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So far your code runs top to bottom and does the same thing every time
No decisions, no logic — just straight execution
This lecture changes that
Conditionals let your code make decisions
Do this IF something is true — do that if it is not
This is the moment your code starts feeling like an actual program
This lecture covers:
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An if statement runs a block of code only when a condition is true
If the condition is false — it skips that block entirely
age = 20
if age >= 18:
print("You are an adult")
Two things to never forget:
Indentation is not optional in Python
It is literally how Python knows what belongs inside the if block
Miss it and your code breaks
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else runs when the if condition is false:
age = 15
if age >= 18:
print("You are an adult")
else:
print("You are a minor")
elif checks multiple conditions in order:
score = 75
if score >= 90:
print("Grade: A")
elif score >= 80:
print("Grade: B")
elif score >= 70:
print("Grade: C")
elif score >= 60:
print("Grade: D")
else:
print("Grade: F")
Python checks from top to bottom
The moment one is true it runs that block and skips everything else
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and — both conditions must be true:
age = 25
has_id = True
if age >= 18 and has_id:
print("Access granted")
else:
print("Access denied")
or — at least one must be true:
is_admin = False
is_owner = True
if is_admin or is_owner:
print("You can edit this")
not — flips the condition:
is_banned = False
if not is_banned:
print("Welcome back")
You will use these constantly in bots
Things like — if user is admin AND message is a command — do this
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correct_password = "python123"
username = input("Enter username: ").strip().lower()
password = input("Enter password: ").strip()
if username == "admin" and password == correct_password:
print("Welcome back Admin!")
elif username == "admin" and password != correct_password:
print("Wrong password")
else:
print(f"User {username} not found")
Notice how we combined everything from the last 4 lectures
Variables, strings, input, f-strings, and now conditionals
This is how real programs are built — piece by piece
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Watch this after reading through all the posts
Python Full Course 2024 — freeCodeCamp
Covers conditionals, if/elif/else, modulo operator, and even/odd logic
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Build a number guessing hint program:
secret = 42
guess = int(input("Guess the number: "))
if guess == secret:
print("Correct!")
elif guess > secret:
print(f"Too high — you were off by {guess - secret}")
else:
print(f"Too low — you were off by {secret - guess}")
This is the base — now make it your own
Change the number, add more messages, make it interesting
Screenshot your output
Bonus — add a check: if the guess is within 5 of the secret, print "So close!"
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So far your code runs once and stops
What if you need to do something 100 times?
You are not going to write 100 lines
That is where loops come in
A loop runs a block of code over and over until you tell it to stop
This lecture covers:
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A while loop keeps running as long as a condition is true
The moment it becomes false — the loop stops
count = 1
while count <= 5:
print(f"Count: {count}")
count += 1
print("Done")
Output:
Count: 1
Count: 2
Count: 3
Count: 4
Count: 5
Done
count += 1 means count = count + 1
We increase count each time so the loop eventually stops
If you forget to update count the loop runs forever
This is called an infinite loop — press Ctrl+C to stop it
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A for loop repeats for each item in a sequence
It is cleaner and safer than while for most situations
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "mango"]
for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)
Output:
apple
banana
mango
You can also loop over a string — it goes letter by letter:
for letter in "Python":
print(letter)
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range() generates a sequence of numbers for you to loop over
for i in range(5):
print(i)
# prints 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
```python
for i in range(1, 6):
print(i)
# prints 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
python
for i in range(0, 10, 2):
print(i)
# prints 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 (step of 2)
`range(start, stop, step)
Stop is always excluded — range(1, 6) gives you 1 to 5
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break — exits the loop immediately:
for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
print(i)
# prints 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 then stops
continue — skips the current iteration and moves to the next:
for i in range(10):
if i % 2 == 0:
continue
print(i)
# prints only odd numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
You will use break a lot in bots
For example — keep asking for input until the user types something valid
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Remember the homework from last lecture? Now we make it loop:
secret = 42
attempts = 0
while True:
guess = int(input("Guess the number: "))
attempts += 1
if guess == secret:
print(f"Correct! You got it in {attempts} attempts")
break
elif guess > secret:
print("Too high, try again")
else:
print("Too low, try again")
while True means loop forever
The only way out is the break when they guess correctly
This is a pattern you will see everywhere in real code
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Watch this after reading through all the posts
Python Full Course 2024 — freeCodeCamp
Covers while loops, for loops, lists, and escape sequences
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Build a multiplication table generator:
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
for i in range(1, 11):
print(f"{number} x {i} = {number * i}")Run it with a few different numbers and screenshot the output
Bonus — wrap it in a while loop so after printing the table it asks
"Do you want another? (yes/no)" and keeps going until they say no
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Until now you stored one value in one variable
What if you need to store 100 values?
You are not making 100 variables
That is what lists are for
This lecture covers:
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