Causes include dehydration, high sodium intake.
• Hyponatremia: Common causes include vomiting, diarrhea, or SIADH.



2. Potassium (K⁺):
• Main Location: ICF.
• Function: Maintains membrane potential, heart and muscle function.
• Normal Concentration: 3.5-5.0 mmol/L (ECF).
• Imbalances:
• Hyperkalemia: Caused by kidney disorders, excessive potassium intake.
• Hypokalemia: Results from vomiting, diarrhea, or diuretics.



3. Chloride (Cl⁻):
• Main Location: ECF.
• Function: Maintains osmotic and acid-base balance.
• Normal Concentration: 95-105 mmol/L (ECF).
• Imbalances:
• Hyperchloremia: Dehydration, severe diarrhea.
• Hypochloremia: Excessive vomiting, Addison’s disease.



4. Calcium (Ca²⁺):
• Main Location: ECF.
• Function: Bone health, muscle contraction, blood clotting.
• Normal Concentration: 2.1-2.6 mmol/L (plasma).
• Imbalances:
• Hypercalcemia: Caused by hyperparathyroidism, excessive intake.
• Hypocalcemia: Results from vitamin D deficiency, renal failure.



5. Magnesium (Mg²⁺):
• Main Location: ICF.
• Function: Enzyme activity, nerve and muscle function.
• Normal Concentration: 0.7-1.0 mmol/L (ECF).
• Imbalances :
• Hypermagnesemia: Rare; caused by kidney failure.

• Hypomagnesemia: Due to poor absorption, alcoholism, diuretics.



6. Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻):
• Function: Maintains pH balance.
• Normal Concentration: 22-28 mmol/L (ECF).


7. Phosphate (PO₄³⁻):
• Main Location: ICF.
• Function: Energy production (ATP), bone health.
• Normal Concentration: 0.8-1.5 mmol/L (ECF).

هاي فقط مراجعة للعناصر مو أعتماد كُليًا .

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