Forwarded from English For Ethiopia - በቀላሉ (S A M I)
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ON TIME Vs IN TIME
⚙️ ON TIME - Exactly at the planned time. Neither late nor early.
✔️ Eg: We arrived ON TIME for the meeting, we weren't late.
(At the scheduled time of the meeting)
⚙️ IN TIME - a little early - that there is time to spare.
✔️ Eg: We arrived IN TIME to get a cup of coffee before the meeting.
(Before the scheduled time of the meeting)
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⚙️ ON TIME - Exactly at the planned time. Neither late nor early.
✔️ Eg: We arrived ON TIME for the meeting, we weren't late.
(At the scheduled time of the meeting)
⚙️ IN TIME - a little early - that there is time to spare.
✔️ Eg: We arrived IN TIME to get a cup of coffee before the meeting.
(Before the scheduled time of the meeting)
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15/05/2024 G.C.
Tense
(Continued...)
➡️1, The Simple Present Tense.
- The simple present tense is used:
A, To express habitual actions or everyday activities.
- Here, we use adverbs of frequency such as usually, sometimes, always, twice a day, rarely, never etc...
E.g. Hayat washes her face everyday.
He usually wears a black shoe.
- It is also possible to use simple present tense without adverbs of frequency.
E.g. > Kebede smokes cigarette.
> He works in a bank.
B, To express general/universal truths or facts.
- Facts are expressed by simple present tense.
E.g. > Water boils at 100°C.
> The Earth revolves around the sun.
C, To refer to fixed arrangements and scheduled events.
- i.e. future events that are scheduled and fixed, particularly with verbs that refer to journey and verbs associated with announcement about timetable, schedule...
E.g.
Begin End Leave Arrive Go
Start Stop Depart Come Open
Close
Reach
- To express future arrangements, future time expressions like 'tomorrow', 'next week' must be added.
E.g. > The train leaves at 6 in the morning.
> The meeting begins next month.
- State verbs are not used in this way.
E.g. > He understands the problem tomorrow. (wrong)
> I know the answer next week. (wrong)
D, With state verbs to denote actions happening now (at the moment of speaking).
E.g. > Look! Do you see that snake?
> He needs bread now.
E, 'Do' and 'does' are used with simple present tense in questions and negative sentences.
Pronouns Nouns
Do I Plural nouns
(+ 'I' and
'singular you')
We (boys
You cars)
They
Does He Singular nouns
She (boy
It car)
- The main verbs should be in bare infinitives (e.g. understand, live) when singular subjects (e.g. he, Abebe) are used with 'does'.
E.g. > She doesn't understands what the teacher is saying. (Wrong)
She doesn't understand what the teacher is saying. (Correct)
> Does he lives in a Addis Ababa? (Wrong)
Does he live in a Addis Ababa? (Correct)
F, With imperatives
E.g. > Please ring me up when the guests come.
> Let's wait here until our friends come.
Form of the simple present tense
- For most verbs:
Subject + base form of a verb (V1)
(adds 's' or 'es' for 3rd
person singular)
- For the 'verb to be':
Subject + is/am/are
Tense
(Continued...)
➡️1, The Simple Present Tense.
- The simple present tense is used:
A, To express habitual actions or everyday activities.
- Here, we use adverbs of frequency such as usually, sometimes, always, twice a day, rarely, never etc...
E.g. Hayat washes her face everyday.
He usually wears a black shoe.
- It is also possible to use simple present tense without adverbs of frequency.
E.g. > Kebede smokes cigarette.
> He works in a bank.
B, To express general/universal truths or facts.
- Facts are expressed by simple present tense.
E.g. > Water boils at 100°C.
> The Earth revolves around the sun.
C, To refer to fixed arrangements and scheduled events.
- i.e. future events that are scheduled and fixed, particularly with verbs that refer to journey and verbs associated with announcement about timetable, schedule...
E.g.
Begin End Leave Arrive Go
Start Stop Depart Come Open
Close
Reach
- To express future arrangements, future time expressions like 'tomorrow', 'next week' must be added.
E.g. > The train leaves at 6 in the morning.
> The meeting begins next month.
- State verbs are not used in this way.
E.g. > He understands the problem tomorrow. (wrong)
> I know the answer next week. (wrong)
D, With state verbs to denote actions happening now (at the moment of speaking).
E.g. > Look! Do you see that snake?
> He needs bread now.
E, 'Do' and 'does' are used with simple present tense in questions and negative sentences.
Pronouns Nouns
Do I Plural nouns
(+ 'I' and
'singular you')
We (boys
You cars)
They
Does He Singular nouns
She (boy
It car)
- The main verbs should be in bare infinitives (e.g. understand, live) when singular subjects (e.g. he, Abebe) are used with 'does'.
E.g. > She doesn't understands what the teacher is saying. (Wrong)
She doesn't understand what the teacher is saying. (Correct)
> Does he lives in a Addis Ababa? (Wrong)
Does he live in a Addis Ababa? (Correct)
F, With imperatives
E.g. > Please ring me up when the guests come.
> Let's wait here until our friends come.
Form of the simple present tense
- For most verbs:
Subject + base form of a verb (V1)
(adds 's' or 'es' for 3rd
person singular)
- For the 'verb to be':
Subject + is/am/are
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16/05/2024 G.C.
Tense
(Continued...)
➡️ 2, The Present Continuous Tense
- The present continuous tense is used:
A, For an action happening now. (At the moment of speaking.)
General Form
S + am/is/are + V(ing)
E.g. > The man is driving a Lorry.
> She's making tea now.
B, To refer to a definite arrangement or planned event to take place in the near future.
- Here, the time of action must be mentioned or the context should be clear.
E.g. > My father is visiting us tonight.
> We are playing football this afternoon.
> I am meeting my old friend tomorrow.
- To express immediate future plan, the time of action in the future must be mentioned. If not, there will be confusion between present and future meanings.
E.g. > We are playing football afternoon.
(With time, i.e. immediate future plan.
We are playing football.
(without time, i.e. happening at the moment of speaking)
C, The man ___ to the river every evening.
A, walking
B, is walking
C, walks
D, was walking
The correct answer is C. Why? Read the following explanation.
- The present continuous tense is not usually used with with adverbs of frequency like twice a day, Sometimes, usually, often, weekly, every day ... etc. These adverbs (adverbs of frequency) are frequently used with simple present tense or simple past tense.
E.g. > I am writing him a letter every month. (Wrong)
I write him a letter every month. (Correct)
> He is going to school every day. (Wrong)
He goes to school every day. (Correct)
Exception: "Always", "continuously", and "constantly" can be used with this tense to denote frequently repeated actions (which the speaker doesn't like).
E.g. My sons are always asking me for money for weekends.
(This doesn't necessarily mean the sons ask him for money every weekend.)
D, "Be + going to"
1, With future time expressions "be + going to" can express near future plans.
E.g. I am going to fly to England tomorrow.
(A future planned action)
2, To predict the future on the basis of the present evidence.
E.g. Look at the dark cloud. It is going to rain.
(The evidence is the cloud being dark.)
3, "Be going to" Can also be used with out future time expression to refer to near or immediate future.
E.g. > Our grandfather is going to tell us a story.
> She is going to make tea for you.
E, State verbs are not used in present continuous tense.
E.g. The bottle is containing milk. (Wrong)
The bottle contains milk. (Correct)
F, In time clauses when it shows continuous action.
- Form
When/While/As + Present continuous ... Simple future.
E.g. I will think of you when I'm sitting for my examination.
G, When/While/As + Present continuous ... Imperative
E.g. Don't disturb me when I am doing my assignment.
H, "Will" and "be + going to" difference
- The main difference between "will" and "be + going to"
1, "Be + going to" is more immediate (where there is no time expression) and more probable than "will".
E.g. He's going to build the house.
(This implies that he's already made this decision and that he will probably start quite soon.)
He will build house.
(This sentence gives no idea when the building will start.)
2, "Be + going to" is used for planned intention, but "will" is for intention which is not generally planned. In brief, when there is preparation for an action, you should use "be + going to" instead of "will".
E.g. > Helen has asked her father for some money. She is going to buy a book.
(Planned action)
> Look, the girl is carrying a heavy sack. I will help her.
(Without plan)
3, "Be going to" is used when there is an intention or evidence that something will occur. But "will" is used for prediction without evidence when the speaker guesses or thinks that something will occur.
E.g. Hannah is going to divorce her husband.
(This implies that the speaker has evidence about the divorce.)
Hannah will divorce her husband.
(Here, the speaker guesses or thinks that she will divorce her husband.)
Tense
(Continued...)
➡️ 2, The Present Continuous Tense
- The present continuous tense is used:
A, For an action happening now. (At the moment of speaking.)
General Form
S + am/is/are + V(ing)
E.g. > The man is driving a Lorry.
> She's making tea now.
B, To refer to a definite arrangement or planned event to take place in the near future.
- Here, the time of action must be mentioned or the context should be clear.
E.g. > My father is visiting us tonight.
> We are playing football this afternoon.
> I am meeting my old friend tomorrow.
- To express immediate future plan, the time of action in the future must be mentioned. If not, there will be confusion between present and future meanings.
E.g. > We are playing football afternoon.
(With time, i.e. immediate future plan.
We are playing football.
(without time, i.e. happening at the moment of speaking)
C, The man ___ to the river every evening.
A, walking
B, is walking
C, walks
D, was walking
The correct answer is C. Why? Read the following explanation.
- The present continuous tense is not usually used with with adverbs of frequency like twice a day, Sometimes, usually, often, weekly, every day ... etc. These adverbs (adverbs of frequency) are frequently used with simple present tense or simple past tense.
E.g. > I am writing him a letter every month. (Wrong)
I write him a letter every month. (Correct)
> He is going to school every day. (Wrong)
He goes to school every day. (Correct)
Exception: "Always", "continuously", and "constantly" can be used with this tense to denote frequently repeated actions (which the speaker doesn't like).
E.g. My sons are always asking me for money for weekends.
(This doesn't necessarily mean the sons ask him for money every weekend.)
D, "Be + going to"
1, With future time expressions "be + going to" can express near future plans.
E.g. I am going to fly to England tomorrow.
(A future planned action)
2, To predict the future on the basis of the present evidence.
E.g. Look at the dark cloud. It is going to rain.
(The evidence is the cloud being dark.)
3, "Be going to" Can also be used with out future time expression to refer to near or immediate future.
E.g. > Our grandfather is going to tell us a story.
> She is going to make tea for you.
E, State verbs are not used in present continuous tense.
E.g. The bottle is containing milk. (Wrong)
The bottle contains milk. (Correct)
F, In time clauses when it shows continuous action.
- Form
When/While/As + Present continuous ... Simple future.
E.g. I will think of you when I'm sitting for my examination.
G, When/While/As + Present continuous ... Imperative
E.g. Don't disturb me when I am doing my assignment.
H, "Will" and "be + going to" difference
- The main difference between "will" and "be + going to"
1, "Be + going to" is more immediate (where there is no time expression) and more probable than "will".
E.g. He's going to build the house.
(This implies that he's already made this decision and that he will probably start quite soon.)
He will build house.
(This sentence gives no idea when the building will start.)
2, "Be + going to" is used for planned intention, but "will" is for intention which is not generally planned. In brief, when there is preparation for an action, you should use "be + going to" instead of "will".
E.g. > Helen has asked her father for some money. She is going to buy a book.
(Planned action)
> Look, the girl is carrying a heavy sack. I will help her.
(Without plan)
3, "Be going to" is used when there is an intention or evidence that something will occur. But "will" is used for prediction without evidence when the speaker guesses or thinks that something will occur.
E.g. Hannah is going to divorce her husband.
(This implies that the speaker has evidence about the divorce.)
Hannah will divorce her husband.
(Here, the speaker guesses or thinks that she will divorce her husband.)
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Tutorial for highschool students
16/05/2024 G.C. Tense (Continued...) ➡️ 2, The Present Continuous Tense - The present continuous tense is used: A, For an action happening now. (At the moment of speaking.) General Form S + am/is/are + V(ing) E.g. > The man is driving a Lorry. …
Future time expressions are:
Tomorrow
Next week/month/year
In two days/weeks/months/years
This evening/afternoon/morning
Soon
Later
In the future
Eventually
Someday
On Monday (assuming today is not Monday)
This coming Friday
Next Saturday/summer
In June
This winter
Tomorrow
Next week/month/year
In two days/weeks/months/years
This evening/afternoon/morning
Soon
Later
In the future
Eventually
Someday
On Monday (assuming today is not Monday)
This coming Friday
Next Saturday/summer
In June
This winter
Choose the sentence that expresses habitual action.
Anonymous Quiz
36%
A, The earth revolves around the sun.
12%
B, When I graduate, I'm going to return home.
12%
C, Water is liquid.
40%
D, Students usually take two courses every year.
Which one of the following is the present continuous tense?
Anonymous Quiz
7%
A, I play football everyday.
11%
B, I was playing football yesterday.
74%
C, I am playing football.
7%
D, I have been playing football.
Which tense form correctly stands for this sentence "I had been cooking my lunch."?
Anonymous Quiz
0%
A, S + has + V(ing)
0%
B, S + had + V(ing)
19%
C, S + has + been + V(ing)
81%
D, S + had + been + V(ing)
Which sentence is more immediate?
Anonymous Quiz
15%
A, I will call him.
65%
B, I am going to call him.
19%
C, None.
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Sorry. You can't speak to Ibrahim now. He ___ a bath.
Anonymous Quiz
33%
A, is taking
11%
B, is having
4%
C, have
52%
D, A & B
0%
E, B & C
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Look! Abebe ___ to that man over there.
Anonymous Quiz
33%
A, speaks
4%
B, speaking
50%
C, is speaking
13%
D, has spoken
I now know you have no money. I ___ lend you some.
Anonymous Quiz
40%
A, will
16%
B, would
20%
C, might
24%
D, am going to
The 10th and last question..
- What are the 3 main differences between "will" and "be + going to"?
List them all in your notebooks. (Opening the notes I gave you would be considered as cheating.)
- What are the 3 main differences between "will" and "be + going to"?
List them all in your notebooks. (Opening the notes I gave you would be considered as cheating.)
Forwarded from English For Ethiopia - በቀላሉ (S A M I)
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(Wed)22/05/2024 G.C.
Tense
(continued...)
➡️ 3, The Present Perfect Tense
- The present perfect tense is used:
A, For an action that began in the past and is still continuing up to the time of speaking in the present.
- Here, time expressions like
for + a length of time, since + a point of time, all week, all day, all night, all his life, and all the time have to be mentioned.
E.g. > He has taught English since 2000.
(Meaning: He still teachs English.)
> She has worked in an hotel all her life.
(Meaning: She still works in an hotel.)
> Kiros has lived in Dessie for twenty years.
(Meaning: He still lives in Dessie.)
B, To express a recently completed action.
- Here, just is used.
E.g. > They have just gone out.
(Meaning: They went out a few minutes ago.)
> I have just finished my work.
(Meaning: I finished my work a few minutes ago.)
- Just is used with present perfect tense to express a recently completed action; however, it is not normally used in the negative.
C, Past actions whose time of completion is not mentioned.
E.g. > They have cut the tree.
> We have finished our work.
- What if you want to answer the present perfect tense question?
There are two ways.
1, It is possible to use simple past tense with past time expressions to answer present perfect questions.
2, It is also possible to use present perfect tense without past time expressions to answer present perfect questions.
E.g. Mulatu: Have you repaired your radios?
Salim: Yes, I have. (right) or
No, I haven't. (right) or
Yes, I repaired it yesterday. (simple past) (right)
Yes, I have repaired it yesterday. (wrong)
Yes, I repaired it. (wrong)
- Note that you should use the simple past tense to answer the present perfect tense question if you mention the time in the past.
Unless the past time expression is mentioned, the simple past is not used to answer a question which is in the present perfect tense.
See the following examples.
E.g. > He has lived in Ethiopia for two years.
(Meaning: He still lives in Ethiopia.)
He lived in Ethiopia for two years.
(Meaning, he's not living in Ethiopia now.)
D, After ordinal numbers (first, second), only, and superlatives.
- Form: This/It/That is the first, second etc. + Present perfect tense
E.g. > It is the second time I have told you the answer.
> It is the fourth coffee you have consumed this morning.
> This is the most interesting place I have ever been.
> That is the only book she has admired.
See the following sentences.
This is the second time I tell you, the answer. (wrong)
This is the second time I told you the answer. (wrong)
This is the second time I have told you the answer. (right)
The above two sentences are not used in this case.
- The above construction can also be used to talk about the past.
- Form
This/It/That was the first, the second etc. + Past perfect.
E.g. It was the second time I had told you the answer. (right)
It was the second time I have told you the answer. (wrong)
E, An incomplete period like lately, recently, today, this morning, this afternoon, this evening, the century etc. can be used with present perfect tense.
E.g. I have seen the man today.
They have washed their clothes this morning.
- Past time expressions like last week, yesterday ... are not used with present perfect tense. These can be used with the simple past and past continuous tense.
E.g. She has been a film star last year. (wrong)
She was a film star last year. (right)
Tense
(continued...)
➡️ 3, The Present Perfect Tense
- The present perfect tense is used:
A, For an action that began in the past and is still continuing up to the time of speaking in the present.
- Here, time expressions like
for + a length of time, since + a point of time, all week, all day, all night, all his life, and all the time have to be mentioned.
E.g. > He has taught English since 2000.
(Meaning: He still teachs English.)
> She has worked in an hotel all her life.
(Meaning: She still works in an hotel.)
> Kiros has lived in Dessie for twenty years.
(Meaning: He still lives in Dessie.)
B, To express a recently completed action.
- Here, just is used.
E.g. > They have just gone out.
(Meaning: They went out a few minutes ago.)
> I have just finished my work.
(Meaning: I finished my work a few minutes ago.)
- Just is used with present perfect tense to express a recently completed action; however, it is not normally used in the negative.
C, Past actions whose time of completion is not mentioned.
E.g. > They have cut the tree.
> We have finished our work.
- What if you want to answer the present perfect tense question?
There are two ways.
1, It is possible to use simple past tense with past time expressions to answer present perfect questions.
2, It is also possible to use present perfect tense without past time expressions to answer present perfect questions.
E.g. Mulatu: Have you repaired your radios?
Salim: Yes, I have. (right) or
No, I haven't. (right) or
Yes, I repaired it yesterday. (simple past) (right)
Yes, I have repaired it yesterday. (wrong)
Yes, I repaired it. (wrong)
- Note that you should use the simple past tense to answer the present perfect tense question if you mention the time in the past.
Unless the past time expression is mentioned, the simple past is not used to answer a question which is in the present perfect tense.
See the following examples.
E.g. > He has lived in Ethiopia for two years.
(Meaning: He still lives in Ethiopia.)
He lived in Ethiopia for two years.
(Meaning, he's not living in Ethiopia now.)
D, After ordinal numbers (first, second), only, and superlatives.
- Form: This/It/That is the first, second etc. + Present perfect tense
E.g. > It is the second time I have told you the answer.
> It is the fourth coffee you have consumed this morning.
> This is the most interesting place I have ever been.
> That is the only book she has admired.
See the following sentences.
This is the second time I tell you, the answer. (wrong)
This is the second time I told you the answer. (wrong)
This is the second time I have told you the answer. (right)
The above two sentences are not used in this case.
- The above construction can also be used to talk about the past.
- Form
This/It/That was the first, the second etc. + Past perfect.
E.g. It was the second time I had told you the answer. (right)
It was the second time I have told you the answer. (wrong)
E, An incomplete period like lately, recently, today, this morning, this afternoon, this evening, the century etc. can be used with present perfect tense.
E.g. I have seen the man today.
They have washed their clothes this morning.
- Past time expressions like last week, yesterday ... are not used with present perfect tense. These can be used with the simple past and past continuous tense.
E.g. She has been a film star last year. (wrong)
She was a film star last year. (right)
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