Don't forget to bring your notebooks tomorrow at 4:30.

See you soon.
Have a good night.

Conditional sentence (continued...)

"If so" and "If not"

➡️ "If so"

- "If so" is used when the condition mentioned in the preceding statement is true or valid.
- It is used instead of affirmative clauses.
- "If so" can replace a complete affirmative clause.
E.g. If it is raining, we will stay indoors. If so, we will cancel the picnic.

- "If so" means "If you know all about the background".
E.g. If the experiment yields positive results, we can proceed with the next phase. If so, it could revolutionize medicine.

➡️ "If not"

- "If not" is used when the condition mentioned in the preceding statement is not true or invalid.
E.g. If you finish your homework, we can go to a Addis Ababa. If not, we will have to postpone our plans.

- "If not" can replace negative clauses.
E.g. You must pay the house rent. If not, you won't be allowed to live in their house.
(In this case, "If not" means "If you don't pay the house rent". )

Note: "Or", "or else" and "otherwise" can replace "If not" without change of meaning. However, "or else" is used in colloquial English.
E.g.
1, Apply for the job. If not, you won't get employed.
2, Apply for the job. Otherwise, you won't get employed.
3, Apply for the job or you won't get employed.
4, Apply for the job or else you won't get employed.  (colloquial)

- "If not" is different from "If ... not".
"If ... not" means "unless". Therefore "unless" cannot replace complete clause. But "If not" can replace complete clause.
E.g. She must work hard. ___, She will not succeed Life.
A, If not
B,unless
C, If ... not
D, If so

- Both "If so" and "If not" can be used in type I, type II and type III conditions.
E.g.
1, If aliens exist, we might encounter them one day. If so, humanity would face unprecedented the challenge.
2, If time travel were possible, it could change the course of history. If not, we will never know what the future holds.

Conditional Sentence
(continued...)

➡️ "Could" and "Might"
- "Could" and "Might" can be used with improbable and impossible conditions to express ability and possibility.
E.g. If you tried again, You might be successful .

- "Could" suggests a #higher likelihood of something happening compared to "might".
E.g. If it rains tomorrow, we could stay indoors.
(Here, "could" implies a higher probability of staying indoors if it rains.)

- "Might" implies a #lower probability or more uncertain outcome.
E.g. If I study hard, I might pass the exam.
(This sentence suggests the possibility of passing but with less certainty compared to using "could".)

➡️ Reduced if-clause
- "Subject + be" can sometimes be omitted after "if" in a formal style. E.g. 1) If you are in trouble, try to ask for help.
This is the same as:
            If in trouble, try to ask for help.
("you" and "are" are omitted)
        2) Do you think that meat is nutritious if it is eaten raw?
This is the same as:
             Do you think that meat is nutritious if eaten raw?
("it" and "is" are omitted)

➡️ Words/phrases similar to "if"
- The following words/phrases can be used instead of "if" without a significant meaning difference.
> Provided (that)
> As long as
> Providing (that)
> On condition that
> So long as

E.g. He won't be criticised ___ he improves his conduct.
A, if
B, provided (that)
C, as long as
D, providing (that)
E, on condition that
F,  so long as
G, All

➡️ "What if"

- What if means
> "What will happen if" (type I)
> "What would happen if" (type II)
> "What would have happened if" (type III)
E.g. 1) What if Ethiopia mines diamond in bulk?
(What will happen if Ethiopia mines diamond in bulk?)
        2) What if I didn't go to the meeting?
(What would happen if I didn't go to the meeting?)
        3) What if no one had been with you?
(What would have happened if no one had been with you?)

I strongly recommend you to join this channel!

📌Follow TOP English Learning Channels in the World!

👇👇👇

✦ English Slang Words

✦ English Stories

✦ English Idioms

✦ English Phrasal Verbs

✦ English Phrases & Expressions

✦ English Collocations

✦ English Podcasts

✦ Daily English Conversations

✦ English Language

✦ Espresso English

✦ English Quizzes

✦ English Proverbs

✦ English Gate Learners

✦ English Songs Lyrics

✦ TOEFL English

✦ English Grammar

✦ English Vocabulary

✦ English Language

✦ IELTS English

👆👆👆

🙌Join them all👏

እባካችሁ የእንግሊዘኛ እውቀታችሁን ለማሳደግ እነዚህን ቻነሎች ተቀላቀሉ!

08/05/2024 G.C.

Conditional sentence
(Continued...)

➡️ Inversion
- A clause is inverted when auxiliary verbs and non-auxiliary verbs "be" and "have" are put before the subject.
E.g. If he had worked hard, he would have succeeded.
This can be inverted as:
        Had he worked hard. he would have succeeded. 
(1, Eliminating "If"
2, Bringing the auxilary verb "had" before the subject "he".)
Both the above sentences have the same meaning. (He didn't work hard, so he didn't succeed.)
        If he were a manager, he would be very busy.
This can be inverted as:
        Were he a manager, he would be very busy.

- Inversion in conditional sentence occurs when the conditional clause begins with had, were or should.

1, Should - Used to express a condition or situation that is expected or recommended. It is also used in type I condition.
E.g. Should you need any further assistance, please don't hesitate to contact us.
        Should it rain tomorrow, we should bring umbrellas.
        Should they arrive early, we will have a quick meeting.

2, Were - Used in type II conditional sentence for unreal or hypothetical situations in the present or future.
E.g. Were I rich, I would travel the world.
        Were I you, I would apply for that job.

3, Had - Used in third conditional sentence to indicate a past situation and its consequence.
E.g. Had she studied harder, she would have passed the exam.

¤ A contraction is not possible in inversion.
E.g. Hadn't he worked harder, he wouldn't have got a better job. (Wrong)
        Had he not worked harder, he wouldn't have got a better job. (Correct)

➡️ "But for"
- "But for" is a legal term used to establish a causation. It implies that if a particular event had not occurred, the outcome would have been different.
E.g. But for her dedication, the project wouldn't have succeeded.
        But for his qualifications, he wouldn't have been hired for the job.

- "But for" means
    > If it were not been for (Type 2)
    > If it had not been for (Type 3)
E.g. But for his father's help, he wouldn't get the chance.
This is the same as:
        If it were not for his father's help, he wouldn't get the chance.

09/05/2024 G.C.

➡️ Tense
- Tense refers to the grammatical category that indicates the time at which an action described by a verb occurs. In English, there are three (3) primary tenses: past, present, and future. Each tenses can be further sub-divided into simple, continuous (progressive), perfect, and perfect continuous form.

- The tense of a verb helps to establish when an action took place or will take place in relation to the moment of speaking or another point in time.
E.g. "I walked." is in past tense indicating that the action of walking occurred before the current moment.
        "I am walking." is in the present tense indicating ongoing action in the current moment.

- Tense is an essential aspect of grammar as it provides clarity about the timing of events in language.

- Simply, tense tells us the time of action expressed by the verb in a sentence.

-There are three (3) main kinds of tenses in English.
1. Present tense
1.1. Simple present tense
        > Form S + V1
        I play football.
1.2. Present continuous tense
        > Form S + is/am/are + V(ing)
        I am playing football.
1.3. Present perfect tense
        > Form S + has/have + V3
        I have played football.
1.4. Present perfect continuous tense
        > Form S + has/have + been + V(ing)
        I have been playing football.

2. Past tense
2.1. Simple past tense
        > Form S + V2
        I played football.
2.2. Past continuous tense
        > Form S + was/were + V(ing)
        I was playing football.
2.3. Past perfect tense
        > Form S + had + V3
        I had played football.
2.4. Past perfect continuous tense
        > Form S + had + been + V(ing)
        I had been playing football.

3. Future tense
3.1. Simple future tense
        > Form S + will/shall + V1
        I will/shall play football.
3.2. Future continuous tense
        > Form S + will/shall + be + V(ing)
        I will/shall be playing football.
3.3. Future perfect tense
        > Form S + will/shall + have + V3
        I will/shall have played football.
3.4. Future perfect continuous tense
        > Form S + w/s + have + been + V(ing)
        I will/shall have been playing football.

ነገ በተለመደው ሰዓት (በጠዋቱ) ክላስ አለን።

ON TIME Vs IN TIME

⚙️ ON TIME - Exactly at the planned time. Neither late nor early.

✔️ Eg: We arrived ON TIME for the meeting, we weren't late.
(At the scheduled time of the meeting)

⚙️ IN TIME - a little early - that there is time to spare.

✔️ Eg: We arrived IN TIME to get a cup of coffee before the meeting.
(Before the scheduled time of the meeting)

❤️ @English_Ethiopian ✅
🌐 Follow Us

15/05/2024 G.C.
    Tense
(Continued...)
➡️1, The Simple Present Tense.
  - The simple present tense is used:
A, To express habitual actions or everyday activities.
  - Here, we use adverbs of frequency such as usually, sometimes, always, twice a day, rarely, never etc...
E.g. Hayat washes her face everyday.
        He usually wears a black shoe.

  - It is also possible to use simple present tense without adverbs of frequency.
E.g. > Kebede smokes cigarette.
        > He works in a bank.

B, To express general/universal truths or facts.
  - Facts are expressed by simple present tense.
E.g. > Water boils at 100°C.
        > The Earth revolves around the sun.

C, To refer to fixed arrangements and scheduled events.
  - i.e. future events that are scheduled and fixed, particularly with verbs that refer to journey and verbs associated with announcement about timetable, schedule...
E.g.
Begin   End    Leave     Arrive    Go
Start    Stop   Depart   Come     Open
Close
Reach
  - To express future arrangements, future time expressions like 'tomorrow', 'next week' must be added.
E.g. > The train leaves at 6 in the morning.
        > The meeting begins next month.

  - State verbs are not used in this way.
E.g. > He understands the problem tomorrow. (wrong)
        > I know the answer next week. (wrong)

D, With state verbs to denote actions happening now (at the moment of speaking).
E.g. > Look! Do you see that snake?
        > He needs bread now.

E, 'Do' and 'does' are used with simple present tense in questions and negative sentences.

          Pronouns        Nouns
Do          I                     Plural nouns
                                    (+ 'I' and
                                       'singular you')
              We                   (boys
              You                   cars)
              They

Does     He                  Singular nouns
              She                    (boy
              It                          car)

  - The main verbs should be in bare infinitives (e.g. understand, live) when singular subjects (e.g. he, Abebe) are used with 'does'.

E.g. > She doesn't understands what the teacher is saying. (Wrong)
           She doesn't understand what the teacher is saying. (Correct)
        > Does he lives in a Addis Ababa? (Wrong)
           Does he live in a Addis Ababa? (Correct)

F, With imperatives
E.g. > Please ring me up when the guests come.
        > Let's wait here until our friends come.

Form of the simple present tense
  - For most verbs:
Subject + base form of a verb (V1)
                   (adds 's' or 'es' for 3rd
                     person singular)
  - For the 'verb to be':
Subject + is/am/are

16/05/2024 G.C.
   Tense
(Continued...)

➡️ 2, The Present Continuous Tense
  - The present continuous tense is used:
A, For an action happening now. (At the moment of speaking.)

General Form
S + am/is/are + V(ing)
E.g. > The man is driving a Lorry.
        > She's making tea now.

B, To refer to a definite arrangement or planned event to take place in the near future.
- Here, the time of action must be mentioned or the context should be clear.
E.g. > My father is visiting us tonight.
        > We are playing football this afternoon.
        > I am meeting my old friend tomorrow.
  - To express immediate future plan, the time of action in the future must be mentioned. If not, there will be confusion between present and future meanings.
E.g. > We are playing football afternoon.
(With time, i.e. immediate future plan.
           We are playing football.
(without time, i.e. happening at the moment of speaking)

C, The man ___ to the river every evening.
A, walking
B, is walking
C, walks
D, was walking
The correct answer is C. Why? Read the following explanation.

  - The present continuous tense is not usually used with with adverbs of frequency like twice a day, Sometimes, usually, often, weekly, every day ... etc. These adverbs (adverbs of frequency) are frequently used with simple present tense or simple past tense.
E.g. > I am writing him a letter every month. (Wrong)
           I write him a letter every month. (Correct)
        > He is going to school every day. (Wrong)
           He goes to school every day. (Correct)

Exception: "Always", "continuously", and "constantly" can be used with this tense to denote frequently repeated actions (which the speaker doesn't like).
E.g. My sons are always asking me for money for weekends.
(This doesn't necessarily mean the sons ask him for money every weekend.)

D, "Be + going to"
1, With future time expressions "be + going to" can express near future plans.
E.g. I am going to fly to England tomorrow.
(A future planned action)

2, To predict the future on the basis of the present evidence.
E.g. Look at the dark cloud. It is going to rain.
(The evidence is the cloud being dark.)

3, "Be going to" Can also be used with out future time expression to refer to near or immediate future.
E.g. > Our grandfather is going to tell us a story.
        > She is going to make tea for you.

E, State verbs are not used in present continuous tense.
E.g. The bottle is containing milk. (Wrong)
        The bottle contains milk. (Correct)

F, In time clauses when it shows continuous action.
  - Form
When/While/As + Present continuous   ...   Simple future.
E.g. I will think of you when I'm sitting for my examination.

G, When/While/As + Present continuous   ...   Imperative
E.g. Don't disturb me when I am doing my assignment.

H, "Will" and "be + going to" difference
  - The main difference between "will" and "be + going to"
1, "Be + going to" is more immediate (where there is no time expression) and more probable than "will".
E.g. He's going to build the house.
(This implies that he's already made this decision and that he will probably start quite soon.)
        He will build house.
(This sentence gives no idea when the building will start.)

2, "Be + going to" is used for planned intention, but "will" is for intention which is not generally planned. In brief, when there is preparation for an action, you should use "be + going to" instead of "will".
E.g. > Helen has asked her father for some money. She is going to buy a book.
(Planned action)
        > Look, the girl is carrying a heavy sack. I will help her.
(Without plan)

3, "Be going to" is used when there is an intention or evidence that something will occur. But "will" is used for prediction without evidence when the speaker guesses or thinks that something will occur.
E.g. Hannah is going to divorce her husband.
(This implies that the speaker has evidence about the divorce.)
        Hannah will divorce her husband.
(Here, the speaker guesses or thinks that she will divorce her husband.)

Future time expressions are:
Tomorrow
Next week/month/year
In two days/weeks/months/years
This evening/afternoon/morning
Soon
Later
In the future
Eventually
Someday
On Monday (assuming today is not Monday)
This coming Friday
Next Saturday/summer
In June
This winter

Question and answer time.
👇👇👇