The 10th and last question..
- What are the 3 main differences between "will" and "be + going to"?
List them all in your notebooks. (Opening the notes I gave you would be considered as cheating.)

You can DM me your answers. ✔️

(Wed)22/05/2024 G.C.

    Tense
(continued...)

➡️ 3, The Present Perfect Tense
- The present perfect tense is used:
A, For an action that began in the past and is still continuing up to the time of speaking in the present.
- Here, time expressions like
for + a length of time, since + a point of time, all week, all day, all night, all his life, and all the time have to be mentioned.
E.g. > He has taught English since 2000.
(Meaning: He still teachs English.)
        > She has worked in an hotel all her life.
(Meaning: She still works in an hotel.)
        > Kiros has lived in Dessie for twenty years.
(Meaning: He still lives in Dessie.)

B, To express a recently completed action.
- Here, just is used.
E.g. > They have just gone out.
(Meaning: They went out a few minutes ago.)
        > I have just finished my work.
(Meaning: I finished my work a few minutes ago.)

- Just is used with present perfect tense to express a recently completed action; however, it is not normally used in the negative.

C, Past actions whose time of completion is not mentioned.
E.g. > They have cut the tree.
        > We have finished our work.

- What if you want to answer the present perfect tense question?
There are two ways.
1, It is possible to use simple past tense with past time expressions to answer present perfect questions.
2, It is also possible to use present perfect tense without past time expressions to answer present perfect questions.
E.g. Mulatu: Have you repaired your radios?
        Salim: Yes, I have. (right) or
                     No, I haven't. (right) or
                     Yes, I repaired it yesterday. (simple past) (right)
                     Yes, I have repaired it yesterday. (wrong)
                     Yes, I repaired it. (wrong)

- Note that you should use the simple past tense to answer the present perfect tense question if you mention the time in the past.
Unless the past time expression is mentioned, the simple past is not used to answer a question which is in the present perfect tense.
See the following examples.
E.g. > He has lived in Ethiopia for two years.
(Meaning: He still lives in Ethiopia.)
           He lived in Ethiopia for two years.
(Meaning, he's not living in Ethiopia now.)

D, After ordinal numbers (first, second), only, and superlatives.
- Form: This/It/That is the first, second etc. + Present perfect tense
E.g. > It is the second time I have told you the answer.
        > It is the fourth coffee you have consumed this morning.
        > This is the most interesting place I have ever been.
        > That is the only book she has admired.

See the following sentences.
This is the second time I tell you, the answer. (wrong)
This is the second time I told you the answer. (wrong)
This is the second time I have told you the answer. (right)
The above two sentences are not used in this case.

- The above construction can also be used to talk about the past.

- Form
This/It/That was the first, the second etc. + Past perfect.

E.g. It was the second time I had told you the answer. (right)
        It was the second time I have told you the answer. (wrong)

E, An incomplete period like lately, recently, today, this morning, this afternoon, this evening, the century etc. can be used with present perfect tense.
E.g. I have seen the man today.
        They have washed their clothes this morning.

- Past time expressions like last week, yesterday ... are not used with present perfect tense. These can be used with the simple past and past continuous tense.
E.g. She has been a film star last year. (wrong)
        She was a film star last year. (right)

(Thu)23/05/2024 G.C.

    Tense
    The Present Perfect Tense
(Continued...)

F, Similarly, never, ever, several times, always, occasionally, many times, often, frequently, before etc. can be used with present perfect tense.
E.g. > Mustafa: Have you ever swum in this lake?
        > Ayman: Yes, I have swum occasionally.
        > She has always answered the question
        > Have you ever seen him before?
        > We have visited Langano twice; it's a beautiful lake.

G, Since and for
1, Since
- Indicates a point of time in the past.
- It means "from that point up to the moment of speaking".
Form:
- Since + Friday/ last week/ Eid/ 1994/ Easter/ his child/ 2 O'clock/ January/ last year/ morning etc.
E.g. > They have been friends since their childhood.
(Meaning: They are still friends.)
        > He has lived with his uncle since 1999.
(Meaning: He still lives with his uncle.)

1.2. Since + simple past (but not Since + present perfect)
E.g. We have been university students since we met. (Correct)
        We have been university students since we have met. (Unusual)

2, For
- Used with a period of time.
Form:
- For + two hours/ three days/ a long time/ five minutes/ the last week/ the last year etc.
E.g. > They have worked together for three years.
(Meaning: They still work together.)
           They worked together for three years.
(Meaning: They don't work together now.)
        > They have lived in Addis Ababa for ten years.
(Meaning: They still live in Addis Ababa.)
           They lived in Addis Ababa for ten years.
(Meaning: They don't live in Addis Ababa now.)

2.1. For is not used with "all + time"
E.g. She has worked for all day. (Wrong)
        She has worked all day. (Correct)

2.2 For + the last and since + last
Form:
- Since + last week/ last year/ last month, etc.
- For + the last week/ the last year/ the last month, etc.
E.g. She has lived in Goba since the last month. (wrong)
        She has lived in Goba for the last month. (correct)
        She has lived in Goba for last month. (wrong)
        She has lived in Goba since last month. (correct)

H, In time clauses
- When, as soon as, immediately, before, after etc. are used to introduce time clauses.
Form:
Time clause                Main clause
Simple present t.       Simple future
Present perfect tense
E.g. As soon as he has come, she will leave the room. or
        As soon as he comes, she will leave the room.

¤ Don't do this mistake.
- Don't use future forms and conditional tenses (would + V1) in time clause.
E.g. As soon as he will come, she has left the room. (wrong)
        When he would arrive, we will greet him. (wrong)
         As soon as he comes, she will leave the room. (correct)

(Wed) 29/05/2024 G.C.
Tense
(Continued...)
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Form
S + has/have + been + V(ing)
- The present perfect continuous tense is used:
A, To express an action that began in the past and is still continuing or has just finished and has present results.
E.g. > Samrawit has been waiting for the bus but it hasn't arrived yet.
(This is a continuous action. Samrawit is still waiting for the bus)
> Sorry. I am late. Have you been waiting long?
(An action that has just finished.)

B, State verbs are not used in this tense.
E.g. I've been loving her since 1994. (Wrong)
I've loved her since 1994. (Correct)

- However, 'want' and 'wish' can be used in this tense.
E.g. I've been wanting this type of handbook. (Correct)

C, Verbs that denote short actions are not used in this tense. This verbs are like stop, drop, explode etc.
E.g. > The coffeepot has been dropping out of her hand. (Unusual)
> The waitress has been breaking that class. (Unusual)

- These verbs which denote short actions are not generally used with progressive tenses.


The present Perfect Tense
and
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

A, Both can express an action that began in the past and is continuing or has just stopped. This is possible only with some verbs that indicate long actions. These verbs are read, hope, learn, wait, lie, live, sleep, work, study, teach, stand, expect, work, rain, plough, wash etc.
E.g. Almaz has been studying English for two hours.
Almaz has studied English for two hours.
- The above two statements mean almost the same thing. They imply that Almaz is still studying English although present perfect tense focuses on the completion. However, if the time expression is omitted, the present perfect tense denotes a single completed action.
E.g. Almaz has studied English.
(without time) (This implies that she has completed her job, i.e., she is not studying English now.)

- Weather or not the time expressions (since last week, for two hours) are used with present perfect continuous tense, it expresses an action that started in the past and is still continuing or has just completed, i.e. time expressions are optional. But the present perfect tense denotes a single completed action unless time expressions are used.
E.g. I have washed my glasses and dishes.
(Implies that The action has been completed.)
I have been washing my glasses and dishes.
(This does not necessarlly mean mean that the speaker has finished
washing his/her glasses and dishes. The speaker is probably still washing the glasses and dishes. It focuses on the continuous action action.)

B, To express an action that began in the past and is continuing or just completed. The verbs used in both present perfect and present perfect continuous tense should denote long actions.
E.g. She has been reading the book since morning. Or
She has read the book since morning.
(Read denotes a long action.)

- Verbs that denote a single completed action are used neither in the present perfect continuous tense nor in the present perfect tense with time expressions.
E.g That glass has been dropping out of her hand since morning. (Unusual.)
That glass has dropped out of her hand since morning. (Unusual)
(Drop is a short action.)

- But drop can be used with present perfect tense without time expressions to denote a short completed action.
E.g. The glass has dropped out of her hand. (Correct)

- Drop is not, however, used in the present perfect continuous tense even if the time expression is omitted.
E.g. The glass has been dropping out of her hand. (Wrong)

C. Definite past time expressions like yesterday, last night, last week, two days ago, at two o'clock are used neither with the present perfect nor with the present perfect continuous tense.
E.g. > They have opened the gate at three o'clock. (wrong)
        > I've been giving a lecture two weeks ago. ( wrong)
        > I've given a lecture four days ago. wrong)
        > They have been playing volleyball yesterday. (wrong)

- But time expressions like two o'clock, yesterday, last week, last month can be used with since with these tense.
E.g. > The curtain has been flapping since yesterday.
> The shepherd has leaned on his crook since two o'clock.

D, The present perfect tense can be used to express repeated actions.
E.g. > He has punished the child twice.
> He has shown you this way three times.

Note: The present perfect
continuous tense is not used with twrice, three times, etc.
E.g. > He has been punishing the child twice. (wrong)
> He has been showing you this way three times. (Wrong)
(Twice and three times express a repeated action.)

Questions on PRESENT TENSES.
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