init runs automatically when you create an object
It is where you set the initial data for the object
self refers to the object itself
class User:
def init(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
user1 = User("Ahmed", 22)
user2 = User("Sara", 19)
print(user1.name) # Ahmed
print(user2.age) # 19
self.name and self.age are attributes — data that belongs to each object
user1 has its own name and age, user2 has its own
They do not share data
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Methods are functions that belong to a class
They always take self as the first parameter
class User:
def init(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.is_banned = False
def greet(self):
print(f"Hello I am {self.name} and I am {self.age} years old")
def ban(self):
self.is_banned = True
print(f"{self.name} has been banned")
def status(self):
if self.is_banned:
print(f"{self.name}: Banned")
else:
print(f"{self.name}: Active")
user1 = User("Ahmed", 22)
user1.greet()
user1.ban()
user1.status()
Output:
Hello I am Ahmed and I am 22 years old
Ahmed has been banned
Ahmed: Banned
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A class can inherit from another class
It gets all the parent's attributes and methods for free
Then you add or override what you need
class User:
def init(self, name):
self.name = name
def greet(self):
print(f"Hello I am {self.name}")
class Admin(User): # Admin inherits from User
def init(self, name):
super().init(name) # call parent init
self.permissions = ["ban", "mute", "delete"]
def show_permissions(self):
print(f"{self.name} can: {', '.join(self.permissions)}")
admin = Admin("Ahmed")
admin.greet() # inherited from User
admin.show_permissions() # Admin's own method
super() calls the parent class
You will see this everywhere in aiogram and pyrogram code
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When you write a Telegram bot you will see things like this:
from aiogram import Bot, Dispatcher
from aiogram.types import Message
bot = Bot(token="YOUR_TOKEN") # creating an object from the Bot class
dp = Dispatcher() # creating an object from the Dispatcher class
@dp.message()
async def handle(message: Message): # Message is a class
print(message.text) # attribute
print(message.from_user.first_name) # nested object attribute
await message.reply("Hello!") # calling a method on the object
Bot, Dispatcher, Message — all classes
bot, dp, message — all objects
message.text, message.from_user — attributes
message.reply() — a method
Now when you see this in the next lecture it will make complete sense
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Watch this after reading through all the posts
Python Full Course 2024 — freeCodeCamp
Covers OOP, classes, attributes, methods, inheritance, operator overloading, and class methods
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Build a simple user management system using OOP:
class User:
def init(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.is_banned = False
self.messages = []
def send_message(self, text):
if self.is_banned:
print(f"{self.name} is banned and cannot send messages")
return
self.messages.append(text)
print(f"{self.name}: {text}")
def ban(self):
self.is_banned = True
print(f"{self.name} has been banned")
def unban(self):
self.is_banned = False
print(f"{self.name} has been unbanned")
def show_history(self):
print(f"
{self.name} message history:")
for msg in self.messages:
print(f" - {msg}")
user1 = User("Ahmed", 22)
user2 = User("Sara", 19)
user1.send_message("Hello everyone!")
user2.send_message("Hey!")
user1.ban()
user1.send_message("Can you hear me?")
user1.unban()
user1.send_message("I am back!")
user1.show_history()
Run it and screenshot the output
Bonus — create an Admin class that inherits from User and has a ban() method that can ban other users
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You have been learning for 12 lectures straight
Variables, strings, loops, functions, files, OOP — all of it
Now it is time to actually use it
No new lecture for 1 week
Instead — build something
Anything
From scratch, using only what you have learned so far
Ideas if you are stuck:
But honestly — build whatever YOU want to build
The idea does not matter, the act of building does
Rules:
When you are done:
I will look at every single one
New lecture drops in 7 days
See what you can build
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If nobody submits anything from the break post — I am stopping this channel
I put in the effort, you put in the work
That is the deal
Build something, screenshot it, drop it in the comments
Simple as that
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Python basics are done
Now we get to the actual reason you are here
Telegram Bots
But before writing a single line of bot code
You need to understand what is actually happening under the hood
Skipping this is why most beginners get confused later
This lecture covers:
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A Telegram bot is a special account that is controlled by code instead of a human
When someone sends your bot a message — your code receives it and decides what to do
Bots can:
Bots cannot:
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Telegram has two completely different APIs
Most beginners do not know this and get confused
Bot API:
MTProto:
We start with Bot API using aiogram
Then move to MTProto with Pyrogram and Telethon
Both are covered in this course
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Every single thing that happens on Telegram is called an Update
A message sent — Update
A button clicked — Update
Someone joining a group — Update
A photo sent — Update
Your bot's entire job is to receive Updates and respond to them
An Update looks like this in raw JSON:
{
"update_id": 123456789,
"message": {
"message_id": 1,
"from": {
"id": 987654321,
"first_name": "Ahmed",
"username": "ahmed123"
},
"chat": {
"id": 987654321,
"type": "private"
},
"text": "/start"
}
}This is what Telegram sends your bot when someone types /start
Your code reads this and decides what to do
Libraries like aiogram handle all this for you automatically
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There are two ways your bot can receive Updates
Polling:
Webhooks:
We use polling for now — it is perfect for learning
We switch to webhooks when we deploy
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BotFather is the official Telegram bot for creating bots
Every bot starts here
Steps:
1. Open Telegram and search @BotFather
2. Send /newbot
3. Enter a name for your bot (example: My First Bot)
4. Enter a username — must end in "bot" (example: myfirstbot_bot)
5. BotFather gives you a token that looks like this:
1234567890:AAHdqTcvCH1vGWJxfSeofSAs0K5PALDsaw
This token is your bot's password — never share it publicly
Anyone with this token controls your bot completely
If you accidentally leak it — go to BotFather and regenerate it immediately
Store it in a .env file — we will cover this properly next lecture
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Before using any library — test the raw API directly
This shows you what is really happening underneath
Open your browser and visit:
https://api.telegram.org/bot<YOUR_TOKEN>/getMe
Replace <YOUR_TOKEN> with your actual token
You should see your bot's info in JSON format
Now send your bot a message on Telegram and visit:
https://api.telegram.org/bot<YOUR_TOKEN>/getUpdates
You will see the raw Update JSON — exactly what your code will receive
This is the foundation everything is built on
Understanding this makes every library make complete sense
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No code this time — just setup:
pip install aiogram
pip install python-dotenv
Screenshot everything and make sure aiogram installs without errors
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Last lecture you created a bot and tested the raw API
This lecture your bot actually comes alive
It will receive messages and respond to them
We are using aiogram v3 — the most professional bot library in Python
It is fully async, modern, and what production bots are built with
This lecture covers:
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Create a folder for your bot project with this structure:
my_bot/
├── bot.py
└── .env
Inside .env — store your token safely:
BOT_TOKEN=1234567890:AAHdqTcvCH1vGWJxfSeofSAs0K5PALDsaw
Never put your token directly in your Python file
Never upload .env to GitHub
Create a .gitignore file and add .env to it
# .gitignore
.env
This is not optional — leaked tokens get your bot hijacked
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