Forwarded from 𝖠𝗒𝗁𝖺𝗆 𝖠𝗆𝖾𝗋 ．
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𝖠𝗒𝗁𝖺𝗆 𝖠𝗆𝖾𝗋 ．
Acid-base balance-شرح.pdf
ركزوا كذلك على الأمراض الدكتور كال كُلش مهمة الي هيَ بالمخطط
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#عاجل_جدا
وزارة التعليم العالي تعلن أن موعد الأمتحانات النهائية ( الـنظري ) سَـيكون يـوم 2024/12/22 مع صلاحية تقديم وتأخير لمدة اسبوع واحد فقط .
وزارة التعليم العالي تعلن أن موعد الأمتحانات النهائية ( الـنظري ) سَـيكون يـوم 2024/12/22 مع صلاحية تقديم وتأخير لمدة اسبوع واحد فقط .
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Water is lost from the body by the following routs Except
Anonymous Quiz
11%
Faeces
11%
Evaporation from skin and lungs
11%
tears
55%
Solid foods
13%
Evaporation from skin and lungs
Plasma osmolarity may remain normal occurring in
Anonymous Quiz
10%
Overhydration
61%
Hypervolemia
14%
Hypovolemia
14%
Dehydration
All of the following events occur in Dehydration except
Anonymous Quiz
10%
Water lost
47%
volume increases
9%
Solute remain
11%
Loss of volume
24%
Plasma osmolarity increases
Mechanisms of Fluid Balance including primary
mechanisms regulate fluid homeostasis except
mechanisms regulate fluid homeostasis except
Anonymous Quiz
14%
Antidiuretic hormone
15%
Thirst mechanism
9%
Aldosterone
63%
Angiotensin II
angiotensin I converts to angiotensin II by
Anonymous Quiz
21%
Aldosterone
14%
Renin
38%
ACE
10%
HCO3
17%
ADH
Minerals are those needed in significant quantities (such as calcium) – usually
measured in
measured in
Anonymous Quiz
16%
micrograms
74%
milligrams
1%
kilogram
6%
mg/dl
2%
dl
Intestinal sodium absorption is very efficient in both
Anonymous Quiz
8%
the large intestine and colon
75%
the small intestine and colon.
13%
the liver and kidney .
3%
the liver and brain.
1%
the lung and colon.
In the more distal intestine and colon, sodium absorption is by a
Anonymous Quiz
19%
calcium / hydrogen interchange
52%
sodium / hydrogen interchange
14%
sodium/ nitrogen interchange
7%
calcium / hydrogen interchange
7%
Bicarbonate / nitrogen interchange
is crucial for maintaining the body’s pH balance
Anonymous Quiz
12%
Phosphate
63%
Bicarbonate
9%
Calcium
9%
Magnesium
7%
Chloride
Cushing's syndrome is seen in
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16%
Hypochloremia
23%
Hyperchloremia
23%
Hypercalcemia
13%
Hypocalcaemia
25%
Hypokalemia
is travels through the bloodstream, it binds to an inactive plasma protein,
Anonymous Quiz
30%
Aldosterone
34%
Renin
11%
Nephron
9%
ACE
16%
ADH
قبل لا نعبر للثانية
Sodium Extracellular fluid
Potassium Intracellular fluid
Chloride Extracellular fluid.
Magnesium Intracellular fluid.
Bicarbonate Extracellular fluid.
Phosphate Intracellular fluid.
Calcium Extracellular fluid (with small amounts in the intracellular fluid for
signaling).
ذني مهمات
ركزوا على الحالات بالأرتفاع والأنخفاض والمصطلحات هم مالتها والنسبة الطبيعية لكل عنصر .
Sodium Extracellular fluid
Potassium Intracellular fluid
Chloride Extracellular fluid.
Magnesium Intracellular fluid.
Bicarbonate Extracellular fluid.
Phosphate Intracellular fluid.
Calcium Extracellular fluid (with small amounts in the intracellular fluid for
signaling).
ذني مهمات
ركزوا على الحالات بالأرتفاع والأنخفاض والمصطلحات هم مالتها والنسبة الطبيعية لكل عنصر .
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M+ Analyses Lec UOA 4S
قبل لا نعبر للثانية Sodium Extracellular fluid Potassium Intracellular fluid Chloride Extracellular fluid. Magnesium Intracellular fluid. Bicarbonate Extracellular fluid. Phosphate Intracellular fluid. Calcium Extracellular fluid (with small amounts in the…
1. Sodium (Na⁺):
• Main Location: ECF.
• Function: Fluid balance, nerve impulses, muscle contraction.
• Normal Concentration: 135-145 mmol/L (ECF).
• Imbalances:
• Hypernatremia: Causes include dehydration, high sodium intake.
• Hyponatremia: Common causes include vomiting, diarrhea, or SIADH.
2. Potassium (K⁺):
• Main Location: ICF.
• Function: Maintains membrane potential, heart and muscle function.
• Normal Concentration: 3.5-5.0 mmol/L (ECF).
• Imbalances:
• Hyperkalemia: Caused by kidney disorders, excessive potassium intake.
• Hypokalemia: Results from vomiting, diarrhea, or diuretics.
3. Chloride (Cl⁻):
• Main Location: ECF.
• Function: Maintains osmotic and acid-base balance.
• Normal Concentration: 95-105 mmol/L (ECF).
• Imbalances:
• Hyperchloremia: Dehydration, severe diarrhea.
• Hypochloremia: Excessive vomiting, Addison’s disease.
4. Calcium (Ca²⁺):
• Main Location: ECF.
• Function: Bone health, muscle contraction, blood clotting.
• Normal Concentration: 2.1-2.6 mmol/L (plasma).
• Imbalances:
• Hypercalcemia: Caused by hyperparathyroidism, excessive intake.
• Hypocalcemia: Results from vitamin D deficiency, renal failure.
5. Magnesium (Mg²⁺):
• Main Location: ICF.
• Function: Enzyme activity, nerve and muscle function.
• Normal Concentration: 0.7-1.0 mmol/L (ECF).
• Imbalances :
• Hypermagnesemia: Rare; caused by kidney failure.
• Hypomagnesemia: Due to poor absorption, alcoholism, diuretics.
6. Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻):
• Function: Maintains pH balance.
• Normal Concentration: 22-28 mmol/L (ECF).
7. Phosphate (PO₄³⁻):
• Main Location: ICF.
• Function: Energy production (ATP), bone health.
• Normal Concentration: 0.8-1.5 mmol/L (ECF).
هاي فقط مراجعة للعناصر مو أعتماد كُليًا .
• Main Location: ECF.
• Function: Fluid balance, nerve impulses, muscle contraction.
• Normal Concentration: 135-145 mmol/L (ECF).
• Imbalances:
• Hypernatremia: Causes include dehydration, high sodium intake.
• Hyponatremia: Common causes include vomiting, diarrhea, or SIADH.
2. Potassium (K⁺):
• Main Location: ICF.
• Function: Maintains membrane potential, heart and muscle function.
• Normal Concentration: 3.5-5.0 mmol/L (ECF).
• Imbalances:
• Hyperkalemia: Caused by kidney disorders, excessive potassium intake.
• Hypokalemia: Results from vomiting, diarrhea, or diuretics.
3. Chloride (Cl⁻):
• Main Location: ECF.
• Function: Maintains osmotic and acid-base balance.
• Normal Concentration: 95-105 mmol/L (ECF).
• Imbalances:
• Hyperchloremia: Dehydration, severe diarrhea.
• Hypochloremia: Excessive vomiting, Addison’s disease.
4. Calcium (Ca²⁺):
• Main Location: ECF.
• Function: Bone health, muscle contraction, blood clotting.
• Normal Concentration: 2.1-2.6 mmol/L (plasma).
• Imbalances:
• Hypercalcemia: Caused by hyperparathyroidism, excessive intake.
• Hypocalcemia: Results from vitamin D deficiency, renal failure.
5. Magnesium (Mg²⁺):
• Main Location: ICF.
• Function: Enzyme activity, nerve and muscle function.
• Normal Concentration: 0.7-1.0 mmol/L (ECF).
• Imbalances :
• Hypermagnesemia: Rare; caused by kidney failure.
• Hypomagnesemia: Due to poor absorption, alcoholism, diuretics.
6. Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻):
• Function: Maintains pH balance.
• Normal Concentration: 22-28 mmol/L (ECF).
7. Phosphate (PO₄³⁻):
• Main Location: ICF.
• Function: Energy production (ATP), bone health.
• Normal Concentration: 0.8-1.5 mmol/L (ECF).
هاي فقط مراجعة للعناصر مو أعتماد كُليًا .
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cell metabolism depends on the maintenance of blood pH within very narrow limits between
Anonymous Quiz
91%
7.35 - 7.45
4%
6.35 - 7.45
3%
7.35 - 6.45
0%
5.55 - 9.22
1%
8.78 - 9.35
Normal pH range can have deleterious effects, including
Anonymous Quiz
50%
reduced oxygen delivery to tissues
29%
Increase oxygen delivery to tissues
12%
reduced Co2 delivery to tissues
9%
Increase Co2 delivery to tissues
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