ุงูุงู
ุฑุงุถ ุงูู
ุดุชุฑูุฉ.... ุงูุงู
ุฑุงุถ ุงูู
ุนุฏูุฉ ุงูู
ูุชููุฉ ู
ู ุงูุญููุงู ุงูู ุงูุงูุณุงู
Ringworm in dogs ๐๐ฉ
Ringworm is an infection of skin, hair, or claws caused by a type of fungus. In dogs, about 70% of ringworm cases are caused by the fungus Microsporum canis, 20% by Microsporum gypseum, and 10% by Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
โ The infecting fungus is spread easily in the environment. People can easily be infected with these fungi.
Most cases of ringworm are spread by contact with infected animals or contaminated objects such as furniture or grooming tools. Broken hairs with associated spores are important sources for spread of the disease. Contact does not always result in infection. Whether infection is established depends on the fungal species and on host factors, including age, health, condition of exposed skin surfaces, grooming behavior, and nutrition. Infection leads to short-lived resistance to reinfection. Under most circumstances, dermatophytes grow only in the dead cells of skin and hair, and infection stops on reaching living cells or inflamed tissue. As inflammation and host immunity develop, further spread of infection stops, but this process may take several weeks.
โInfected dogs develop bald, scaly patches with broken hairs in ring-like whirls. The most common sites affected by ringworm are the face, ear tips, tail, and feet.
โ Ringworm is diagnosed by fungal culture, examination with an ultraviolet lamp, and direct microscopic examination of hair or skin scale. Fungal culture of hairs and scrapings from the affected areas is the most accurate method. Direct microscopic examination of hairs or skin scrapings may allow early diagnosis.
โ Ringworm infections usually clear up without treatment, but medicated shampoos might speed recovery in some cases. Such treatments are not always effective.
Ringworm is an infection of skin, hair, or claws caused by a type of fungus. In dogs, about 70% of ringworm cases are caused by the fungus Microsporum canis, 20% by Microsporum gypseum, and 10% by Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
โ The infecting fungus is spread easily in the environment. People can easily be infected with these fungi.
Most cases of ringworm are spread by contact with infected animals or contaminated objects such as furniture or grooming tools. Broken hairs with associated spores are important sources for spread of the disease. Contact does not always result in infection. Whether infection is established depends on the fungal species and on host factors, including age, health, condition of exposed skin surfaces, grooming behavior, and nutrition. Infection leads to short-lived resistance to reinfection. Under most circumstances, dermatophytes grow only in the dead cells of skin and hair, and infection stops on reaching living cells or inflamed tissue. As inflammation and host immunity develop, further spread of infection stops, but this process may take several weeks.
โInfected dogs develop bald, scaly patches with broken hairs in ring-like whirls. The most common sites affected by ringworm are the face, ear tips, tail, and feet.
โ Ringworm is diagnosed by fungal culture, examination with an ultraviolet lamp, and direct microscopic examination of hair or skin scale. Fungal culture of hairs and scrapings from the affected areas is the most accurate method. Direct microscopic examination of hairs or skin scrapings may allow early diagnosis.
โ Ringworm infections usually clear up without treatment, but medicated shampoos might speed recovery in some cases. Such treatments are not always effective.
Mange in dogs ๐๐ฉ
๐๐ฉ
Mange is caused by microscopic mites that invade the skin of otherwise healthy animals. The mites cause irritation of the skin, resulting in itching, hair loss, and inflammation. All forms of mange are highly contagious. Both dogs and cats are very susceptible. Horses and other domestic animals can also be infected. There are several types of mange that affect dogs, including canine scabies (sarcoptic mange), ear mites (otodectic mange), walking dandruff (cheyletiellosis), and trombiculosis. Demodicosis is not considered mange, but it is also caused by mites.
โ Canine Scabies (Sarcoptic Mange)
This form of mange is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei canis. This highly contagious parasite is found on dogs worldwide. It is often called canine scabies. Although the mites that cause mange are fairly picky in selecting their host, humans and other animals that come in contact with an infected dog may also become infected. The entire life cycle (17 to 21 days) of these mites is spent on the infested dog. Females burrow tunnels in the skin to lay eggs. Mange is easily spread between animals by contact. Indirect transmission, such as through infested bedding, is less common, but it can occur. The incubation period varies from 10 days to 8 weeks, depending on how severely the dog is infested, part of the body affected, number of mites transmitted, and the individual dogโs health and hygiene.
๐บCanine scabies is caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei canis mite.
๐บNot all dogs have signs when they are infested with sarcoptic mange mites. Usually, though, the animal will have intense itching that comes on suddenly. The itching is probably caused by sensitivity to the mitesโ droppings. Initially, infested skin will erupt with small, solid bumps. Because the dog scratches or bites itself to relieve the itch, these bumps and the surrounding skin are often damaged, causing thick, crusted sores. Secondary yeast or bacterial infections can develop in the damaged skin. Usually, the sores appear first on the abdomen, chest, ears, elbows, and legs. If the mange is not diagnosed and treated, the sores can spread over the entire body. Dogs with longterm, recurring mange develop oily dandruff (seborrhea), severe thickening of the skin with wrinkling and crust build-up, and oozing, weeping sores. Dogs affected this severely can become emaciated and may even die.
๐บโScabies incognitoโ is a term used to describe hard-to-diagnose mange. If a dog is regularly bathed and has a well-groomed coat, the mites might be hard to find, even if the dog shows signs of infestation such as itching. The other typical signs of mangeโcrusts and scales on the skinโare removed by regular bathing.
๐บIf mange is suspected, your veterinarian will do a physical examination, including collecting skin scrapings and possibly a stool sample. Some clinics might also use a blood test to diagnose mange. If mites are not found, but the signs are highly suggestive of mange, trial treatment is warranted. Mange is very highly contagious and can spread easily between animals of different species and even to humans. Thus, you should ask your veterinarian for advice on how to avoid contracting mange from your pet.
๐บTreatment should include all dogs and other animals that have been in contact with one another. It may be necessary to clip the hair. The crusts and dirt should be removed by soaking with a medicated (antiseborrheic) shampoo, and an anti-mite dip applied. Lime-sulfur is highly effective and safe for use in young animals. This is frequently prescribed by veterinarians. Several dips may be required. Internal medicines may also be prescribed. Some internal mange medications are also used for heartworm prevention, so your veterinarian may want to test your dog for heartworms before treatment. Treatment for secondary infections may also be necessary.
๐๐ฉ
Mange is caused by microscopic mites that invade the skin of otherwise healthy animals. The mites cause irritation of the skin, resulting in itching, hair loss, and inflammation. All forms of mange are highly contagious. Both dogs and cats are very susceptible. Horses and other domestic animals can also be infected. There are several types of mange that affect dogs, including canine scabies (sarcoptic mange), ear mites (otodectic mange), walking dandruff (cheyletiellosis), and trombiculosis. Demodicosis is not considered mange, but it is also caused by mites.
โ Canine Scabies (Sarcoptic Mange)
This form of mange is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei canis. This highly contagious parasite is found on dogs worldwide. It is often called canine scabies. Although the mites that cause mange are fairly picky in selecting their host, humans and other animals that come in contact with an infected dog may also become infected. The entire life cycle (17 to 21 days) of these mites is spent on the infested dog. Females burrow tunnels in the skin to lay eggs. Mange is easily spread between animals by contact. Indirect transmission, such as through infested bedding, is less common, but it can occur. The incubation period varies from 10 days to 8 weeks, depending on how severely the dog is infested, part of the body affected, number of mites transmitted, and the individual dogโs health and hygiene.
๐บCanine scabies is caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei canis mite.
๐บNot all dogs have signs when they are infested with sarcoptic mange mites. Usually, though, the animal will have intense itching that comes on suddenly. The itching is probably caused by sensitivity to the mitesโ droppings. Initially, infested skin will erupt with small, solid bumps. Because the dog scratches or bites itself to relieve the itch, these bumps and the surrounding skin are often damaged, causing thick, crusted sores. Secondary yeast or bacterial infections can develop in the damaged skin. Usually, the sores appear first on the abdomen, chest, ears, elbows, and legs. If the mange is not diagnosed and treated, the sores can spread over the entire body. Dogs with longterm, recurring mange develop oily dandruff (seborrhea), severe thickening of the skin with wrinkling and crust build-up, and oozing, weeping sores. Dogs affected this severely can become emaciated and may even die.
๐บโScabies incognitoโ is a term used to describe hard-to-diagnose mange. If a dog is regularly bathed and has a well-groomed coat, the mites might be hard to find, even if the dog shows signs of infestation such as itching. The other typical signs of mangeโcrusts and scales on the skinโare removed by regular bathing.
๐บIf mange is suspected, your veterinarian will do a physical examination, including collecting skin scrapings and possibly a stool sample. Some clinics might also use a blood test to diagnose mange. If mites are not found, but the signs are highly suggestive of mange, trial treatment is warranted. Mange is very highly contagious and can spread easily between animals of different species and even to humans. Thus, you should ask your veterinarian for advice on how to avoid contracting mange from your pet.
๐บTreatment should include all dogs and other animals that have been in contact with one another. It may be necessary to clip the hair. The crusts and dirt should be removed by soaking with a medicated (antiseborrheic) shampoo, and an anti-mite dip applied. Lime-sulfur is highly effective and safe for use in young animals. This is frequently prescribed by veterinarians. Several dips may be required. Internal medicines may also be prescribed. Some internal mange medications are also used for heartworm prevention, so your veterinarian may want to test your dog for heartworms before treatment. Treatment for secondary infections may also be necessary.
โค1
โEar Mites (Otodectic Mange)
This form of mange is caused by Otodectes cynotis mites. These mites often infest the external ear, causing inflammation of the ear canal in dogs and especially in cats. Ear mites are usually found deep in the external ear canal, but they are sometimes seen on the body. The infested animal will shake its head and scratch its ear(s). In dogs with normally upright ears, the external ear may droop. The intensity of the itching varies. In severe cases, the external ear may be inflamed and produce pus; a torn eardrum is also possible. Dogs with ear mites should be treated with a parasiticide in the ears and whole body for 2 to 4 weeks.
โWalking Dandruff (Cheyletiellosis)
Cheyletiella yasguri mites cause walking dandruff in dogs. (The dandruff that is seen โwalkingโ is actually the mites moving about on the skin of the dog.) Although these mites often stay on their preferred hosts, infections across species are possible. Walking dandruff is very contagious, especially in kennels, catteries, or multipet households. Regular use of certain insecticides to control flea infestations has a side benefit of often controlling the mites that cause walking dandruff. Humans can also be infested with these species of mites. Mites that cause walking dandruff spend their entire 3-week life cycle on their host.
๐บScaling of the skin and infestation along the back are common signs of walking dandruff. Intense itching is frequent, though some animals do not itch at all. Pets that show no signs can carry the mites and transmit them to other pets and humans.
๐บAlthough a definitive diagnosis is usually made by examining the mites with a microscope, a tentative diagnosis is often made based on the presence of mites and an examination of the animalโs skin. The mites and eggs are hard to find, especially on animals that are bathed often.
๐บIn many cases, veterinarians will prescribe weekly dipping in an insecticide to eliminate the mites. In addition, treating the petโs environment is necessary to kill mites in bedding, carpets, and other areas. Insecticidal treatment of kennels and other multipet communities is required to halt mite infestations.
โCanine Demodicosis
The mites that cause canine demodicosis live in small numbers in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands of all dogs. This is normal and causes no signs of disease. However, for reasons not clearly understood, some dogs have large numbers of Demodex canis mites, resulting in inflammation and hair loss. There is evidence of hereditary predisposition for this condition in some dogs. It is strongly suspected that suppression of the immune response to these mites may play a role.
๐บThere are 2 clinical forms of canine demodicosis: localized (limited to a small area) and generalized (found on the entire body).
๐Localized demodicosis is seen in dogs less than 2 years old. Affected areas are usually hairless, red or densely pigmented, raised lumps that look like acne. Itching is mild or absent. A few cases of localized demodicosis progress to the generalized form, though most cases resolve without treatment.
๐The generalized form of demodicosis is a severe disease with widespread inflammation of the skin. Secondary bacterial infections (pyodemodicosis) are common. Many dogs with generalized demodicosis also have inflamed foot pads. Other signs can include enlarged lymph nodes, lethargy, fever, and pus-filled inflammation of the deeper layers of skin.
Laboratory analysis of deep skin scrapings is usually used to confirm a diagnosis of demodicosis. In addition, your veterinarian will also want to test your dog for other infections or diseases that may have suppressed the immune system.
This form of mange is caused by Otodectes cynotis mites. These mites often infest the external ear, causing inflammation of the ear canal in dogs and especially in cats. Ear mites are usually found deep in the external ear canal, but they are sometimes seen on the body. The infested animal will shake its head and scratch its ear(s). In dogs with normally upright ears, the external ear may droop. The intensity of the itching varies. In severe cases, the external ear may be inflamed and produce pus; a torn eardrum is also possible. Dogs with ear mites should be treated with a parasiticide in the ears and whole body for 2 to 4 weeks.
โWalking Dandruff (Cheyletiellosis)
Cheyletiella yasguri mites cause walking dandruff in dogs. (The dandruff that is seen โwalkingโ is actually the mites moving about on the skin of the dog.) Although these mites often stay on their preferred hosts, infections across species are possible. Walking dandruff is very contagious, especially in kennels, catteries, or multipet households. Regular use of certain insecticides to control flea infestations has a side benefit of often controlling the mites that cause walking dandruff. Humans can also be infested with these species of mites. Mites that cause walking dandruff spend their entire 3-week life cycle on their host.
๐บScaling of the skin and infestation along the back are common signs of walking dandruff. Intense itching is frequent, though some animals do not itch at all. Pets that show no signs can carry the mites and transmit them to other pets and humans.
๐บAlthough a definitive diagnosis is usually made by examining the mites with a microscope, a tentative diagnosis is often made based on the presence of mites and an examination of the animalโs skin. The mites and eggs are hard to find, especially on animals that are bathed often.
๐บIn many cases, veterinarians will prescribe weekly dipping in an insecticide to eliminate the mites. In addition, treating the petโs environment is necessary to kill mites in bedding, carpets, and other areas. Insecticidal treatment of kennels and other multipet communities is required to halt mite infestations.
โCanine Demodicosis
The mites that cause canine demodicosis live in small numbers in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands of all dogs. This is normal and causes no signs of disease. However, for reasons not clearly understood, some dogs have large numbers of Demodex canis mites, resulting in inflammation and hair loss. There is evidence of hereditary predisposition for this condition in some dogs. It is strongly suspected that suppression of the immune response to these mites may play a role.
๐บThere are 2 clinical forms of canine demodicosis: localized (limited to a small area) and generalized (found on the entire body).
๐Localized demodicosis is seen in dogs less than 2 years old. Affected areas are usually hairless, red or densely pigmented, raised lumps that look like acne. Itching is mild or absent. A few cases of localized demodicosis progress to the generalized form, though most cases resolve without treatment.
๐The generalized form of demodicosis is a severe disease with widespread inflammation of the skin. Secondary bacterial infections (pyodemodicosis) are common. Many dogs with generalized demodicosis also have inflamed foot pads. Other signs can include enlarged lymph nodes, lethargy, fever, and pus-filled inflammation of the deeper layers of skin.
Laboratory analysis of deep skin scrapings is usually used to confirm a diagnosis of demodicosis. In addition, your veterinarian will also want to test your dog for other infections or diseases that may have suppressed the immune system.
๐1
๐บCases of localized demodicosis often resolve without treatment. Generalized demodicosis is a serious disease that requires medical treatment. The outlook for these cases is guarded. Medicated shampoos and dips are often used to treat demodicosis. Prescription medications to kill the mites may be required. In cases where secondary bacterial infections are present, antibiotics may also be prescribed. Skin scrapings are taken at monthly intervals to monitor the number of mites in the dog.
๐บOwners of dogs with demodicosis should understand that treatment of generalized demodicosis can take several months. The prescribed antiparasitic treatment must be continued until at least 2 consecutive negative skin scrapings have been obtained at monthly intervals.
Because it may be inherited, dogs with demodicosis should not be bred.
โ Trombiculosis
Trombiculosis is a type of mange caused by the parasitic larval stage of mites of the family Trombiculidae. Adults and nymphs look like tiny spiders and live on rotting material. Dogs acquire the larvae by lying on the ground or walking in suitable habitat.
๐บ The larvae attach to the host, feed for a few days, and leave when engorged. They are easily identified as tiny, orange-red, oval dots that do not move. These are usually found clustering on the head, ears, feet, or belly. Signs include redness, bumps, hair loss, and crusts. Intense itching can persist even after the larvae have left the animal. Diagnosis is based on history and signs. Your veterinarian will want to exclude other skin disorders that cause itching, such as respiratory allergies.
๐บ Diagnosis is confirmed by careful examination of the affected areas. Skin scrapings might also be examined under the microscope for evidence of 6-legged mite larvae.
๐บ Treatment for dogs and other pets with trombiculosis follows the pattern for the general treatment of mange (see Canine Scabies (Sarcoptic Mange)). Medications to kill these mites on your pet may be different from those prescribed for other types of mites.
๐บPreventing reinfestation is often difficult. The most useful approach, if feasible, consists of keeping pets away from areas known to harbor mites.
๐บOwners of dogs with demodicosis should understand that treatment of generalized demodicosis can take several months. The prescribed antiparasitic treatment must be continued until at least 2 consecutive negative skin scrapings have been obtained at monthly intervals.
Because it may be inherited, dogs with demodicosis should not be bred.
โ Trombiculosis
Trombiculosis is a type of mange caused by the parasitic larval stage of mites of the family Trombiculidae. Adults and nymphs look like tiny spiders and live on rotting material. Dogs acquire the larvae by lying on the ground or walking in suitable habitat.
๐บ The larvae attach to the host, feed for a few days, and leave when engorged. They are easily identified as tiny, orange-red, oval dots that do not move. These are usually found clustering on the head, ears, feet, or belly. Signs include redness, bumps, hair loss, and crusts. Intense itching can persist even after the larvae have left the animal. Diagnosis is based on history and signs. Your veterinarian will want to exclude other skin disorders that cause itching, such as respiratory allergies.
๐บ Diagnosis is confirmed by careful examination of the affected areas. Skin scrapings might also be examined under the microscope for evidence of 6-legged mite larvae.
๐บ Treatment for dogs and other pets with trombiculosis follows the pattern for the general treatment of mange (see Canine Scabies (Sarcoptic Mange)). Medications to kill these mites on your pet may be different from those prescribed for other types of mites.
๐บPreventing reinfestation is often difficult. The most useful approach, if feasible, consists of keeping pets away from areas known to harbor mites.
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๐ฉ๐ฉHormones ๐ฉ๐ฉ
โGonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
GnRH is also known as Mother Reproductive Hormone. It is released from the Anterior Hypothalamic Area (AHA) of hypothalamus.
๐บFunctions:
๐นIt induces the growth of follicles
๐นIt causes the release of FSH and LH
๐นIt induces the cyclicity in acyclic female animals
๐บUses:
Synthetic GnRH is used in delayed estrus, true anestrus, low conception rate, estrus synchronization, etc.
It is used at the time of AI in delayed ovulators
โ Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
FSH is also called follitropin. It is released form anterior pituitary.
๐บFunctions in Female:
๐นIt stimulates the growth of ovarian follicle.
๐นIt enhances the estrogen (estardiol-E2) production from ovarian follicle.
๐นIt also helps the formation of LH receptors on granulosa cells so that LH can perform its function
๐บFunctions in Male:
๐นIt causes the growth of seminiferous tubules.
๐นIt influence the spermatogenesis (up to formation of 2nd spermatocytes)
๐นIt acts on the sertoli cells and stimulate them to produce Androgen Binding Protein (ABP).
โ Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
It is also called as leutropin. It is released from anterior pituitary.
โ Functions in Female:
๐บ It has receptors on the theca cells & mature granulosa cells of the follicles, luteal cells of corpus luteum and interstitial cells.
๐บIt causes maturation of ovarian follicles.
๐บIt helps in ovulation.
๐บIt helps in corpus luteum formation.
๐บIt helps maintaining the corpus luteum.
๐บFunctionsin Male:
๐นLH acts on Leydig cell for production of testosterone.
๐นIt causes the stimulation of interstitial cells to produce androgen binding protein (ABP).
โ Prolactin (PRL)
It is released from the anterior pituitary.
๐บFunctions:
๐บIt influences the metabolic growth in an individual.
๐บIn Female, induces the milk synthesis.
It induces the maternal behavior ๐บin animals for caring and nursing their offsprings.
๐บIt induces suppressive effects on the secretions of gonadotrpoins.
โ Oxytocin
Oxytocin is released from hypothalamus. Oxytocin target is smooth muscles of reproductive tract.
๐บFunctions:
๐นRequired for delivery of fetus and helpful for expulsion of fetal membrane
๐นCauses the contraction of smooth muscles of certain organs (particularly of reproductive system).
๐นHelps in movement of the gametes to the sight of fertilization
๐นPlays important role for milk letdown. Teats have tactile receptors which send message to brain & from brain signal goes to hypothalamus to secrete Oxytocin. This Oxytocin through blood reaches to milk alveoli and then helps in contraction of myothelial cells; results into milk letdown.
๐นStimulates the secretions of PGF2ฮฑ and thus helpful for killing Carpus luteum
๐บUses:
๐นUsed in milk led down problem in animals
๐นUsed when there is difficultly in parturition due to deficiency of uterine contraction
๐นUsed to enhance the postpartum uterine involution
๐นUsed for treating retention of fetal membrane cases within 24 hours after parturition.
To improve the conception rate at the time of breeding
๐นUsed in cases of uterine prolapse
โ Estrogens
Estrogens are 18 carbon steroid hormones and are responsible for the development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics and for induction of estrus behavior and ovulation in female animals.
โTypes of Estrogens:
Estron (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), equilin, equilinen are the major estrogens. Equilin and equilinen are only found in equines.โ The principal estrogen is estrodiol (E2). The immediate precursors of estrogens are androgens (testosterone). These are produced by glandular as well as non-Glandular tissues.
๐บFunctions:
๐นEstrogens establish the femininity (femaleness of an individual).
๐นPromotes the fetal growth.
Induces secondary sex characteristic as well as sexual behavior.
๐นCauses differentiation of neural tissue, so that there are functional differences in several areas of brain of female compared to that of male.
โGonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
GnRH is also known as Mother Reproductive Hormone. It is released from the Anterior Hypothalamic Area (AHA) of hypothalamus.
๐บFunctions:
๐นIt induces the growth of follicles
๐นIt causes the release of FSH and LH
๐นIt induces the cyclicity in acyclic female animals
๐บUses:
Synthetic GnRH is used in delayed estrus, true anestrus, low conception rate, estrus synchronization, etc.
It is used at the time of AI in delayed ovulators
โ Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
FSH is also called follitropin. It is released form anterior pituitary.
๐บFunctions in Female:
๐นIt stimulates the growth of ovarian follicle.
๐นIt enhances the estrogen (estardiol-E2) production from ovarian follicle.
๐นIt also helps the formation of LH receptors on granulosa cells so that LH can perform its function
๐บFunctions in Male:
๐นIt causes the growth of seminiferous tubules.
๐นIt influence the spermatogenesis (up to formation of 2nd spermatocytes)
๐นIt acts on the sertoli cells and stimulate them to produce Androgen Binding Protein (ABP).
โ Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
It is also called as leutropin. It is released from anterior pituitary.
โ Functions in Female:
๐บ It has receptors on the theca cells & mature granulosa cells of the follicles, luteal cells of corpus luteum and interstitial cells.
๐บIt causes maturation of ovarian follicles.
๐บIt helps in ovulation.
๐บIt helps in corpus luteum formation.
๐บIt helps maintaining the corpus luteum.
๐บFunctionsin Male:
๐นLH acts on Leydig cell for production of testosterone.
๐นIt causes the stimulation of interstitial cells to produce androgen binding protein (ABP).
โ Prolactin (PRL)
It is released from the anterior pituitary.
๐บFunctions:
๐บIt influences the metabolic growth in an individual.
๐บIn Female, induces the milk synthesis.
It induces the maternal behavior ๐บin animals for caring and nursing their offsprings.
๐บIt induces suppressive effects on the secretions of gonadotrpoins.
โ Oxytocin
Oxytocin is released from hypothalamus. Oxytocin target is smooth muscles of reproductive tract.
๐บFunctions:
๐นRequired for delivery of fetus and helpful for expulsion of fetal membrane
๐นCauses the contraction of smooth muscles of certain organs (particularly of reproductive system).
๐นHelps in movement of the gametes to the sight of fertilization
๐นPlays important role for milk letdown. Teats have tactile receptors which send message to brain & from brain signal goes to hypothalamus to secrete Oxytocin. This Oxytocin through blood reaches to milk alveoli and then helps in contraction of myothelial cells; results into milk letdown.
๐นStimulates the secretions of PGF2ฮฑ and thus helpful for killing Carpus luteum
๐บUses:
๐นUsed in milk led down problem in animals
๐นUsed when there is difficultly in parturition due to deficiency of uterine contraction
๐นUsed to enhance the postpartum uterine involution
๐นUsed for treating retention of fetal membrane cases within 24 hours after parturition.
To improve the conception rate at the time of breeding
๐นUsed in cases of uterine prolapse
โ Estrogens
Estrogens are 18 carbon steroid hormones and are responsible for the development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics and for induction of estrus behavior and ovulation in female animals.
โTypes of Estrogens:
Estron (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), equilin, equilinen are the major estrogens. Equilin and equilinen are only found in equines.โ The principal estrogen is estrodiol (E2). The immediate precursors of estrogens are androgens (testosterone). These are produced by glandular as well as non-Glandular tissues.
๐บFunctions:
๐นEstrogens establish the femininity (femaleness of an individual).
๐นPromotes the fetal growth.
Induces secondary sex characteristic as well as sexual behavior.
๐นCauses differentiation of neural tissue, so that there are functional differences in several areas of brain of female compared to that of male.
๐1