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🚩🚩Hormones 🚩🚩

❎Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

GnRH is also known as Mother Reproductive Hormone. It is released from the Anterior Hypothalamic Area (AHA) of hypothalamus.

🔺Functions:

🔹It induces the growth of follicles
🔹It causes the release of FSH and LH
🔹It induces the cyclicity in acyclic female animals

🔺Uses:

Synthetic GnRH is used in delayed estrus, true anestrus, low conception rate, estrus synchronization, etc.
It is used at the time of AI in delayed ovulators

❎ Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

FSH is also called follitropin. It is released form anterior pituitary.

🔺Functions in Female:

🔹It stimulates the growth of ovarian follicle.
🔹It enhances the estrogen (estardiol-E2) production from ovarian follicle.
🔹It also helps the formation of LH receptors on granulosa cells so that LH can perform its function

🔺Functions in Male:

🔹It causes the growth of seminiferous tubules.
🔹It influence the spermatogenesis (up to formation of 2nd spermatocytes)
🔹It acts on the sertoli cells and stimulate them to produce Androgen Binding Protein (ABP).

❎ Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

It is also called as leutropin. It is released from anterior pituitary.

❎ Functions in Female:

🔺 It has receptors on the theca cells & mature granulosa cells of the follicles, luteal cells of corpus luteum and interstitial cells.
🔺It causes maturation of ovarian follicles.
🔺It helps in ovulation.
🔺It helps in corpus luteum formation.
🔺It helps maintaining the corpus luteum.

🔺Functionsin Male:

🔹LH acts on Leydig cell for production of testosterone.
🔹It causes the stimulation of interstitial cells to produce androgen binding protein (ABP).

❎ Prolactin (PRL)

It is released from the anterior pituitary.

🔺Functions:

🔺It influences the metabolic growth in an individual.
🔺In Female, induces the milk synthesis.
It induces the maternal behavior 🔺in animals for caring and nursing their offsprings.
🔺It induces suppressive effects on the secretions of gonadotrpoins.


❎ Oxytocin

Oxytocin is released from hypothalamus. Oxytocin target is smooth muscles of reproductive tract.

🔺Functions:

🔹Required for delivery of fetus and helpful for expulsion of fetal membrane
🔹Causes the contraction of smooth muscles of certain organs (particularly of reproductive system).
🔹Helps in movement of the gametes to the sight of fertilization
🔹Plays important role for milk letdown. Teats have tactile receptors which send message to brain & from brain signal goes to hypothalamus to secrete Oxytocin. This Oxytocin through blood reaches to milk alveoli and then helps in contraction of myothelial cells; results into milk letdown.
🔹Stimulates the secretions of PGF2α and thus helpful for killing Carpus luteum

🔺Uses:

🔹Used in milk led down problem in animals
🔹Used when there is difficultly in parturition due to deficiency of uterine contraction
🔹Used to enhance the postpartum uterine involution
🔹Used for treating retention of fetal membrane cases within 24 hours after parturition.
To improve the conception rate at the time of breeding
🔹Used in cases of uterine prolapse

❎ Estrogens

Estrogens are 18 carbon steroid hormones and are responsible for the development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics and for induction of estrus behavior and ovulation in female animals.

❎Types of Estrogens:

Estron (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), equilin, equilinen are the major estrogens. Equilin and equilinen are only found in equines.❌ The principal estrogen is estrodiol (E2). The immediate precursors of estrogens are androgens (testosterone). These are produced by glandular as well as non-Glandular tissues.

🔺Functions:

🔹Estrogens establish the femininity (femaleness of an individual).
🔹Promotes the fetal growth.
Induces secondary sex characteristic as well as sexual behavior.
🔹Causes differentiation of neural tissue, so that there are functional differences in several areas of brain of female compared to that of male.

🔹After birth promotes the growth of female genital organs & at puberty rate of growth is blooming.
🔹Plays important role in the development of skeleton and to give a peculiar shape to the body contour.

🔹Plays important role in the formation or development of duct system in mammary glands and also causes fat deposition in mammary gland and other body areas.
🔹Induces estrous behavior in female animals or causes the expression of heat signs.
🔹Induces the release of preovulatory LH-surge in cyclic female animals.

🔺Uses:

🔹Used for prevention of unwanted or mismated pregnancy
🔹Used to cause abortion due to any medical reason.
🔹Used to treat the mild endometritis in ruminants.
🔹Used for dilatation of cervix, in certain cases of dystocia.


❎ Progesterone

It is a 21 C atom steroid hormone which is responsible for maintaining pregnancy in all female animals. In females it is mainly secreted from C.L (G.F, placenta & adrenal gland also secrete small amount of progesterone). In males it is secreted from the testes. Since progesterone is changed into the testosterone, some unconverted progesterone comes in blood.

🔺 Functions:

🔹It maintains the pregnancy.
🔹It primes the brain center for the action of estrogen for behavioral signs.
🔹It reduces (inhibits) the contractility of the uterus.
🔹It causes the closure of cervical rings and thickening of the cervical mucus.
🔹It stimulates growth of uterus during pregnancy.
🔹It prepares the uterus for implantation of the zygote.
🔹It stimulates the secretary activity of uterine glands.
🔹It suppresses the local immune mechanism of uterus because fetus is 50% foreign body.
🔹It forms the milk alveoli of the mammary glands.
🔹It plays important role in inducing maternal behavior.
🔹It has strong negative feedback effect on GnRH and gonadotropins.

🔺Uses:

🔹 Used to stop the abortion in those animals where there is deficiency of Progesterone.
🔹It is used for the synchronization of estrus (Progesterone sponges are used)

🔺 Progesterone Sponges:

🔹1. PRID (Progesterone releasing intravaginal device)
🔹2. CIDR (Controlled internal drug release)

❎Androgens

Naturally occurring androgens are 19 carbon steroid hormone responsible for the maintenance and development of Masculine characteristics.
The main androgens are testosterone, androstenedion, dihydroepiendrosteron (DHEA), 5-androstenediol. Testosterone is the important one.
Testosterone is converted into 5α-dihydro-testosterone (5α-DHT) which is the metabolite of testosterone. This 5α-DHT is needed by prostate gland, penis and scrotum; is more common in humans and dogs and less common in farm animals.

🔺Functions:

🔺In Fetus:

It differentiates the brain during fetal development especially hypothalamus and spinal cord.
It stimulates differentiation of Wolffian duct (male tubular genetalia will develop from it).
At Puberty:
Testosterone causes pubertal growth of male genital organs including the accessory sex organs.
🔹It causes hypertrophy of vocal cords (voice of male changes at puberty).
🔹Hair growth at certain areas.
Stimulates growth of skeletal muscles especially shoulders.
🔹It enhances spermatogenesis (especially maturation of sperm).
🔹It stimulates secretary activity and growth of accessory sex glands.

🔺In Adults:

🔹It maintains the pregnancy.
🔹It maintains the secretary activity of accessory sex glands.
🔹It favors the baldness.
🔹It maintains the libido (sexual desire).
🔹It favors the RBC synthesis i.e. males have 10-15% more RBCs

🔺Uses:

🔹 It is used to androgenize the infertile cows so that they have the male characteristics and with the help of them heat detection of other animals could be made possible.
🔹It is used to descend the testes in scrotum if not descended.
🔹It is used to improve the debilitating effect of costly animals.
🔹Certain androgens have been developed which have more anabolic effect than sexual effect.

#cattle_disease
#metabolic_disease

Post Parturient Haemoglobinuria

It is disease of high producing animals. It occurs after parturition and is characterized by straining during defecation, red urine, hemoglobinurea, anemia; and death may occur in this disease.

❎Etiology:

The major cause of this disease is phosphorus deficiency. It is more common in buffalo as compared to cattle.

❎ Predisposing factors:

The diet deficient in phosphorus leads to post parturient hemoglobin urea.

There is deficiency of phosphorus in plants like turnips, brassica, reddish leaves and beat pulp.

Usually animal in 3rd – 4th lactation are more prone to this disease as compared to in first, second lactations.

Deficiency of copper in soil. Copper is essential part of an enzyme dismutase which is necessary for hemopoiesis.

Animal in dry period have normal phosphorus. But lactating animals have deficiency of phosphorus and calcium. So more prone to it.

It is more common 2-4 weeks after parturition. Incidence of this disease is low but mortality upto 50 %. This disease does not occur in beef cattle.

Ingestion of cold water also leads to hemolysis.

❎Clinical Findings:

Hemoglobinuria

Lack of appetite

Weakness develop suddenly

Severe depression of the milk yield

Dehydration develops quickly

Pale mucous membrane

Temperature 103.5 oF

Feaces dry and firm

Low oxygen carrying capacity of RBCs will not fulfill the requirement of oxygen; there will be increase heart rate and respiration. So there will be difficult breathing and fast heart rate.

In later stages there is jaundice

Pica may be present

Course of disease is 3-5 days

Animal becomes stagger, weak and recombinant.

❎ Diagnosis:

Through clinical pathology, signs and symptoms.

❎ Treatment:

Best treatment is blood transfusion upto 5 litres.

Sodium acid phosphate Na2H2PO4 60 g/300 ml water of which is given through intravascularly or subcutaneously. Repeat after 12 hours. Route of administration depends upon the severity of disease. 100 g Na2H2PO4 orally can be given for 5 days.

CuSO4 (acidified) 1-2 g orally for 10-15 days. It helps in hemopoiesis.

B-complex, dextrose (if dehydration)

❎Control:

Avoid feeding Crusiferous plants. But if have to be given then also give wheat bran (phosphorus rich diet) along with it.

🐄🐄تزامن الشبق في الابقار 🐄🐄


❎ كيف تتم عملية تزامن الشبق في الابقار؟

🔺تتم عن طريق حقن بعض الهرمونات مثل هرمون PGF2α او progesterone او estrogens..

❎ماهو افضل هرمون يستخدم لتزامن الشبق؟

🔺هرمون PGF2α

❎كيف تتم عملية تزامن الشبق باستخدام هرمون PGF2α؟

🔺عن طريق حقن الهرمون في جميع الحيوانات المراد تزامن الشبق فيها...
ثم يتم حقم جرعة ثانية من الهرمون بعد 10 ايام ثم تحدث عملية الشبق خلال يومين او ثلاث ايام... بعد حدوث الشبق في كل الحيوانات يتم تلقيحها بعد 12 ساعه..

#د_علي_كريم

كل ماتريد ان تعرفة عن المغص في الخيول

Aspiration pneumonia


❎Etiology:

Inappropriate administration of therapeutic agents is a common cause of aspiration pneumonia in large animals and less common in dogs and cats. Liquids given by drench or dose syringe should not be delivered faster than the animal can swallow. Drenching is particularly dangerous when the animal’s tongue is drawn out, when the head is held high, or when the animal is coughing or bellowing.

In sheep, poor dipping technique with repeated immersion of the animal’s head may cause aspiration of fluid. Calves and lambs may inhale inflammatory debris if affected with diphtheritic stomatitis/laryngitis. The muscles of deglutition may be affected in lambs with nutritional myopathy. Pigs fed fine particulate food in dry environments may inhale feed granules. Aspiration pneumonia in cattle after treatment for milk fever is usually fatal. Cervids affected with chronic wasting disease may develop aspiration pneumonia due to CNS dysfunction. In dogs and less frequently in cats, aspiration pneumonia is generally associated with inhalation of oral ingesta, regurgitated material, or vomitus. Common risk factors for dogs and cats include pharyngeal abnormalities (cricopharyngeal motor dysfunction), esophageal diseases (megaesophagus, gastroesophageal reflux disease, esophageal obstruction), weakened clinical condition, and anesthesia or heavy sedation. Bacteria in aspirated material may initiate acute infection or secondary infection later in disease.

❎ Clinical Findings:

A history suggesting recent foreign body aspiration within the past 1–2 days is of greatest value for a diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia. Affected animals separate from the rest of the group and present with pyrexia 104°–105°F (40°–40.5°C), a painful expression, arched back, inappetance, depression, toxic mucous membranes, and an increased respiratory rate (>40–60 breaths/min) with a shallow abdominal component. This is often associated with a purulent nasal discharge that sometimes is tinged reddish brown or green. Milk yield is greatly reduced to zero in lactating animals. Thoracic auscultation reveals reduced lung sounds over affected consolidated lung, with increased breath sounds over normal lung. In cows that aspirate ruminal contents as a consequence of becoming cast with hypocalcemia, toxemia is usually fatal within 1–2 days.

Superficial consolidated lung and overlying lesions of fibrous pleurisy can readily be identified on ultrasound examination using either linear or sector probes connected to 5-MHz machines; pleuritic friction rubs are not audible on auscultation. In dogs and cats, clinical signs may be peracute, acute, or chronic. Cough, dyspnea, tachypnea, or exercise intolerance are seen most frequently. Thoracic radiographs generally show a bronchoalveolar pattern in gravity-dependent ventral lung lobes (right cranial and middle and left cranial lobes); however, radiographic changes may not be seen until 24 hr after acute aspiration.

❎ Lesions:

Aspiration pneumonia is usually in the anteroventral parts of the lung; it may be unilateral in animals in which lateral recumbency was the cause of aspiration, or bilateral and centered on airways. In early stages, the lungs are markedly congested with areas of interlobular edema. Bronchi are hyperemic and full of froth. The pneumonic areas tend to be cone-shaped, with the base toward the pleura. Suppuration and necrosis follow. The foci become soft or liquefied, reddish brown, and foul smelling. There usually is an acute fibrinous pleuritis, often with pleural exudate. Animals that survive develop chronic abscesses and fibrous adhesions between the visceral and parietal pleura.

❎Prevention and Treatment:

Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be used in animals known to have inhaled a foreign substance without waiting for signs of pneumonia to appear; however, this rarely occurs in farm animals presented with severe clinical signs. A transtracheal wash can help identify the causative agent for which an antibiotic sensitivity can be obtained. Care and supportive treatment include NSAIDs such as flunixin meglumine. In small animals, oxygen therapy can be useful. Saline nebulization and coupage may assist with generating a productive cough to facilitate clearance of the aspirated material. Despite all treatments, prognosis is poor, and efforts must be directed at prevention.

Unilateral inhalation pneumonia, cow

Acute fibrinous pleuritis