❎Clinical Signs
Signs include coughing and tachypnoea (depending on the number of worms) and an increased respiratory rate. In calves it can cause weight loss and even death in severe cases. In adult cattle, infection will tend to cause reduced milk yields and mild respiratory signs.
The penetration phase lasts one week and occurs when the larvae migrate to lungs. There are no clinical signs.
Then the prepatent phase lasts 1 - 3 weeks and is the development and migration of larvae leading to bronchiolitis and then eosinophilic exudate, causing the air passage to be blocked, resulting in alveolar collapse (distal to blockage). This is when clinical signs such as tachypnoea and coughing being to arise.
The patent phase then lasts around 4 - 8 weeks and the mature worms produce eggs during this period. Signs of bronchitis are seen due to mature worms and parasitic pneumonia is seen due to aspiration of eggs and larvae causing cellular infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and giant cells.
Finally, the postpatent phase, which lasts around 8 - 12 weeks is seen and here, the majority of worms are expelled. In 25% of cases clinical signs may reappear as a result of alveolar epithelialisation, which may occur together with interstitial emphysema and pulmonary oedema, or secondary bacterial infection.
Reinfection syndrome may occur if immune cattle are exposed to large numbers; only then will they show clinical signs.
Signs include coughing and tachypnoea (depending on the number of worms) and an increased respiratory rate. In calves it can cause weight loss and even death in severe cases. In adult cattle, infection will tend to cause reduced milk yields and mild respiratory signs.
The penetration phase lasts one week and occurs when the larvae migrate to lungs. There are no clinical signs.
Then the prepatent phase lasts 1 - 3 weeks and is the development and migration of larvae leading to bronchiolitis and then eosinophilic exudate, causing the air passage to be blocked, resulting in alveolar collapse (distal to blockage). This is when clinical signs such as tachypnoea and coughing being to arise.
The patent phase then lasts around 4 - 8 weeks and the mature worms produce eggs during this period. Signs of bronchitis are seen due to mature worms and parasitic pneumonia is seen due to aspiration of eggs and larvae causing cellular infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and giant cells.
Finally, the postpatent phase, which lasts around 8 - 12 weeks is seen and here, the majority of worms are expelled. In 25% of cases clinical signs may reappear as a result of alveolar epithelialisation, which may occur together with interstitial emphysema and pulmonary oedema, or secondary bacterial infection.
Reinfection syndrome may occur if immune cattle are exposed to large numbers; only then will they show clinical signs.
❎Diagnosis
🔺Calves
Diagnosis is based on the seasonal incidence, previous grazing history and clinical signs. Definitive diagnosis can be gained by performing a Baerman technique on a faecal sample to identify larvae. Samples need to be taken from both healthy and sick cattle as carrier animals may be important in the epidemiology of disease, e.g. in an endemic area 30% yearlings and 5% cows harbour patent infections, as do vaccinated animals. NOTE: All lungworm-positive faecal samples are potentially significant.
Post mortem examination can also be diagnostic; recovery of worms from lungs by the “Inderbitzen” or lung perfusion technique. Worms are flushed out of lungs by pumping water through pulmonary arteries. Water and worms passed out of trachea collected over sieve. NOTE: Only 200-300 worms are required to cause clinical disease c.f. >40,000 Ostertagia. Upon post mortem, one may also see pulmonary oedema and emphysema, which is thought to be caused due to a hypersensitivity response to a massive invasion of lungworm larvae.
🔺 Adult Cattle
Diagnosis is again based on seasonal incidence, previous grazing history and clinical signs. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved by faecal examination using the Baerman technique to identiy larvae. Both healthy and sick cattle should be examined. Blood and Milk examination (ELISA) to look for antibodies can be used, but this has variable results (depending upon Ag used). Herd results are better than individual results in this case.
Grass examination for larvae around dung pats is useful. Response to anthelmintic treatment will provide a retrospective diagnosis.
❎Treatment
If the animal is clinically affected, treatment with anthelmintic such as ivermectin can be used.
🔺Calves
Diagnosis is based on the seasonal incidence, previous grazing history and clinical signs. Definitive diagnosis can be gained by performing a Baerman technique on a faecal sample to identify larvae. Samples need to be taken from both healthy and sick cattle as carrier animals may be important in the epidemiology of disease, e.g. in an endemic area 30% yearlings and 5% cows harbour patent infections, as do vaccinated animals. NOTE: All lungworm-positive faecal samples are potentially significant.
Post mortem examination can also be diagnostic; recovery of worms from lungs by the “Inderbitzen” or lung perfusion technique. Worms are flushed out of lungs by pumping water through pulmonary arteries. Water and worms passed out of trachea collected over sieve. NOTE: Only 200-300 worms are required to cause clinical disease c.f. >40,000 Ostertagia. Upon post mortem, one may also see pulmonary oedema and emphysema, which is thought to be caused due to a hypersensitivity response to a massive invasion of lungworm larvae.
🔺 Adult Cattle
Diagnosis is again based on seasonal incidence, previous grazing history and clinical signs. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved by faecal examination using the Baerman technique to identiy larvae. Both healthy and sick cattle should be examined. Blood and Milk examination (ELISA) to look for antibodies can be used, but this has variable results (depending upon Ag used). Herd results are better than individual results in this case.
Grass examination for larvae around dung pats is useful. Response to anthelmintic treatment will provide a retrospective diagnosis.
❎Treatment
If the animal is clinically affected, treatment with anthelmintic such as ivermectin can be used.
السلام عليكم 🌺
الي عنده سؤال او استفسار او حاب يشاركنا موضوع او حاله او معلومه بيطريه، يكدر يراسلنا عبر :
السيات:
sayat.me/alialsaidi88
او عبر المعرف :
@YunkuAli
الي عنده سؤال او استفسار او حاب يشاركنا موضوع او حاله او معلومه بيطريه، يكدر يراسلنا عبر :
السيات:
sayat.me/alialsaidi88
او عبر المعرف :
@YunkuAli
خطوات تنظيف وتطهير مساكن الدواجن🐣
في بداية عملية تطهير عنابر الدواجن يجب اخراج جميع المناهل والمعالف خارج القاعة.
بعدها نقوم بتطهير جدران وارضية القاعة بغاز الفورمالديهايد وهو غاز ناتج عن تفاعل 2 مل من الفورمالين مع 1 غرام من برمنغنات البوتاسيوم لينتج غاز الفورمالديهايد ويعد غاز سام للبشر ايضاً لذالك يجب لبس بزة الامان وقناع لمنع الاختناق.
بعد التاكد من ان الغاز وصل لكامل القاعة نقوم برفع درجة الرطوبة لكي يتكثف الغاز.
بعد هذه العمليه نبقي القاعة مغلقة لمده 24 ساعة ⌚ بعدها نقوم فتح القاعة والتهويه لمده 24 ساعة اخرى.
ثم نعقم المناهل والمعالف التي اخرجناها مسبقاً من القاعة باحد محاليل التعقيم ثم ادخالها الى القاعة...
بعد انقضاء 24 ساعة ⌚ نقوم بغلق القاعة وترتيب المناهل والمعالف وتنضيم درجة الحرارة والرطوبه. ثم ندخل الوجبه الجديده من الكتاكيت.
التي تبقى لمده 24 ساعة بدون اكل فقط ماء وسكر ثم في اليوم الثاني يمكن اعطائها اللقاحات الضروريه مثل مرض النيوكاسل مع خلط مضادات حيويه مع العلف.
#Dr_Ali_Kareem
#Telegram: @VetChannel
في بداية عملية تطهير عنابر الدواجن يجب اخراج جميع المناهل والمعالف خارج القاعة.
بعدها نقوم بتطهير جدران وارضية القاعة بغاز الفورمالديهايد وهو غاز ناتج عن تفاعل 2 مل من الفورمالين مع 1 غرام من برمنغنات البوتاسيوم لينتج غاز الفورمالديهايد ويعد غاز سام للبشر ايضاً لذالك يجب لبس بزة الامان وقناع لمنع الاختناق.
بعد التاكد من ان الغاز وصل لكامل القاعة نقوم برفع درجة الرطوبة لكي يتكثف الغاز.
بعد هذه العمليه نبقي القاعة مغلقة لمده 24 ساعة ⌚ بعدها نقوم فتح القاعة والتهويه لمده 24 ساعة اخرى.
ثم نعقم المناهل والمعالف التي اخرجناها مسبقاً من القاعة باحد محاليل التعقيم ثم ادخالها الى القاعة...
بعد انقضاء 24 ساعة ⌚ نقوم بغلق القاعة وترتيب المناهل والمعالف وتنضيم درجة الحرارة والرطوبه. ثم ندخل الوجبه الجديده من الكتاكيت.
التي تبقى لمده 24 ساعة بدون اكل فقط ماء وسكر ثم في اليوم الثاني يمكن اعطائها اللقاحات الضروريه مثل مرض النيوكاسل مع خلط مضادات حيويه مع العلف.
#Dr_Ali_Kareem
#Telegram: @VetChannel
⏪Induction of Parturition⏩
⏩استحداث الولادة⏪
🔰Induction of Parturition in Cows🐄🐄
🔹 1. To prevent dystocias due to feto-pelvic disproportion
🔹2. When programming calving and pasture availability
🔹3. In management medical problems, such as hydrops allantois.
🔹4. Abortion of small heifers.
❎Side effects:
The common problem associated retention of the fetal membran.
🔵Procedures:
❎Short-acting Corticosteroid:
🔺Dexamethasone (20mg) as a single intramuscular injection.
🔺80% 90% effective when administered to cows within 2 weeks of full term.
🔺The interval from injection to parturition is about 48 hours.
🔺The incidence of retention of the fetal membranes is estimated to be about 75%.
❎Long-acting Corticostereids
🔺Dexamethasone trimethylacetate or Betamethasone suspension (20 mgl as a single I.M. dose about 30 days before term.
🔺Parturition occurs about 15+8 days after injection.
🔺This method associated with a lower incidence (9 to 22%) of retained placenta.
🔺There is a high incidence of calf mortality (17 to 45%) that is thought to be associated with premature placental separation and/or uterine inertia, and the colostrum immunoglobulin concentration is reduced.
❎Prostaglandins:
🔺PGF2 alpha (Lutalyse) (25 mg) used as a single I.M. injection.
🔺Calving occurs 24 to 72 hours later in 90-100% of cows treated.
🔺Calf viability is good if given less than 2 weeks prior to term.
🔺The incidence of retained fetal membrane is similar the short acting corticosteroids. Some studies have shown a higher incidence of dystocias with prostaglandin than with the corticosteroids
❎Corticosteroid-Prostoglandin Combination
🔺Calving occurs sooner than for either drug alone (34.6+ 1.4 hours).
🔺The incidence of retained fetal membranes is equally as high as when each drug is used alone.
🔺25 mg PGF2 alpha I.M. and 25 mg. dexamethasone I.M.
❎Short-acting Corticosteroids and Estrogens Combinations.
🔺20-25 mg estradiol I.M. and 25 mg dexamethasone I.M. tends to shorten the average interval to calving.
🔺This procedure decreascd the incidence of retained fetal membranes.
🔺Estrogens produces residues in milk which limits the use of this method in dairy cattle.
Induction of Parturition in the Mare Indications🐎🐎
🔺1. Mares with a history of premature placental separation.
🔺2. Delayed parturition due to uterine atony.
🔺 3. Prevention of injury to the mare at foaling.
🔺 4. Possibility rupture of the prepubic tendon
🔺5. Possibility death of the mare.
🔺 6. Prolonged gestation
❎Methods
🔺Both oxytocin and prostaglandins have been used to induce parturition in mares. Oxytocin is however the choice.
🔺Oxytocin at a low (20 LU) dose
given LV. is preferred over high (40 to 120IU) doses given I.M
🔺Lower doses 20IU) of oxytocin are associated with a lesser degree of discomfort in the mare and shorter delivery times than higher 40 IU) doses.
🔺After I.V. administration of oxytocin, foaling ordinarily begins in 15 to 30 minutes
🔺Mares may be induced with prostaglandins (250 ug im.)
❎Complications:
🔺1. Delivery of premature foals
🔺2. Decreased passive transfer of immunoglobulins
🔺3. Myometrial spasm.
🔺4. Premature placental separation
🔺5. Dystocias
🔰Induction of Parturition in the Ewe🐏🐏
🔺Management of ewes with pregnancy toxemia.
🔺Injection of 16 mg dexamethasone as a single I.M.
🔺injection within 5 days of term. result in normal parturition in 2 to 3 days.
🔺Two I.M. injections of 1-2 mg of estradiol benzoate 5 to 6 days before term or with a single injection of 15 mg estradiol benzoate 5 days before term.
🔰 Induction of Parturition in Goats🐐🐐
🔺Prostaglandin (250 lug im of luteolase) at 144 days of gestation results in delivery between 27-35 hours after injection.
🔺20 mg dexamethasone produces delivery in 1-2 days.
#Dr_Ali_Kareem
#Telegram: @VetChannel
⏩استحداث الولادة⏪
🔰Induction of Parturition in Cows🐄🐄
🔹 1. To prevent dystocias due to feto-pelvic disproportion
🔹2. When programming calving and pasture availability
🔹3. In management medical problems, such as hydrops allantois.
🔹4. Abortion of small heifers.
❎Side effects:
The common problem associated retention of the fetal membran.
🔵Procedures:
❎Short-acting Corticosteroid:
🔺Dexamethasone (20mg) as a single intramuscular injection.
🔺80% 90% effective when administered to cows within 2 weeks of full term.
🔺The interval from injection to parturition is about 48 hours.
🔺The incidence of retention of the fetal membranes is estimated to be about 75%.
❎Long-acting Corticostereids
🔺Dexamethasone trimethylacetate or Betamethasone suspension (20 mgl as a single I.M. dose about 30 days before term.
🔺Parturition occurs about 15+8 days after injection.
🔺This method associated with a lower incidence (9 to 22%) of retained placenta.
🔺There is a high incidence of calf mortality (17 to 45%) that is thought to be associated with premature placental separation and/or uterine inertia, and the colostrum immunoglobulin concentration is reduced.
❎Prostaglandins:
🔺PGF2 alpha (Lutalyse) (25 mg) used as a single I.M. injection.
🔺Calving occurs 24 to 72 hours later in 90-100% of cows treated.
🔺Calf viability is good if given less than 2 weeks prior to term.
🔺The incidence of retained fetal membrane is similar the short acting corticosteroids. Some studies have shown a higher incidence of dystocias with prostaglandin than with the corticosteroids
❎Corticosteroid-Prostoglandin Combination
🔺Calving occurs sooner than for either drug alone (34.6+ 1.4 hours).
🔺The incidence of retained fetal membranes is equally as high as when each drug is used alone.
🔺25 mg PGF2 alpha I.M. and 25 mg. dexamethasone I.M.
❎Short-acting Corticosteroids and Estrogens Combinations.
🔺20-25 mg estradiol I.M. and 25 mg dexamethasone I.M. tends to shorten the average interval to calving.
🔺This procedure decreascd the incidence of retained fetal membranes.
🔺Estrogens produces residues in milk which limits the use of this method in dairy cattle.
Induction of Parturition in the Mare Indications🐎🐎
🔺1. Mares with a history of premature placental separation.
🔺2. Delayed parturition due to uterine atony.
🔺 3. Prevention of injury to the mare at foaling.
🔺 4. Possibility rupture of the prepubic tendon
🔺5. Possibility death of the mare.
🔺 6. Prolonged gestation
❎Methods
🔺Both oxytocin and prostaglandins have been used to induce parturition in mares. Oxytocin is however the choice.
🔺Oxytocin at a low (20 LU) dose
given LV. is preferred over high (40 to 120IU) doses given I.M
🔺Lower doses 20IU) of oxytocin are associated with a lesser degree of discomfort in the mare and shorter delivery times than higher 40 IU) doses.
🔺After I.V. administration of oxytocin, foaling ordinarily begins in 15 to 30 minutes
🔺Mares may be induced with prostaglandins (250 ug im.)
❎Complications:
🔺1. Delivery of premature foals
🔺2. Decreased passive transfer of immunoglobulins
🔺3. Myometrial spasm.
🔺4. Premature placental separation
🔺5. Dystocias
🔰Induction of Parturition in the Ewe🐏🐏
🔺Management of ewes with pregnancy toxemia.
🔺Injection of 16 mg dexamethasone as a single I.M.
🔺injection within 5 days of term. result in normal parturition in 2 to 3 days.
🔺Two I.M. injections of 1-2 mg of estradiol benzoate 5 to 6 days before term or with a single injection of 15 mg estradiol benzoate 5 days before term.
🔰 Induction of Parturition in Goats🐐🐐
🔺Prostaglandin (250 lug im of luteolase) at 144 days of gestation results in delivery between 27-35 hours after injection.
🔺20 mg dexamethasone produces delivery in 1-2 days.
#Dr_Ali_Kareem
#Telegram: @VetChannel
⬇️❗⬇️❗⬇️❗⬇️❗⬇️❗⬇️
Squamous cell carcinoma in a 7 years old white boxer
⬇️❗⬇️❗⬇️❗⬇️❗⬇️❗⬇️
Squamous cell carcinoma in a 7 years old white boxer
⬇️❗⬇️❗⬇️❗⬇️❗⬇️❗⬇️
اليرقان ( Icterus or Jaundice ):
يحدث نتيجة لزيادة تركيز صبغات الصفراء ذات اللون الاصفر البرتقالي البيلوروبين وكذلك ذات اللون الاخضر بيليفيردين بالدم فاذا زاد تركيز هذه المادة عن 5 ملغم/100 ملل في بلازم الدم ادى ذلك الى اصطباغ الانسجة وسوائل الجسم باللون الاصفر الليموني خلاف لونها الطبيعي.
ويمكن تقسيم اليرقان الى ثلاثة انواع:
(1) اليرقان الدموي التحللي.
يحدث نتيجة تحطم كريات الدم الحمراء نتيجة اصابة الحيوان بالطفيليات الدموية.
(2) السمي:
هذا النوع يأتي نتيجة الاصابة بالبكتيريا او عند التسمم بالنباتات السامة والكيماويات حيث يؤثر ذلك على خلايا الكبد مسببا تورما غيميا وتحللا ذهنيا ونخرا مما يؤدي الى انسداد القنوات الصفراوية والمجرى السوي للصفراء وبالتالي الى امتصاص الصبغة بواسطة الدم.
(3) الانسدادي:
يحدث ذلك عندما يتم انسداد القنوات المرارية حيث يمنع تدفق العصارة الصفراوية نتيجة وجود الطفيليات خاصة الدودة الكبدية او حصى المرارة او الاورام.
ومن العلامات التشريحية الهامة التي يستدل بها على اصابة الذبيحة باليرقان:
* اصفرار الدهون والاغشية المختلفة والاوتار والغضاريف.
* اصفرار وتضخم الكبد.
ملاحظه :
يجب التمييز بين حالة اليرقان وبين الحالات الطبيعية الاخرى مثل اللون الاصفر للدهون في الابقار المسنة او بسبب النوع مثل الجرسي أو تلون الشحوم بصبغة الكاروتين الموجودة بالعلف وفي بعض الحالات الوراثية يكون لون شحم الاغنام اصفر نتيجة تجمع مادة الزانثوفيل بها وعدم قدرة هذه الحيوانات علىالتخلص منها ولذلك يجب التفريق بين كل هذه الحالات (حيث اللحم صالح الاستهلاك) وحالة اليرقان التي تتطلب اتلاف الذبيحة.
يحدث نتيجة لزيادة تركيز صبغات الصفراء ذات اللون الاصفر البرتقالي البيلوروبين وكذلك ذات اللون الاخضر بيليفيردين بالدم فاذا زاد تركيز هذه المادة عن 5 ملغم/100 ملل في بلازم الدم ادى ذلك الى اصطباغ الانسجة وسوائل الجسم باللون الاصفر الليموني خلاف لونها الطبيعي.
ويمكن تقسيم اليرقان الى ثلاثة انواع:
(1) اليرقان الدموي التحللي.
يحدث نتيجة تحطم كريات الدم الحمراء نتيجة اصابة الحيوان بالطفيليات الدموية.
(2) السمي:
هذا النوع يأتي نتيجة الاصابة بالبكتيريا او عند التسمم بالنباتات السامة والكيماويات حيث يؤثر ذلك على خلايا الكبد مسببا تورما غيميا وتحللا ذهنيا ونخرا مما يؤدي الى انسداد القنوات الصفراوية والمجرى السوي للصفراء وبالتالي الى امتصاص الصبغة بواسطة الدم.
(3) الانسدادي:
يحدث ذلك عندما يتم انسداد القنوات المرارية حيث يمنع تدفق العصارة الصفراوية نتيجة وجود الطفيليات خاصة الدودة الكبدية او حصى المرارة او الاورام.
ومن العلامات التشريحية الهامة التي يستدل بها على اصابة الذبيحة باليرقان:
* اصفرار الدهون والاغشية المختلفة والاوتار والغضاريف.
* اصفرار وتضخم الكبد.
ملاحظه :
يجب التمييز بين حالة اليرقان وبين الحالات الطبيعية الاخرى مثل اللون الاصفر للدهون في الابقار المسنة او بسبب النوع مثل الجرسي أو تلون الشحوم بصبغة الكاروتين الموجودة بالعلف وفي بعض الحالات الوراثية يكون لون شحم الاغنام اصفر نتيجة تجمع مادة الزانثوفيل بها وعدم قدرة هذه الحيوانات علىالتخلص منها ولذلك يجب التفريق بين كل هذه الحالات (حيث اللحم صالح الاستهلاك) وحالة اليرقان التي تتطلب اتلاف الذبيحة.