"noun" ምን ይሰራል ?
A noun- ሰዎችን፣ ነገሮችን ፣ ቦታን ወይም ሃሳብን ለመሰየም ለነጠቀመው አንችላለን። ማን አና ምን የሚለዉን ጥያቄ ይመለሳል ። (is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
It answers questions like “Who?” and “What?”)
Examples:
* Ali-የሰው ስም (person)
* Addis Ababa-የቦታ ስም (place)
* book- የነገር ስም (thing)
* freedom- የሃሳብ ስም (idea)
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1. አይነቶቻቸው (Kinds of Nouns)
Nouns are classified into different kinds based on what they name:
a) Proper Noun- አንድ ልዩ የሆነ ሰዉን ፣ቦታን ወይም ነገርን ለመሰየም አነጠቀመዋለን። (Names a specific person, place, or thing.)
* ሁሉም በካፒታል ሌተር ይጀመራሉ ። (Always begins with a capital letter.)
Examples: Yabsera- የአብሰራ , Ethiopia- ኢትዮጵያ , Nile River- አባይ ወንዝ , Sunday- አሁድ
b) Common Noun- በአጠቃላይ ሰውን ፣ ቦታን ወይም ነገረን ለመሰየም አነጠቀመዋለን። (Names a general person, place, or thing.)
Examples: boy- ወንድ , country- ሀገር , river- ወንዝ , day- ቀን
c) Collective Noun-የሰዎች ወይም የነገሮችን ስበስብ አልያም ቡድንን ለመሰየም አንጠቀመዋለን። (Names a group of people or things.)
Examples: team-ቡድንን , class-ክፍል , family-ቤተሰብ , herd- መንጋ
d) Abstract Noun-ሃሳብ ፣ ሰሜት ወይም ጥራትን (Names an idea, feeling, or quality) — something you can’t touch or see physically.
Examples: love- ፍቅር , truth-አዉነት , courage-ወኔ , honesty- ታማኝነት
e) Concrete Noun-ልንነካቸ፣ልንሰማቸዉ፣ልናያቸዉ፣ልንቀምሳቸዉ ወይም ልናሸታቸዉ የምንችላቸዉን ነገሮችን ለመሰየም አንጠቀመዋልን። (Names something you can see, touch, hear, taste, or smell.)
Examples: apple- ፖም , music-ሙዚቃ , perfume- ሽቶ , dog-ዉሻ
f) Countable Noun-የሚቆጠሩ ነገሮችን ለመሰየም አንጠቀመዋለን። (Names things that can be counted.)
Examples: books-መፅሀፍት , cars- መኪኖች , pens-አስክሪብቶዎች
g) Uncountable Noun-መቆጠር የማይችሉ ነገሮችን ለመሰየም እንጠቀማቸዋለን። (Names things that cannot be counted or measured in numbers.)
Examples: water-ዉሃ , sugar- ስኳር , air, information*
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2.ስራቸዉ (Functions of Nouns in Sentences)፦
የተለያዩ ስራዎችን ሊሰሩ ይችላሉ። (Nouns play different roles (functions) in sentences:) እነሱም፦
a) Subject of a Sentence- አድራጊው ወይም ከድርጊት ቃል በፊት የሚገኝ ፤ (The noun that does the action.)
Example: Yabsera writes well.(ያብሰራ በጠሩ ሁኔታ ይፅፋል። )
(“Yabsera” is the subject.)
b) Object of a Verb-ደርጊቱ የተፈፀመበት አካል ፤(The noun that receives the action.)
Example: He reads a book.(እሱ መፅሐፍ ያነባል ። )
(“Book” is the object.)
c) Object of a Preposition- ከቦታ ጠቁአሚ ቃል በሁአላ ሲገባ፤ (The noun that follows a preposition.)
Example: She sat on the chair.(ወንበር ላይ ተቀምጣለች። )
(“Chair” is the object of the preposition on.)
d) Predicate Noun (Complement)- ከድርጊት ቃሉ ቀጥሎ የሚገባ አና ሰለ ባለቤቱ የሚገልፅ ነዉ ።
(The noun that renames or identifies the subject after a linking verb (like *is, am, are*).)
Example: My father is a driver.(አባቴ ሹፌር ነው። )
(“Driver” renames “father.”)
e) Possessive Noun-ባለቤትነትን ለማሳየት ልንጠቀመው አንችላለን ። (Shows ownership or possession.)
Example: Yabsera’s phone is new.(የየአብሰራ ስልክ አዲስ ነው። )
(“Yabsera’s” shows possession.)
A noun- ሰዎችን፣ ነገሮችን ፣ ቦታን ወይም ሃሳብን ለመሰየም ለነጠቀመው አንችላለን። ማን አና ምን የሚለዉን ጥያቄ ይመለሳል ። (is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
It answers questions like “Who?” and “What?”)
Examples:
* Ali-የሰው ስም (person)
* Addis Ababa-የቦታ ስም (place)
* book- የነገር ስም (thing)
* freedom- የሃሳብ ስም (idea)
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1. አይነቶቻቸው (Kinds of Nouns)
Nouns are classified into different kinds based on what they name:
a) Proper Noun- አንድ ልዩ የሆነ ሰዉን ፣ቦታን ወይም ነገርን ለመሰየም አነጠቀመዋለን። (Names a specific person, place, or thing.)
* ሁሉም በካፒታል ሌተር ይጀመራሉ ። (Always begins with a capital letter.)
Examples: Yabsera- የአብሰራ , Ethiopia- ኢትዮጵያ , Nile River- አባይ ወንዝ , Sunday- አሁድ
b) Common Noun- በአጠቃላይ ሰውን ፣ ቦታን ወይም ነገረን ለመሰየም አነጠቀመዋለን። (Names a general person, place, or thing.)
Examples: boy- ወንድ , country- ሀገር , river- ወንዝ , day- ቀን
c) Collective Noun-የሰዎች ወይም የነገሮችን ስበስብ አልያም ቡድንን ለመሰየም አንጠቀመዋለን። (Names a group of people or things.)
Examples: team-ቡድንን , class-ክፍል , family-ቤተሰብ , herd- መንጋ
d) Abstract Noun-ሃሳብ ፣ ሰሜት ወይም ጥራትን (Names an idea, feeling, or quality) — something you can’t touch or see physically.
Examples: love- ፍቅር , truth-አዉነት , courage-ወኔ , honesty- ታማኝነት
e) Concrete Noun-ልንነካቸ፣ልንሰማቸዉ፣ልናያቸዉ፣ልንቀምሳቸዉ ወይም ልናሸታቸዉ የምንችላቸዉን ነገሮችን ለመሰየም አንጠቀመዋልን። (Names something you can see, touch, hear, taste, or smell.)
Examples: apple- ፖም , music-ሙዚቃ , perfume- ሽቶ , dog-ዉሻ
f) Countable Noun-የሚቆጠሩ ነገሮችን ለመሰየም አንጠቀመዋለን። (Names things that can be counted.)
Examples: books-መፅሀፍት , cars- መኪኖች , pens-አስክሪብቶዎች
g) Uncountable Noun-መቆጠር የማይችሉ ነገሮችን ለመሰየም እንጠቀማቸዋለን። (Names things that cannot be counted or measured in numbers.)
Examples: water-ዉሃ , sugar- ስኳር , air, information*
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2.ስራቸዉ (Functions of Nouns in Sentences)፦
የተለያዩ ስራዎችን ሊሰሩ ይችላሉ። (Nouns play different roles (functions) in sentences:) እነሱም፦
a) Subject of a Sentence- አድራጊው ወይም ከድርጊት ቃል በፊት የሚገኝ ፤ (The noun that does the action.)
Example: Yabsera writes well.(ያብሰራ በጠሩ ሁኔታ ይፅፋል። )
(“Yabsera” is the subject.)
b) Object of a Verb-ደርጊቱ የተፈፀመበት አካል ፤(The noun that receives the action.)
Example: He reads a book.(እሱ መፅሐፍ ያነባል ። )
(“Book” is the object.)
c) Object of a Preposition- ከቦታ ጠቁአሚ ቃል በሁአላ ሲገባ፤ (The noun that follows a preposition.)
Example: She sat on the chair.(ወንበር ላይ ተቀምጣለች። )
(“Chair” is the object of the preposition on.)
d) Predicate Noun (Complement)- ከድርጊት ቃሉ ቀጥሎ የሚገባ አና ሰለ ባለቤቱ የሚገልፅ ነዉ ።
(The noun that renames or identifies the subject after a linking verb (like *is, am, are*).)
Example: My father is a driver.(አባቴ ሹፌር ነው። )
(“Driver” renames “father.”)
e) Possessive Noun-ባለቤትነትን ለማሳየት ልንጠቀመው አንችላለን ። (Shows ownership or possession.)
Example: Yabsera’s phone is new.(የየአብሰራ ስልክ አዲስ ነው። )
(“Yabsera’s” shows possession.)
ሰሚት ከንዶሚንየም ሆነው አስጠኚ ከፈለጉ እና የአንድ ሳምንት ነፃ ሙከራን ጨምሮ ለማግኘት በስልክ ቁጥር:- +2519-38-58-75-08 ተጭነው በመደወል ወይም በቴሌግራም @committed12 ላይ የፅሁፍ መልክት በመፃፍ ያገኙናል።
ለተማሪዎች ተጨማሪ ድጋፍ የሚሆን
ነፃ የተንቀሳቃሽ ምሰል ማብራሪያዎችን እና መፅሃፍትን እዚህ ያገኛሉ:-https://youtube.com/@yabserawondewosen?si=gnHUSVkxW9sPOcfl
ለተማሪዎች ተጨማሪ ድጋፍ የሚሆን
ነፃ የተንቀሳቃሽ ምሰል ማብራሪያዎችን እና መፅሃፍትን እዚህ ያገኛሉ:-https://youtube.com/@yabserawondewosen?si=gnHUSVkxW9sPOcfl
"Conjunction" ምንድን ነው ?
A conjunction- ቃልን ከቃል ፣ ሐረግን ከሐረግ አና አረፍተነገርን ከአረፍተነገር ማገናኘት ነው ሰራቸው። (is a word used to join words, phrases, or sentences together.)
They help ideas flow smoothly and show how thoughts are related.
Examples: *and- አና , but- ግን , or- ወይም , because- ምክንያቱም , although- ቢሆነም , if- ከሆነ , when- መቼ
A) Coordinating Conjunctions- አኩል ክፍሎችን ያገናኛሉ። (These connect equal parts of a sentence — like word to word, phrase to phrase, or clause to clause.)
There are seven common ones, remembered by the word FANBOYS:
for- ለ , and- እና , nor- ወይም(አፍራሽ), but- ግን, or- ወይም , yet- , so- ሰለዚህ .
and -ሃሳቦችን ለመጭመር (adds ideas) → “I like coffee and tea.”(አኔ ቡና አና ሻይ አወዳለው። )
but- የሃሳብ ግጭትን ለማሳየት (shows contrast) → “He is poor but happy.”(አሱ ደሃ ነው ግን ደስተኛ ነው ። )
or- ወይም (shows choice) → “Do you want water or juice?”(ምን ይሻልካል ዉሃ ወይስ ጁስ ። )
nor- ወይም(አፍራሽ) (adds a second negative) → “She didn’t call, nor did she text.”(አልደወለች ወይ አልፃፈች ። )
for - ለ (gives a reason) → “He stayed home, for it was raining.”(ለዝናቡ ብሎ ቤት ቀረ። )
yet -ቢሆንም (shows contrast or result) → “He worked hard, yet failed.”(ተግቶ ሰርቶ ቢሆንም ወድቁዕል ። )
so - ሰለዚህ (shows result) → “It rained, so we stayed inside. (ዘነበ ሰለዚህ ዉስጥ ቀረን። )
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B) Subordinating Conjunctions
ጥገኛ ሃረግን ከጥገኛ ካልሆነ ሃረግ ጋር ያገናኛሉ፣ በተጭማርም የጊዜ ፣ ምክንያት ፣ ግጭት፣ የመሆን አድል ፣ አና ጠቀሜታን ለማሳየት አንጠቀማቸዋለን። (These connect a dependent clause (incomplete idea) to an independent clause (complete idea).
They show relationships like time, reason, contrast, condition, or purpose.)
* ጊዜ(Time) : *after-ቀጥሎ , before-ቀድሞ , when- መቼ/ሲሆን , while- አየሆነ አያለ , until- አስክሚሆን
→ “Wait here until I come back.”(አዚህ ጠብቀኝ አስከምመጣ። )
* ምክንያት (Reason): *because-ምክንያቱም , since- ጀመሮ , as- አንደ *
→ “She left because she was tired.”(ሄዳለች ምክንያቱም ሰለደከማት። )
* (የመሆን እድለን/ሁኔታን)Condition: *if- ከሆነ , unless-ካልሆነ , provided that-ይህ ከሆነ *
→ “I’ll go if it doesn’t rain.”(ዝናብ ካልሆነ አሄዳለው ። )
* (የሃሳብ ግጭትን ለማሳየት )Contrast: *although-ቢሆነም , though-ሆኖም , even though- ይህ ቢሆነም , whereas- ይህ ግን *
→ “Although he is young, he is wise.”(ወጣት ቢሆነም አስተዋይ ነው። )
* (ጠቀሜታ)Purpose: *so that- ይህ አንዲሆን , in order that- ይህ አንዲፈጠር *
→ “He whispered so that no one could hear.”(ማንም አንዳይሰማው ተንሾካሾከ። )
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C) Correlative Conjunctions
አነዚህ ሁለት ሆነው ይሰራሉ ። (These always work in pairs and join balanced ideas.)
* both … and(ሁለቱም አና ) → “Both Ali and Sara passed.”(ሁለቱም አሊ አና ሳራ አልፈዋል ። )
* either … or(ይህ ወይ ያ ) → “You can eat either rice or pasta.”( ሩዝ ወይ ፓስታ መብላት ትችያለሽ ። )
* neither … nor(ይህም ሆነ ያ(ሁለቱም አይደሉም።) ) → “He likes neither coffee nor tea.”(ሻየም ሆነ ቡና አይወድም ። )
* not only … but also(ይህ በቻ አይደለም ግን ይህም ) → “She is not only smart but also kind.”(ጎበዝ ብቻ አይደለችም ግን ጥሩም ናት። )
* whether … or (ይህ ወይ ያ)→ “I don’t know whether he’s coming or not.”(ይምጣ አየምጣ አላውቅም ። )
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2. ጠቀሜታቸው (Functions of Conjunctions)
Conjunctions have several functions in sentences:
* ሃሳብ ለመጭመር (To add ideas) → “She sings and dances.”(አሷ ትዘፍናለች አና ትጭፍራለችም። )
* የሃሳቦችን ግጭት ለማሳየት (To contrast ideas) → “I wanted to go, but I was sick.”(መሄድ ፈለጌ ነበር ግን አሞኝ ነበር። )
* ምክንያት አና ዉጤትን ለማሳየት (To show cause or reason) → “He failed because he didn’t study.”(የወደቀበት ምክንያት ሰላላጠና ነው ። )
* የመሆን አድለን ለማሳየት (To show condition) → “You’ll succeed if you work hard.”(ተግተህ ከሰራህ ሰኬታማ ትሆናለህ። )
* አማራጭን ለማሳየት (To show choice or alternative) → “Stay here or come with me.”(አዚህ ቅር ወይ አብረን እንሂድ። )
* የነገሮችን የጊዜ ቅደምተከል (To show time relationship) → “We met after the class ended.”(ከትምህርት በኋላ ተገናኘን። )
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ማስታወሻ (Quick Summary)
* Coordinating conjunctions- አኩል ሃሳቦችን ያገናኛል። (join equal ideas.)
* Subordinating conjunctions- ጥገኛ አና ጥገኛ ያልሆኑ ሀሳቦችን ያገናኛሉ። (join dependent and main ideas.)
* Correlative conjunctions-ሁለት ሆነው አኩል ክፍሎችን ለማገናኘት ይሰራሉ ። (work in pairs to join equal parts.)
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A conjunction- ቃልን ከቃል ፣ ሐረግን ከሐረግ አና አረፍተነገርን ከአረፍተነገር ማገናኘት ነው ሰራቸው። (is a word used to join words, phrases, or sentences together.)
They help ideas flow smoothly and show how thoughts are related.
Examples: *and- አና , but- ግን , or- ወይም , because- ምክንያቱም , although- ቢሆነም , if- ከሆነ , when- መቼ
A) Coordinating Conjunctions- አኩል ክፍሎችን ያገናኛሉ። (These connect equal parts of a sentence — like word to word, phrase to phrase, or clause to clause.)
There are seven common ones, remembered by the word FANBOYS:
for- ለ , and- እና , nor- ወይም(አፍራሽ), but- ግን, or- ወይም , yet- , so- ሰለዚህ .
and -ሃሳቦችን ለመጭመር (adds ideas) → “I like coffee and tea.”(አኔ ቡና አና ሻይ አወዳለው። )
but- የሃሳብ ግጭትን ለማሳየት (shows contrast) → “He is poor but happy.”(አሱ ደሃ ነው ግን ደስተኛ ነው ። )
or- ወይም (shows choice) → “Do you want water or juice?”(ምን ይሻልካል ዉሃ ወይስ ጁስ ። )
nor- ወይም(አፍራሽ) (adds a second negative) → “She didn’t call, nor did she text.”(አልደወለች ወይ አልፃፈች ። )
for - ለ (gives a reason) → “He stayed home, for it was raining.”(ለዝናቡ ብሎ ቤት ቀረ። )
yet -ቢሆንም (shows contrast or result) → “He worked hard, yet failed.”(ተግቶ ሰርቶ ቢሆንም ወድቁዕል ። )
so - ሰለዚህ (shows result) → “It rained, so we stayed inside. (ዘነበ ሰለዚህ ዉስጥ ቀረን። )
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B) Subordinating Conjunctions
ጥገኛ ሃረግን ከጥገኛ ካልሆነ ሃረግ ጋር ያገናኛሉ፣ በተጭማርም የጊዜ ፣ ምክንያት ፣ ግጭት፣ የመሆን አድል ፣ አና ጠቀሜታን ለማሳየት አንጠቀማቸዋለን። (These connect a dependent clause (incomplete idea) to an independent clause (complete idea).
They show relationships like time, reason, contrast, condition, or purpose.)
* ጊዜ(Time) : *after-ቀጥሎ , before-ቀድሞ , when- መቼ/ሲሆን , while- አየሆነ አያለ , until- አስክሚሆን
→ “Wait here until I come back.”(አዚህ ጠብቀኝ አስከምመጣ። )
* ምክንያት (Reason): *because-ምክንያቱም , since- ጀመሮ , as- አንደ *
→ “She left because she was tired.”(ሄዳለች ምክንያቱም ሰለደከማት። )
* (የመሆን እድለን/ሁኔታን)Condition: *if- ከሆነ , unless-ካልሆነ , provided that-ይህ ከሆነ *
→ “I’ll go if it doesn’t rain.”(ዝናብ ካልሆነ አሄዳለው ። )
* (የሃሳብ ግጭትን ለማሳየት )Contrast: *although-ቢሆነም , though-ሆኖም , even though- ይህ ቢሆነም , whereas- ይህ ግን *
→ “Although he is young, he is wise.”(ወጣት ቢሆነም አስተዋይ ነው። )
* (ጠቀሜታ)Purpose: *so that- ይህ አንዲሆን , in order that- ይህ አንዲፈጠር *
→ “He whispered so that no one could hear.”(ማንም አንዳይሰማው ተንሾካሾከ። )
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C) Correlative Conjunctions
አነዚህ ሁለት ሆነው ይሰራሉ ። (These always work in pairs and join balanced ideas.)
* both … and(ሁለቱም አና ) → “Both Ali and Sara passed.”(ሁለቱም አሊ አና ሳራ አልፈዋል ። )
* either … or(ይህ ወይ ያ ) → “You can eat either rice or pasta.”( ሩዝ ወይ ፓስታ መብላት ትችያለሽ ። )
* neither … nor(ይህም ሆነ ያ(ሁለቱም አይደሉም።) ) → “He likes neither coffee nor tea.”(ሻየም ሆነ ቡና አይወድም ። )
* not only … but also(ይህ በቻ አይደለም ግን ይህም ) → “She is not only smart but also kind.”(ጎበዝ ብቻ አይደለችም ግን ጥሩም ናት። )
* whether … or (ይህ ወይ ያ)→ “I don’t know whether he’s coming or not.”(ይምጣ አየምጣ አላውቅም ። )
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2. ጠቀሜታቸው (Functions of Conjunctions)
Conjunctions have several functions in sentences:
* ሃሳብ ለመጭመር (To add ideas) → “She sings and dances.”(አሷ ትዘፍናለች አና ትጭፍራለችም። )
* የሃሳቦችን ግጭት ለማሳየት (To contrast ideas) → “I wanted to go, but I was sick.”(መሄድ ፈለጌ ነበር ግን አሞኝ ነበር። )
* ምክንያት አና ዉጤትን ለማሳየት (To show cause or reason) → “He failed because he didn’t study.”(የወደቀበት ምክንያት ሰላላጠና ነው ። )
* የመሆን አድለን ለማሳየት (To show condition) → “You’ll succeed if you work hard.”(ተግተህ ከሰራህ ሰኬታማ ትሆናለህ። )
* አማራጭን ለማሳየት (To show choice or alternative) → “Stay here or come with me.”(አዚህ ቅር ወይ አብረን እንሂድ። )
* የነገሮችን የጊዜ ቅደምተከል (To show time relationship) → “We met after the class ended.”(ከትምህርት በኋላ ተገናኘን። )
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ማስታወሻ (Quick Summary)
* Coordinating conjunctions- አኩል ሃሳቦችን ያገናኛል። (join equal ideas.)
* Subordinating conjunctions- ጥገኛ አና ጥገኛ ያልሆኑ ሀሳቦችን ያገናኛሉ። (join dependent and main ideas.)
* Correlative conjunctions-ሁለት ሆነው አኩል ክፍሎችን ለማገናኘት ይሰራሉ ። (work in pairs to join equal parts.)
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❤2👍1
""Preposition" ምንድን ነው ?
A preposition- ቃል ሲሆን በስም አልያም በተዉላጠ ስም እና በሌሎች ቃላት መካከል ያለዉን ግንኙነት ያሳያል፤ የት፣ መቼ ወይም በምን መንገድ እንደሆነ ለማሳየት እንጠቀመዋለን። (word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence. It usually tells where, when, how, or in what way something happens.)
It answers questions like “Where?” “When?” “How?” or “Why?” in place of describing the connection.
Examples:
on- ከላይ (place)
at 5 o’clock → at- ላይ (time)
through the forest → through- በዉስጡ (direction)
about animals → about- ስለ (topic)
under the tree → under- በታች (position)
አይነቶቻቸው (Kinds of Prepositions)
Prepositions are classified into different kinds based on their use:
a) Prepositions of Place- ቦታን/መገኛን ያሳያሉ። (Show location or position.) አንደየቦታዎች ይለያያሉ። (Changes based on specific locations.)
Examples: in-ከዉስጥ , on-ከላይ , at-አቅራቢያ , under-በታች , over-ከላይ , between-መካከል , behind-ጀርባ , beside-ጎን , near-ቅርብ , above-ከላይ , below-በታች
Examples: in-ውስጥ → The keys are in the drawer. (ቁልፎቹ በመሳብያው ውስጥ ናቸው።)
under-በታች → The dog is under the chair. (ውሹ ከወንበሩ በታች ነው።)
near-ቅርብ → She lives near the park. (እሷ ከፓርኩ ቅርብ/በፓርኩ አቅራብያ ትኖራለች።)
b) Prepositions of Time- ጊዜ/ የተፈጠረበትን ወቅት ያለመደምደምያ ያሳያሉ፣ ስም ከጎኑ አይኖረም። (Show time or duration without a specific endpoint.)
Examples: at-በ , on-በ , in-በ , before-ቀድሞ , after-ከኋላ , during-በጊዜው , until-እስከ , since-ከፈለገ , by-በ
Examples: at-በ → The class starts at 9 a.m. (ክፍሉ ጠዋት በ3 ሰዓት ይጀምራል።)
on-በ → My birthday is on Monday. (የእኔ የልደት በዓል መጪዉ ሰኞ ነው።)
in-በ → We met in 2020. (የተገናኘነዉ በ2020 ነዉ ።)
c) Prepositions of Movement- እንቅስቃሴ ወይም አቅጣጫን ያሳያሉ። (Show motion or direction.)
Examples: to-ወደ , from-ከ , into-ወደውስጥ , out of-ወደዉጭ , through-በዉስጥ , across-በመሻገሪያ , along-በጎን , toward-ወደ
d) Prepositions of Manner- የሆነበትን መንገድ ይናገራል። (Describe the way something is done.)
Examples: by-በ , with-በ , like-እንደ , without-ያለ
Examples: by-በ → He travels by bus. (በአውቶቡስ ይጓዛል።)
with-በ → She cut the bread with a knife. (እሷ ዳቦዉን በቢላ ቆረጠችዉ።)
without-ያለ → She spoke without hesitation. (ያለፍርሃት ተናገረች።)
e) Prepositions of Cause or Reason- ምክንያት ያሳያሉ። (Show the reason or cause for something.)
Examples: because of-በዚህ ምክንያት , due to-በዚህ ሳቢያ , for-ለ , from-ከ
Examples: because of-በዚህ ምክንያት → The game was canceled because of the rain. (ጨዋታዉ በዝናቡ ምክንያት ተሰርዟል።)
from-ከ → He is tired from working all day. (ከሙሉ ቀን ስራ የተነሳ ደክሞታል።)
የተለያዩ ስራዎችን ሊሰሩ ይችላሉ። (Functions of Prepositions in Sentences)
Prepositions play different roles in sentences: እነሱም፦
a) Showing Location- ቦታን የሚገልጽ አካል፤ (Describes positions or places.)
Example: The cat is on the table. (ድመቱ በጠረጴዛው ላይ ነው።)
(“On” shows location.)
b) Indicating Time- ጊዜን የሚገልጽ አካል፤ (Specifies when something happens.)
Example: She arrived at 5 o’clock. (5 ሰዓት ላይ መጣች።)
(“At” indicates time.)
c) Expressing Direction- አቅጣጫ የሚያሳይ አካል፤ (Shows movement toward or away.)
Example: He walked through the forest. (በጫካዉ ውስጥ አለፈ ።)
(“Through” expresses direction.)
d) Describing Manner- የሆነበትን መንገድ የሚገልጽ። (Explains how something is done.)
Example: She sings with passion. (እሷ በከፍተኛ ፍላጎት ትዘፍናለች።)
(“With” describes the manner or style of singing.)
e) Indicating Cause- ምክንያትን የሚያሳይ። (Shows reason or cause.)
Example: He stayed home because of the storm. (በአውሎ ንፋሱ ምክንያት ምንጭ ቤት ቀርቷል።)
(“Because of” indicates the cause for staying home.)
🧠 Helpful Hints- የሚጠቅሙ ምክሮች
Use “at” for specific points in time or place (for example, at 3 p.m., at the bus stop). - “at” ለተወሰነ ጊዜ ወይም ቦታ ይጠቀሙ (ለምሳሌ፣ ከምሽቱ 3 ሰአት፣ በአውቶቡስ ማቆሚያ ቦታ)።
Use “on” for days and surfaces (for example, on Monday, on the table). - “on” ለቀናት እና ገጽታዎች (ለምሳሌ፣ በሰኞ፣ በጠረጴዛው ላይ)።
Use “in” for months, years, seasons, and larger places (for example, in June, in 2025, in Ethiopia). - “in” ለወራት፣ ዓመታት፣ ወራት እና ትልቅ ቦታዎች (ለምሳሌ፣ በጁን፣ በ2025፣ በኢትዮጵያ)።
A preposition- ቃል ሲሆን በስም አልያም በተዉላጠ ስም እና በሌሎች ቃላት መካከል ያለዉን ግንኙነት ያሳያል፤ የት፣ መቼ ወይም በምን መንገድ እንደሆነ ለማሳየት እንጠቀመዋለን። (word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence. It usually tells where, when, how, or in what way something happens.)
It answers questions like “Where?” “When?” “How?” or “Why?” in place of describing the connection.
Examples:
on- ከላይ (place)
at 5 o’clock → at- ላይ (time)
through the forest → through- በዉስጡ (direction)
about animals → about- ስለ (topic)
under the tree → under- በታች (position)
አይነቶቻቸው (Kinds of Prepositions)
Prepositions are classified into different kinds based on their use:
a) Prepositions of Place- ቦታን/መገኛን ያሳያሉ። (Show location or position.) አንደየቦታዎች ይለያያሉ። (Changes based on specific locations.)
Examples: in-ከዉስጥ , on-ከላይ , at-አቅራቢያ , under-በታች , over-ከላይ , between-መካከል , behind-ጀርባ , beside-ጎን , near-ቅርብ , above-ከላይ , below-በታች
Examples: in-ውስጥ → The keys are in the drawer. (ቁልፎቹ በመሳብያው ውስጥ ናቸው።)
under-በታች → The dog is under the chair. (ውሹ ከወንበሩ በታች ነው።)
near-ቅርብ → She lives near the park. (እሷ ከፓርኩ ቅርብ/በፓርኩ አቅራብያ ትኖራለች።)
b) Prepositions of Time- ጊዜ/ የተፈጠረበትን ወቅት ያለመደምደምያ ያሳያሉ፣ ስም ከጎኑ አይኖረም። (Show time or duration without a specific endpoint.)
Examples: at-በ , on-በ , in-በ , before-ቀድሞ , after-ከኋላ , during-በጊዜው , until-እስከ , since-ከፈለገ , by-በ
Examples: at-በ → The class starts at 9 a.m. (ክፍሉ ጠዋት በ3 ሰዓት ይጀምራል።)
on-በ → My birthday is on Monday. (የእኔ የልደት በዓል መጪዉ ሰኞ ነው።)
in-በ → We met in 2020. (የተገናኘነዉ በ2020 ነዉ ።)
c) Prepositions of Movement- እንቅስቃሴ ወይም አቅጣጫን ያሳያሉ። (Show motion or direction.)
Examples: to-ወደ , from-ከ , into-ወደውስጥ , out of-ወደዉጭ , through-በዉስጥ , across-በመሻገሪያ , along-በጎን , toward-ወደ
d) Prepositions of Manner- የሆነበትን መንገድ ይናገራል። (Describe the way something is done.)
Examples: by-በ , with-በ , like-እንደ , without-ያለ
Examples: by-በ → He travels by bus. (በአውቶቡስ ይጓዛል።)
with-በ → She cut the bread with a knife. (እሷ ዳቦዉን በቢላ ቆረጠችዉ።)
without-ያለ → She spoke without hesitation. (ያለፍርሃት ተናገረች።)
e) Prepositions of Cause or Reason- ምክንያት ያሳያሉ። (Show the reason or cause for something.)
Examples: because of-በዚህ ምክንያት , due to-በዚህ ሳቢያ , for-ለ , from-ከ
Examples: because of-በዚህ ምክንያት → The game was canceled because of the rain. (ጨዋታዉ በዝናቡ ምክንያት ተሰርዟል።)
from-ከ → He is tired from working all day. (ከሙሉ ቀን ስራ የተነሳ ደክሞታል።)
የተለያዩ ስራዎችን ሊሰሩ ይችላሉ። (Functions of Prepositions in Sentences)
Prepositions play different roles in sentences: እነሱም፦
a) Showing Location- ቦታን የሚገልጽ አካል፤ (Describes positions or places.)
Example: The cat is on the table. (ድመቱ በጠረጴዛው ላይ ነው።)
(“On” shows location.)
b) Indicating Time- ጊዜን የሚገልጽ አካል፤ (Specifies when something happens.)
Example: She arrived at 5 o’clock. (5 ሰዓት ላይ መጣች።)
(“At” indicates time.)
c) Expressing Direction- አቅጣጫ የሚያሳይ አካል፤ (Shows movement toward or away.)
Example: He walked through the forest. (በጫካዉ ውስጥ አለፈ ።)
(“Through” expresses direction.)
d) Describing Manner- የሆነበትን መንገድ የሚገልጽ። (Explains how something is done.)
Example: She sings with passion. (እሷ በከፍተኛ ፍላጎት ትዘፍናለች።)
(“With” describes the manner or style of singing.)
e) Indicating Cause- ምክንያትን የሚያሳይ። (Shows reason or cause.)
Example: He stayed home because of the storm. (በአውሎ ንፋሱ ምክንያት ምንጭ ቤት ቀርቷል።)
(“Because of” indicates the cause for staying home.)
🧠 Helpful Hints- የሚጠቅሙ ምክሮች
Use “at” for specific points in time or place (for example, at 3 p.m., at the bus stop). - “at” ለተወሰነ ጊዜ ወይም ቦታ ይጠቀሙ (ለምሳሌ፣ ከምሽቱ 3 ሰአት፣ በአውቶቡስ ማቆሚያ ቦታ)።
Use “on” for days and surfaces (for example, on Monday, on the table). - “on” ለቀናት እና ገጽታዎች (ለምሳሌ፣ በሰኞ፣ በጠረጴዛው ላይ)።
Use “in” for months, years, seasons, and larger places (for example, in June, in 2025, in Ethiopia). - “in” ለወራት፣ ዓመታት፣ ወራት እና ትልቅ ቦታዎች (ለምሳሌ፣ በጁን፣ በ2025፣ በኢትዮጵያ)።
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Verb Tenses: የግስ ጊዜዎች (Tenses)
(የግስ ጊዜዎች የግሶች ቅርጽ ናቸው፣ ተግባርን ወይም ሁኔታን ጊዜን (ያለፈ፣ አሁን ወይም የወደፊት) እና የተግባሩን ተፈጥሮ (ቀጣይነት፣ የተጠናቀቀ፣ ተደጋጋሚ ወይም ተለዋዋጭነት) ያሳያል። ይህ በጊዜ ውስጥ መቼ አንድ ነገር እንደተከሰተ ወይም እንደሚከሰት ለማሳየት ይረዳል።)
Verb tenses are forms of verbs that indicate the time (past, present, or future) and the nature of an action or state (whether it's ongoing, completed, repeated, or habitual). They help make sentences clear about when something happens, has happened, or will happen.
They answer questions like “When did it happen?” “Is it happening now?” or “How long will it continue?”
የሚመልሷቸው ጥያቄዎች እንደ “መቼ ተከሰተ?” “አሁን ይከሰታል ወይ?” ወይም “ለምን ያህል ጊዜ ይቀጥላል?” የሚሉትን ነዉ የሚመልሱት።
Examples:
I eat breakfast every day. (በየቀኑ ቁርስ እበላለሁ።) – Habitual action. (ተደጋጋሚ ድርጊትን)
She is reading a book right now. (እሷ አሁን መጽሐፍ አያነበበች ነው።) – Ongoing action.(ቀጣይ የሆነ ድርጊትን።)
They will arrive tomorrow. (እነሱ ነገ ይደርሳሉ።) – Future plan.(የወደፊት እቅድን)
አይነቶቻቸው (Types of Tenses)
እንግሊዝኛ ውስጥ 12 ዋና ጊዜዎች አሉ አነሱም አሁን፣ ያለፈ እና የወደፊት ተብለው ይከፈላሉ፤ እያንዳንዳቸው አራት ተፈጥሮዎች አሏቸው፦ ቀላል (መሰረታዊ እውነታ)፣ ቀጣይ ፣ የተጠናቀቀ እና እስከሚያልቅ ድረስ ቀጣይነትን(አስከሆነ ጊዜ ደረስ ያለ ቀጣይነትን) የሚያሳዩ ናቸው።
English has 12 main tenses, grouped into present, past, and future; each with four aspects: simple (basic fact), continuous (ongoing), perfect (completed), and perfect continuous (ongoing up to a point).
a) Present Simple - ተደጋጋሚ ወይም ቀጣይ እውነታዎችን ያሳያል። (For habits, facts, or general truths.)
Uses base verb (add -s for he/she/it). (መሰረታዊ ግስ; ለእሱ/እሷ/እሱ -s አስገቡ።)
Examples:
I walk to school. (እኔ ወደ ትምህርት ቤት በእርምጃ እሄዳለሁ።)
The sun rises in the east. (ፀሐይ በስተምስራቅ ትወጣለች።)
b) Present Continuous - አሁን ተጀምረዉ ቀጣይነት ያላቸዉን ተግባራትን ያመለክታል። (For actions happening now or temporary situations.)
Uses am/is/are + verb-ing. (am/is/are + ግስ-ing)
Examples:
She is cooking dinner. (እሷ አሁን እራት አየሰራች ነው።)
We are living in Addis this month. (እኛ በዚህ ወር በአዲስ አበባ እየኖረን ነዉ/አንኖራለን።)
c) Present Perfect - ያለፈ ተግባር ከአሁኑ ጋር ያለውን ግንኙነት ያሳያል። (For actions completed in the past with present relevance.)
Uses have/has + past participle.
Examples:
I have visited Paris. (ፓሪስን ጎበኝቻለው።)
They have just eaten. (እነሱ አሁን ገና በሉ።)
d) Present Perfect Continuous - ያለፈ ጊዜ ላይ የተጀመረ ተግባር ሆኖ አሁን ድረስ የሚቀጥልን ያመለክታል። (For actions started in the past and continuing now.)
Uses have/has been + verb-ing. (have/has been + ግስ-ing)
Examples:
She has been studying for hours. (እሷ ለሰዓታት እያጠናች ነበር።)
We have been waiting since morning. (ከጠዋት ጀምሮ እየጠበቅን ነበር።)
e) Past Simple - ያለፈ ጊዜ ላይ የተጠናቀቁ ተግባራትን ያመለክታል። (For completed actions in the past.)
Uses past form of verb (e.g., walked). (ያለፈ ቅርጽ ግስ እንደ walked)
Examples:
He finished his homework. (እሱ የቤት ስራዉን ጨርሷል።)
We went to the market yesterday. (እኛ ትላንት ወደ ገበያ ሄደን ነበር።)
f) Past Continuous - ያለፈ ጊዜ ውስጥ ቀጣይነት የነበረዉን ተግባር ያሳያል(ብዙ ጊዜ የሚቋረጡ ድርጊቶች ናቸዉ)። (For ongoing actions in the past, often interrupted.)
Uses was/were + verb-ing. (was/were + ግስ-ing)
Examples:
I was eating when you called. (አንተ ስልክ ስትደውል እየበላዉ ነበር።)
They were playing football all afternoon. (እነሱ ሙሉ ከሰአቱን ኳስ እየተጫወቱ ነበር።)
g) Past Perfect - በያለፈ ጊዜ ውስጥ ከሌላ ድርጊት ቀደሞ የተጠናቀቀ ተግባርን ያመልክታል። (For actions completed before another past action.)
Uses had + past participle.
Examples:
She had left before I arrived. (እኔ ከመድርሴ በፊት (እሷ) ሄዳ ነበር።)
We had finished dinner when the guests came. (እንግዳዎቹ ሲመጡ እራት በልተን ጨርሰን ነበር።)
h) Past Perfect Continuous - በያለፈ ጊዜ ውስጥ ቀጣይነት የነበረውን እና የተጠናቀቀ ተግባርን ያሳያል።(ያለፈ ጊዜ ላይ በሌላ ድርጊት እስከሚቋረጥ እየቀጠለ የነበረን ድርጊት ለማሳየት እንጠቀመዋለን።)(For ongoing actions before another past point.)
Uses had been + verb-ing. (had been + ግስ-ing)
Examples:
He had been working all day before he rested. (ቀኑን ሙሉ እየሰራ ነበር እስከሚያርፍበት ጊዜ ድረስ።)
They had been traveling for hours when the car broke. (ለሰዓታት እየተጓዙ ነበር መኪናው እስከሚበላሽ ድረስ።)
i) Future Simple - ወደፊት የሚከሰት ተግባርን ለመተንበይ/ውሳኔን ያመለክታል። (For predictions or spontaneous decisions.)
Uses will + base verb. (will + መሰረታዊ ግስ)
Examples:
I will call you later. (በኋላ እደዉላለዉ/እጠራሃለሁ።)
It will rain tomorrow. (ነገ ዝናብ ይዘንባል።)
(የግስ ጊዜዎች የግሶች ቅርጽ ናቸው፣ ተግባርን ወይም ሁኔታን ጊዜን (ያለፈ፣ አሁን ወይም የወደፊት) እና የተግባሩን ተፈጥሮ (ቀጣይነት፣ የተጠናቀቀ፣ ተደጋጋሚ ወይም ተለዋዋጭነት) ያሳያል። ይህ በጊዜ ውስጥ መቼ አንድ ነገር እንደተከሰተ ወይም እንደሚከሰት ለማሳየት ይረዳል።)
Verb tenses are forms of verbs that indicate the time (past, present, or future) and the nature of an action or state (whether it's ongoing, completed, repeated, or habitual). They help make sentences clear about when something happens, has happened, or will happen.
They answer questions like “When did it happen?” “Is it happening now?” or “How long will it continue?”
የሚመልሷቸው ጥያቄዎች እንደ “መቼ ተከሰተ?” “አሁን ይከሰታል ወይ?” ወይም “ለምን ያህል ጊዜ ይቀጥላል?” የሚሉትን ነዉ የሚመልሱት።
Examples:
I eat breakfast every day. (በየቀኑ ቁርስ እበላለሁ።) – Habitual action. (ተደጋጋሚ ድርጊትን)
She is reading a book right now. (እሷ አሁን መጽሐፍ አያነበበች ነው።) – Ongoing action.(ቀጣይ የሆነ ድርጊትን።)
They will arrive tomorrow. (እነሱ ነገ ይደርሳሉ።) – Future plan.(የወደፊት እቅድን)
አይነቶቻቸው (Types of Tenses)
እንግሊዝኛ ውስጥ 12 ዋና ጊዜዎች አሉ አነሱም አሁን፣ ያለፈ እና የወደፊት ተብለው ይከፈላሉ፤ እያንዳንዳቸው አራት ተፈጥሮዎች አሏቸው፦ ቀላል (መሰረታዊ እውነታ)፣ ቀጣይ ፣ የተጠናቀቀ እና እስከሚያልቅ ድረስ ቀጣይነትን(አስከሆነ ጊዜ ደረስ ያለ ቀጣይነትን) የሚያሳዩ ናቸው።
English has 12 main tenses, grouped into present, past, and future; each with four aspects: simple (basic fact), continuous (ongoing), perfect (completed), and perfect continuous (ongoing up to a point).
a) Present Simple - ተደጋጋሚ ወይም ቀጣይ እውነታዎችን ያሳያል። (For habits, facts, or general truths.)
Uses base verb (add -s for he/she/it). (መሰረታዊ ግስ; ለእሱ/እሷ/እሱ -s አስገቡ።)
Examples:
I walk to school. (እኔ ወደ ትምህርት ቤት በእርምጃ እሄዳለሁ።)
The sun rises in the east. (ፀሐይ በስተምስራቅ ትወጣለች።)
b) Present Continuous - አሁን ተጀምረዉ ቀጣይነት ያላቸዉን ተግባራትን ያመለክታል። (For actions happening now or temporary situations.)
Uses am/is/are + verb-ing. (am/is/are + ግስ-ing)
Examples:
She is cooking dinner. (እሷ አሁን እራት አየሰራች ነው።)
We are living in Addis this month. (እኛ በዚህ ወር በአዲስ አበባ እየኖረን ነዉ/አንኖራለን።)
c) Present Perfect - ያለፈ ተግባር ከአሁኑ ጋር ያለውን ግንኙነት ያሳያል። (For actions completed in the past with present relevance.)
Uses have/has + past participle.
Examples:
I have visited Paris. (ፓሪስን ጎበኝቻለው።)
They have just eaten. (እነሱ አሁን ገና በሉ።)
d) Present Perfect Continuous - ያለፈ ጊዜ ላይ የተጀመረ ተግባር ሆኖ አሁን ድረስ የሚቀጥልን ያመለክታል። (For actions started in the past and continuing now.)
Uses have/has been + verb-ing. (have/has been + ግስ-ing)
Examples:
She has been studying for hours. (እሷ ለሰዓታት እያጠናች ነበር።)
We have been waiting since morning. (ከጠዋት ጀምሮ እየጠበቅን ነበር።)
e) Past Simple - ያለፈ ጊዜ ላይ የተጠናቀቁ ተግባራትን ያመለክታል። (For completed actions in the past.)
Uses past form of verb (e.g., walked). (ያለፈ ቅርጽ ግስ እንደ walked)
Examples:
He finished his homework. (እሱ የቤት ስራዉን ጨርሷል።)
We went to the market yesterday. (እኛ ትላንት ወደ ገበያ ሄደን ነበር።)
f) Past Continuous - ያለፈ ጊዜ ውስጥ ቀጣይነት የነበረዉን ተግባር ያሳያል(ብዙ ጊዜ የሚቋረጡ ድርጊቶች ናቸዉ)። (For ongoing actions in the past, often interrupted.)
Uses was/were + verb-ing. (was/were + ግስ-ing)
Examples:
I was eating when you called. (አንተ ስልክ ስትደውል እየበላዉ ነበር።)
They were playing football all afternoon. (እነሱ ሙሉ ከሰአቱን ኳስ እየተጫወቱ ነበር።)
g) Past Perfect - በያለፈ ጊዜ ውስጥ ከሌላ ድርጊት ቀደሞ የተጠናቀቀ ተግባርን ያመልክታል። (For actions completed before another past action.)
Uses had + past participle.
Examples:
She had left before I arrived. (እኔ ከመድርሴ በፊት (እሷ) ሄዳ ነበር።)
We had finished dinner when the guests came. (እንግዳዎቹ ሲመጡ እራት በልተን ጨርሰን ነበር።)
h) Past Perfect Continuous - በያለፈ ጊዜ ውስጥ ቀጣይነት የነበረውን እና የተጠናቀቀ ተግባርን ያሳያል።(ያለፈ ጊዜ ላይ በሌላ ድርጊት እስከሚቋረጥ እየቀጠለ የነበረን ድርጊት ለማሳየት እንጠቀመዋለን።)(For ongoing actions before another past point.)
Uses had been + verb-ing. (had been + ግስ-ing)
Examples:
He had been working all day before he rested. (ቀኑን ሙሉ እየሰራ ነበር እስከሚያርፍበት ጊዜ ድረስ።)
They had been traveling for hours when the car broke. (ለሰዓታት እየተጓዙ ነበር መኪናው እስከሚበላሽ ድረስ።)
i) Future Simple - ወደፊት የሚከሰት ተግባርን ለመተንበይ/ውሳኔን ያመለክታል። (For predictions or spontaneous decisions.)
Uses will + base verb. (will + መሰረታዊ ግስ)
Examples:
I will call you later. (በኋላ እደዉላለዉ/እጠራሃለሁ።)
It will rain tomorrow. (ነገ ዝናብ ይዘንባል።)
❤3
j) Future Continuous - ወደፊት ላይ ቀጣይነት ኖሮት የሚከሰት ተግባርን ያሳያል። (For ongoing future actions.)
Uses will be + verb-ing. (will be + ግስ-ing)
Examples:
She will be sleeping at midnight. (ለሊት ላይ ትተኛለች።)
We will be meeting next week. (በሚቀጥለዉ ሳምንት እንገናኛለን።)
k) Future Perfect - ከሆነ የወደፊት ጊዜ በፊት የተፈጠረ ነገርን ለማሳየት። (For actions completed before a future time.)
Uses will have + past participle.
Examples:
By tomorrow, I will have finished the report. (እስከ ነገ ሪፖርቱን ጨርሳለዉ።)
They will have arrived by noon. (እነሱ በ12 ሰዓት ይደርሳሉ።)
l) Future Perfect Continuous - ወደፊት ላይ አስከተወሰነ ጊዜ ቀጣይ የሆነ ተግባርን ያሳያል። (For ongoing actions up to a future point.)
Uses will have been + verb-ing. (will have been + ግስ-ing)
Examples:
By next year, she will have been teaching for 10 years. (በሚመጣው አመት ለ10 ዓመታት በመምህርነት የምታገለግል ይሆናል።)
We will have been living here for a decade by 2030. (በ2030 እዚህ ለአስር ዓመታት የምንኖር ይሆናል።)
ስራቸው (Functions of Tenses in Sentences)
Tenses play different roles to make meaning precise:
ጊዜዎች በተለያዩ ሚናዎች ሊሰሩ ይችላሉ።
a) Describing Habits or Routines - ተደጋጋሚ ተግባራትን ለመግለጽ። (Present simple.)
Example: He drinks coffee every morning. (እሱ ሁሌም ጠዋት ላይ ቡና ይጠጣል።)
b) Narrating Stories or Sequences - ታሪኮችን በቅደም ተከተላቸዉ ለማስተላለፍ። (Past tenses.)
Example: She opened the door and saw a surprise. (በሩን ከፍታ ስትወጣ ስጦታ አየች/አገኘች።)
c) Talking About Plans or Predictions - እቅዶችን ወይም ትንበያዎችን ለመናገር። (Future tenses.)
Example: We will travel to Europe next summer. (በሚመጣው በጋ ወደ አውሮፓ እንሄዳለን።)
d) Showing Connections Between Times - በጊዜዎች መካከል ግንኙነትን ለማሳየት። (Perfect tenses.)
Example: I have lived here since 2010. (ከ2010 ጀምሮ እዚህ ነዉ እየኖርኩ ያለሁት።)
e) Emphasizing Duration - ጊዜን ለማጉላት። (Continuous tenses.)
Example: They are building a new bridge. (እነሱ አሁን አዲስ ድልድይ እየገነቡ ናቸው።)
🧠 Helpful Hints (የሚጠቅሙ ምክሮች)
- Simple tenses for facts/habits; continuous for "now" or temporary; perfect for "before now/then"; perfect continuous for "how long up to now/then."
- Irregular verbs (e.g., go-went-gone) don't follow -ed rules—memorize them!
- In Amharic, tenses are shown with auxiliaries like "ነበር" for past or "ይሆናል" for future, but English relies more on verb endings.
- Common mistake: Mixing tenses in one sentence (wrong: I go to the store and bought milk; right: I went... and bought...). Use sequence of tenses for logic.
Uses will be + verb-ing. (will be + ግስ-ing)
Examples:
She will be sleeping at midnight. (ለሊት ላይ ትተኛለች።)
We will be meeting next week. (በሚቀጥለዉ ሳምንት እንገናኛለን።)
k) Future Perfect - ከሆነ የወደፊት ጊዜ በፊት የተፈጠረ ነገርን ለማሳየት። (For actions completed before a future time.)
Uses will have + past participle.
Examples:
By tomorrow, I will have finished the report. (እስከ ነገ ሪፖርቱን ጨርሳለዉ።)
They will have arrived by noon. (እነሱ በ12 ሰዓት ይደርሳሉ።)
l) Future Perfect Continuous - ወደፊት ላይ አስከተወሰነ ጊዜ ቀጣይ የሆነ ተግባርን ያሳያል። (For ongoing actions up to a future point.)
Uses will have been + verb-ing. (will have been + ግስ-ing)
Examples:
By next year, she will have been teaching for 10 years. (በሚመጣው አመት ለ10 ዓመታት በመምህርነት የምታገለግል ይሆናል።)
We will have been living here for a decade by 2030. (በ2030 እዚህ ለአስር ዓመታት የምንኖር ይሆናል።)
ስራቸው (Functions of Tenses in Sentences)
Tenses play different roles to make meaning precise:
ጊዜዎች በተለያዩ ሚናዎች ሊሰሩ ይችላሉ።
a) Describing Habits or Routines - ተደጋጋሚ ተግባራትን ለመግለጽ። (Present simple.)
Example: He drinks coffee every morning. (እሱ ሁሌም ጠዋት ላይ ቡና ይጠጣል።)
b) Narrating Stories or Sequences - ታሪኮችን በቅደም ተከተላቸዉ ለማስተላለፍ። (Past tenses.)
Example: She opened the door and saw a surprise. (በሩን ከፍታ ስትወጣ ስጦታ አየች/አገኘች።)
c) Talking About Plans or Predictions - እቅዶችን ወይም ትንበያዎችን ለመናገር። (Future tenses.)
Example: We will travel to Europe next summer. (በሚመጣው በጋ ወደ አውሮፓ እንሄዳለን።)
d) Showing Connections Between Times - በጊዜዎች መካከል ግንኙነትን ለማሳየት። (Perfect tenses.)
Example: I have lived here since 2010. (ከ2010 ጀምሮ እዚህ ነዉ እየኖርኩ ያለሁት።)
e) Emphasizing Duration - ጊዜን ለማጉላት። (Continuous tenses.)
Example: They are building a new bridge. (እነሱ አሁን አዲስ ድልድይ እየገነቡ ናቸው።)
🧠 Helpful Hints (የሚጠቅሙ ምክሮች)
- Simple tenses for facts/habits; continuous for "now" or temporary; perfect for "before now/then"; perfect continuous for "how long up to now/then."
- Irregular verbs (e.g., go-went-gone) don't follow -ed rules—memorize them!
- In Amharic, tenses are shown with auxiliaries like "ነበር" for past or "ይሆናል" for future, but English relies more on verb endings.
- Common mistake: Mixing tenses in one sentence (wrong: I go to the store and bought milk; right: I went... and bought...). Use sequence of tenses for logic.
❤1
Forwarded from የአብስራ
የተማሪ ጉብዝናን መቀስቀስ ይቻላል?
እነዚህ ከላይ የምትመለከቷቸዉ የኔ ተማሪ የነበሩ እና በዚህ የኔ ተማሪ በነበሩበት ወቅት የራሳቸዉ የነበረዉን ጉብዝናን በእጃቸዉ ያስያዝኳቸዉ ተማሪዎች ናቸዉ፤
የለዉጥ ሁኔታቸዉ ቤተሰቦቻቸዉን ከማስደሰቱም በተጨማሪ የተማሪዎቹን በራስ መተማመን የመለሰ ለዉጥ ነዉ፤
ተማሪዎቹ በተለያዩ ትምህርቶች የነበረባቸዉን ድክመቶች እንደየትምህርቱ ትኩረት እና ፋይዳ በመስጠት ከነበሩበት እንዲወናጨፋ አድርገናቸዋል፤
ቤተሰቦቻቸዉም ለጎረቤቶቻቸዉ እና ጓደኞቻቸዉ የልጆቻቸዉን ውጤታማነት በአድናቆት መስክረዋል፤
ይህን ዉጤታማነት ማይፈልግ ወላጅ አልያም ጉብዝናዉን መቀስቀስ የማያፈልግ ተማሪ ይኖራል ብዬ እጠራጠራለዉ፤
ሰሚት እና አካባቢዋ ላይ የምትገኙ ከሆነ አድራሻዬ አይጠፋችሁም።
የተማሪዎቹን ዉጤት ለመመልከት፦
ማርያማዊት ሰለሞን፦https://t.me/YWTutorial/1613?single
ባሩክ እያሱ፦https://t.me/YWTutorial/1607?single
ናታን እያሱ፦https://t.me/YWTutorial/1605?single
ይስሃቅ ሃብታሙ፦https://t.me/YWTutorial/1461?single
መልካም ጊዜ!
-የአብስራ
እነዚህ ከላይ የምትመለከቷቸዉ የኔ ተማሪ የነበሩ እና በዚህ የኔ ተማሪ በነበሩበት ወቅት የራሳቸዉ የነበረዉን ጉብዝናን በእጃቸዉ ያስያዝኳቸዉ ተማሪዎች ናቸዉ፤
የለዉጥ ሁኔታቸዉ ቤተሰቦቻቸዉን ከማስደሰቱም በተጨማሪ የተማሪዎቹን በራስ መተማመን የመለሰ ለዉጥ ነዉ፤
ተማሪዎቹ በተለያዩ ትምህርቶች የነበረባቸዉን ድክመቶች እንደየትምህርቱ ትኩረት እና ፋይዳ በመስጠት ከነበሩበት እንዲወናጨፋ አድርገናቸዋል፤
ቤተሰቦቻቸዉም ለጎረቤቶቻቸዉ እና ጓደኞቻቸዉ የልጆቻቸዉን ውጤታማነት በአድናቆት መስክረዋል፤
ይህን ዉጤታማነት ማይፈልግ ወላጅ አልያም ጉብዝናዉን መቀስቀስ የማያፈልግ ተማሪ ይኖራል ብዬ እጠራጠራለዉ፤
ሰሚት እና አካባቢዋ ላይ የምትገኙ ከሆነ አድራሻዬ አይጠፋችሁም።
የተማሪዎቹን ዉጤት ለመመልከት፦
ማርያማዊት ሰለሞን፦https://t.me/YWTutorial/1613?single
ባሩክ እያሱ፦https://t.me/YWTutorial/1607?single
ናታን እያሱ፦https://t.me/YWTutorial/1605?single
ይስሃቅ ሃብታሙ፦https://t.me/YWTutorial/1461?single
መልካም ጊዜ!
-የአብስራ
Forwarded from የአብስራ
Forwarded from የአብስራ
"Direct and Indirect Speech" ምንድን ናቸዉ?
የቀጥታ(Direct ) እና የተናጋሪ ንግግር (Reported Speech)
የቀጥታ ንግግር (የተጠቀሰ ንግግር ተብሎ ይጠራል) አንድ ሰው የተናገረውን በትክክለኛው ባለው መሰረት ራሳቸዉን ቃላት በመጠቀም ትእምርተ ጥቅስ (" ") ምልክቶች መካከል ይዞ ያሳያል። የተናጋሪ ንግግርን (የተገለጸ ንግግር ተብሎ ይጠራል) የተናገረውን ያለ ትእምርተ ጥቅስ (" ") ምልክቶች በተለዋዋጭ ቃላት ይዘረዝራል፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ፣ ስም እና ቃላት ይቀይራል። ይህ በታሪኮች፣ ዜና ወይም ማጠቃለያዎች ውስጥ ንግግሮችን በጥሩ ሁኔታ ለማድረግ ይረዳል።
Direct speech (also called quoted speech) reports exactly what someone said, using their own words inside quotation marks. Indirect speech (or reported speech) retells what was said without quotes, often changing the words to fit the reporter's perspective. This helps make conversations flow naturally in writing, like in stories, news, or summaries.
They answer questions like “What did she say?” or “He told me that...”
እንደ “እሷ ምን አለች ወይም “እሱ አንደዚህ ... ብሎ ነገረኝ።” የሚሉትን ለማሳየት ይጠቅማሉ።
Examples:
Direct: She said, “I am tired.” (እሷ ፣ “ደክሞኛል።” አለች። )
Indirect: She said that she was tired. (እሷ ደክሞኛል ብላለች።) – Tense and pronoun changed.
ለመቀየር ህጎች ከቀጥታ ወደ ተናጋሪ ለመቀየር የተወሰኑ ለውጦች ያስፈልጋሉ፦ ጊዜዎች ወደ ያለፈ ይቀይራሉ (backshift)፣ ስሞች በተነጋገረው አንጻር ይቀይራሉ፣ ጊዜ/ቦታ ቃላት ይቀይራሉ፣ ጥያቄዎች/አረፍተነገሮች ይቀይራሉ። በተናጋሪዉ ውስጥ ትእምርተ ጥቅስ (" ") ምልክቶች የሉም።
(Rules for Changing Direct to Indirect Speech)
Converting direct to indirect involves specific changes: tenses backshift (go to past), pronouns adjust to the reporter, time/place words update, and questions/statements adapt. No quotes in indirect.
a) Statements - ተናጋሪ ንግግሮችን ለመቀየር። (For simple statements; use "that.")
Tense backshift: Present → Past; Past → Past Perfect; Will → Would.
Examples:
Direct: He said, “I like coffee.” (እሱ ፣ “ቡና እወዳለሁ።” አለ።)
Indirect: He said that he liked coffee. (እሱ ቡና እንደሚወድ ተናገረ።)
Direct: “We will go tomorrow,” they said. (እነሱ ፣ “ነገ እንሄዳለን።” አሉ።)
Indirect: They said that they would go the next day. (እነሱ ቀጣይ ቀን እንሄዳለን ብለው አሉ።)
b) Questions - ጥያቄዎችን ለመጠየቅ። (Yes/No questions use "if/whether"; Wh-questions keep Wh-word.)
Change to statement order; no question mark.
Examples:
Direct: She asked, “Are you coming?” (እሷ ፣ “ትመጣለህ?” ስትል ጠየቀች።)
Indirect: She asked if/whether I was coming. (እሷ ምመጣ እንደሆን ጠየቀች።)
Direct: “Where is the book?” he asked. (እሱ ፣ “መጽሐፉ የት ነው?" ሲል ጠየቀ።)
Indirect: He asked where the book was. (እሱ መጽሐፉ የት ነው ብሎ ጠየቀ።)
c) Commands/Requests - ትእዛዛትን/ትእዛዛዊ/ የፈቃድ ጥያቄዎችን ለማስተላለፍ። (Use "to" for infinitive; to/invite/order.)
Examples:
Direct: “Close the door,” she said. (እሷ ፣ “በሩን ዝጋ” አለች።)
Indirect: She told me to close the door. (እሷ በሩን እንድዘጋ ነገረችኝ(አዘዘቺኝ)።)
Direct: “Please help me,” he said. (እሱ ፣ “እባክህ እርዳኝ" አለ።)
Indirect: He asked me to help him. (እሱ እንድረዳዉ ጠየቀኝ።)
d) Exclamations - አስገራሚነትን ለማሳየት። (Use "that" with words like "exclaimed.")
Examples:
Direct: “What a beautiful day!” she said. (እሷ ፣ “እንዴት አይነት ቆንጆ ቀን ነዉ!” አለች።)
Indirect: She exclaimed that it was a beautiful day. (እሷ ቆንጆ ቀን ነው ብላለች።)
e) Time/Place Word Changes - ጊዜ/ቦታ ቃላት ለመቀየር። (Now → then; here → there; today → that day; tomorrow → the next day; ago → before.)
Examples:
Direct: “I’ll meet you here tomorrow,” he said. (እሱ ፣ “ነገ እዚህ እንገናኛለን” አለ።)
Indirect: He said that he would meet me there the next day. (እሱ እዚያ እንገናኛለን ብሎ ነገረኝ።)
ስራቸው (Functions of Direct and Indirect Speech in Sentences)
Direct and indirect speech add variety and realism to writing:
የቀጥታ እና የተባለ (ቀጥተኛ ያልሆነ) ንግግርን ጽሑፍን የተለያዩ ሚናዎች አሏቸው።
a) Quoting Exactly - ቀጥተኛ ንግግርን ለማሳየት። (Direct speech for emphasis or dialogue.)
Example: “I love this!” she shouted. (እሷ “ይህን እወዳለሁ!” ብላ ጮኸች)
b) Summarizing Conversations - ንግግሮችን ለማጠቃለል። (Indirect for reports or narratives.)
Example: The teacher explained that homework was due tomorrow. (መምህሩ የቤት ስራዉ ለነገ እንደሆነ ተናገረ።)
c) Reporting Questions - ጥያቄዎችን ለማስተላለፍ። (Indirect to embed questions smoothly.)
Example: He asked why I was late. (እሱ ለምን እንዳረፈድኩ ጠየቀኝ።)
d) Giving Instructions - ትእዛዝ ለመስጠት። (Indirect for polite or narrative commands.)
Example: She advised me to study harder. (እሷ ተግቼ እንዳጠና መከረችኝ።)
የቀጥታ(Direct ) እና የተናጋሪ ንግግር (Reported Speech)
የቀጥታ ንግግር (የተጠቀሰ ንግግር ተብሎ ይጠራል) አንድ ሰው የተናገረውን በትክክለኛው ባለው መሰረት ራሳቸዉን ቃላት በመጠቀም ትእምርተ ጥቅስ (" ") ምልክቶች መካከል ይዞ ያሳያል። የተናጋሪ ንግግርን (የተገለጸ ንግግር ተብሎ ይጠራል) የተናገረውን ያለ ትእምርተ ጥቅስ (" ") ምልክቶች በተለዋዋጭ ቃላት ይዘረዝራል፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ፣ ስም እና ቃላት ይቀይራል። ይህ በታሪኮች፣ ዜና ወይም ማጠቃለያዎች ውስጥ ንግግሮችን በጥሩ ሁኔታ ለማድረግ ይረዳል።
Direct speech (also called quoted speech) reports exactly what someone said, using their own words inside quotation marks. Indirect speech (or reported speech) retells what was said without quotes, often changing the words to fit the reporter's perspective. This helps make conversations flow naturally in writing, like in stories, news, or summaries.
They answer questions like “What did she say?” or “He told me that...”
እንደ “እሷ ምን አለች ወይም “እሱ አንደዚህ ... ብሎ ነገረኝ።” የሚሉትን ለማሳየት ይጠቅማሉ።
Examples:
Direct: She said, “I am tired.” (እሷ ፣ “ደክሞኛል።” አለች። )
Indirect: She said that she was tired. (እሷ ደክሞኛል ብላለች።) – Tense and pronoun changed.
ለመቀየር ህጎች ከቀጥታ ወደ ተናጋሪ ለመቀየር የተወሰኑ ለውጦች ያስፈልጋሉ፦ ጊዜዎች ወደ ያለፈ ይቀይራሉ (backshift)፣ ስሞች በተነጋገረው አንጻር ይቀይራሉ፣ ጊዜ/ቦታ ቃላት ይቀይራሉ፣ ጥያቄዎች/አረፍተነገሮች ይቀይራሉ። በተናጋሪዉ ውስጥ ትእምርተ ጥቅስ (" ") ምልክቶች የሉም።
(Rules for Changing Direct to Indirect Speech)
Converting direct to indirect involves specific changes: tenses backshift (go to past), pronouns adjust to the reporter, time/place words update, and questions/statements adapt. No quotes in indirect.
a) Statements - ተናጋሪ ንግግሮችን ለመቀየር። (For simple statements; use "that.")
Tense backshift: Present → Past; Past → Past Perfect; Will → Would.
Examples:
Direct: He said, “I like coffee.” (እሱ ፣ “ቡና እወዳለሁ።” አለ።)
Indirect: He said that he liked coffee. (እሱ ቡና እንደሚወድ ተናገረ።)
Direct: “We will go tomorrow,” they said. (እነሱ ፣ “ነገ እንሄዳለን።” አሉ።)
Indirect: They said that they would go the next day. (እነሱ ቀጣይ ቀን እንሄዳለን ብለው አሉ።)
b) Questions - ጥያቄዎችን ለመጠየቅ። (Yes/No questions use "if/whether"; Wh-questions keep Wh-word.)
Change to statement order; no question mark.
Examples:
Direct: She asked, “Are you coming?” (እሷ ፣ “ትመጣለህ?” ስትል ጠየቀች።)
Indirect: She asked if/whether I was coming. (እሷ ምመጣ እንደሆን ጠየቀች።)
Direct: “Where is the book?” he asked. (እሱ ፣ “መጽሐፉ የት ነው?" ሲል ጠየቀ።)
Indirect: He asked where the book was. (እሱ መጽሐፉ የት ነው ብሎ ጠየቀ።)
c) Commands/Requests - ትእዛዛትን/ትእዛዛዊ/ የፈቃድ ጥያቄዎችን ለማስተላለፍ። (Use "to" for infinitive; to/invite/order.)
Examples:
Direct: “Close the door,” she said. (እሷ ፣ “በሩን ዝጋ” አለች።)
Indirect: She told me to close the door. (እሷ በሩን እንድዘጋ ነገረችኝ(አዘዘቺኝ)።)
Direct: “Please help me,” he said. (እሱ ፣ “እባክህ እርዳኝ" አለ።)
Indirect: He asked me to help him. (እሱ እንድረዳዉ ጠየቀኝ።)
d) Exclamations - አስገራሚነትን ለማሳየት። (Use "that" with words like "exclaimed.")
Examples:
Direct: “What a beautiful day!” she said. (እሷ ፣ “እንዴት አይነት ቆንጆ ቀን ነዉ!” አለች።)
Indirect: She exclaimed that it was a beautiful day. (እሷ ቆንጆ ቀን ነው ብላለች።)
e) Time/Place Word Changes - ጊዜ/ቦታ ቃላት ለመቀየር። (Now → then; here → there; today → that day; tomorrow → the next day; ago → before.)
Examples:
Direct: “I’ll meet you here tomorrow,” he said. (እሱ ፣ “ነገ እዚህ እንገናኛለን” አለ።)
Indirect: He said that he would meet me there the next day. (እሱ እዚያ እንገናኛለን ብሎ ነገረኝ።)
ስራቸው (Functions of Direct and Indirect Speech in Sentences)
Direct and indirect speech add variety and realism to writing:
የቀጥታ እና የተባለ (ቀጥተኛ ያልሆነ) ንግግርን ጽሑፍን የተለያዩ ሚናዎች አሏቸው።
a) Quoting Exactly - ቀጥተኛ ንግግርን ለማሳየት። (Direct speech for emphasis or dialogue.)
Example: “I love this!” she shouted. (እሷ “ይህን እወዳለሁ!” ብላ ጮኸች)
b) Summarizing Conversations - ንግግሮችን ለማጠቃለል። (Indirect for reports or narratives.)
Example: The teacher explained that homework was due tomorrow. (መምህሩ የቤት ስራዉ ለነገ እንደሆነ ተናገረ።)
c) Reporting Questions - ጥያቄዎችን ለማስተላለፍ። (Indirect to embed questions smoothly.)
Example: He asked why I was late. (እሱ ለምን እንዳረፈድኩ ጠየቀኝ።)
d) Giving Instructions - ትእዛዝ ለመስጠት። (Indirect for polite or narrative commands.)
Example: She advised me to study harder. (እሷ ተግቼ እንዳጠና መከረችኝ።)
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Forwarded from የአብስራ
"Direct and Indirect Speech" ምንድን ናቸዉ?
ማስታወሻ፦https://t.me/YWTutorial/1785
ለቪድዮ፦ https://youtu.be/zDYKOtsIZLQ?si=EOqhpcAw3p4u6xW7
ማስታወሻ፦https://t.me/YWTutorial/1785
ለቪድዮ፦ https://youtu.be/zDYKOtsIZLQ?si=EOqhpcAw3p4u6xW7
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