"NSAIDs" non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Drugs in This Group
โAspirin
Aspirin is the common name for acetyl salicylic acid. This is hydrolysed to an active form, salicylate, which irreversibly binds COX by an acetylation reaction and has a high affinity for COX in platelets. Because of this affinity, the drug has an anti-thrombotic effect which is more pronounced at low doses where platelet production of TXA2 (aggregatory) is inhibited but that of PGI2 (disaggregatory) is not. At higher doses, PGI2 formation is also affected, reducing the dis-aggregatory influence it provides and therefore the anti-thrombotic effects of aspirin. Once COX is bound by salicylate, TXA2 production is inhibited for the life of that platelet, and so new platelets are required to raise body TXA2 levels again. At the low doses required for anti-thrombosis, aspirin has no analgesic or anti-inflammatory properties.
Aspirin is not used very commonly in veterinary medicine, and huge dose variations exist between species.
For example, the dose for a dog is 25mg/kg/8 hours, but in the cat is 25mg/kg/day. Half-life also differs between species, being only one hour in the pony but 37.6 hours in the cat.
Oxidisation is the main method of aspirin metabolisation, but some drug is also conjugated to glucuronide. Glucuronidation cannot be performed by the cat, accounting for the long half-life in this species.
โPhenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone (colloquially known as "bute") has a more potent anti-inflammatory than analgesic action. It follows the standard NSAID mechanism of COX inhibition, and concentrates in inflammatory exudates. It is cheap and commonly used in veterinary practice.
Administration of phenylbutazone with food reduces the rate of absorption. Although the drug's bioavailability remains the same, it is absorbed further down the gastro-intestinal tract than normal and plasma levels rise more slowly. Rate of metabolism varies vastly between species, and in some species (for example, the dog) phenylbutzone displays zero-order kinetics.
Phenylbutazone has caused death by aplastic anaemia in man, and since safe milk and meat residue levels cannot be established, it is banned in food producing animals. Protein losing enteropathy has been seen in horses and ponies. The drug has a low safety margin and care must be taken in equids to use the lower end of the dose range. Top range doses would lead to accumulation and toxicity.
โCarprofen
Carprofen (Rimadyl) is a poor COX inhibitor, yet a potent anti-inflammatory drug. It is generally well-tolerated and can be used as a peri-operative analgesic with a reduced risk of nephrotoxicity compared to other NSAIDs.
โKetoprofen
Ketoprofen has potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic actions. In addition to its effects on COX, ketoprofen may inhibit lipoxygenase and bradykinin to have a broader mechanism of action. The main side effect is gastro-intestinal erosion.
โCinchophen
This drug has a primarily anti-inflammatory effect, though is analgesic and anti-pyretic at higher doses (similar to aspirin). Cinchophen also has uricosuric activity. Side effects include hepatotoxitiy and gastric ulceration.
Cinchophen is the main component of prednoleucotropin (PLT) tablets used for the treatment of osteoarthritis in a dog. These tablest also contain a very low dose of prednisolone, a corticosteroid.
โFlunixin
Flunixin is of limited use in small animal practice due to its toxicity; however, it is commonly used in farm and equine practice. It has potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects and is used for such conditions as pneumonia, mastitis and endotoxic shock. Preparations are available in combination with anti-microbials (e.g. Resflor - florfenicol plus flunixin).
โFenamates
Tolfenamic acid and meclofenamic acid are the fenamates used in veterinary medicine. In addition to the usual mechanism of action, they may provide some antagonism to the prostaglandin receptor.
Drugs in This Group
โAspirin
Aspirin is the common name for acetyl salicylic acid. This is hydrolysed to an active form, salicylate, which irreversibly binds COX by an acetylation reaction and has a high affinity for COX in platelets. Because of this affinity, the drug has an anti-thrombotic effect which is more pronounced at low doses where platelet production of TXA2 (aggregatory) is inhibited but that of PGI2 (disaggregatory) is not. At higher doses, PGI2 formation is also affected, reducing the dis-aggregatory influence it provides and therefore the anti-thrombotic effects of aspirin. Once COX is bound by salicylate, TXA2 production is inhibited for the life of that platelet, and so new platelets are required to raise body TXA2 levels again. At the low doses required for anti-thrombosis, aspirin has no analgesic or anti-inflammatory properties.
Aspirin is not used very commonly in veterinary medicine, and huge dose variations exist between species.
For example, the dose for a dog is 25mg/kg/8 hours, but in the cat is 25mg/kg/day. Half-life also differs between species, being only one hour in the pony but 37.6 hours in the cat.
Oxidisation is the main method of aspirin metabolisation, but some drug is also conjugated to glucuronide. Glucuronidation cannot be performed by the cat, accounting for the long half-life in this species.
โPhenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone (colloquially known as "bute") has a more potent anti-inflammatory than analgesic action. It follows the standard NSAID mechanism of COX inhibition, and concentrates in inflammatory exudates. It is cheap and commonly used in veterinary practice.
Administration of phenylbutazone with food reduces the rate of absorption. Although the drug's bioavailability remains the same, it is absorbed further down the gastro-intestinal tract than normal and plasma levels rise more slowly. Rate of metabolism varies vastly between species, and in some species (for example, the dog) phenylbutzone displays zero-order kinetics.
Phenylbutazone has caused death by aplastic anaemia in man, and since safe milk and meat residue levels cannot be established, it is banned in food producing animals. Protein losing enteropathy has been seen in horses and ponies. The drug has a low safety margin and care must be taken in equids to use the lower end of the dose range. Top range doses would lead to accumulation and toxicity.
โCarprofen
Carprofen (Rimadyl) is a poor COX inhibitor, yet a potent anti-inflammatory drug. It is generally well-tolerated and can be used as a peri-operative analgesic with a reduced risk of nephrotoxicity compared to other NSAIDs.
โKetoprofen
Ketoprofen has potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic actions. In addition to its effects on COX, ketoprofen may inhibit lipoxygenase and bradykinin to have a broader mechanism of action. The main side effect is gastro-intestinal erosion.
โCinchophen
This drug has a primarily anti-inflammatory effect, though is analgesic and anti-pyretic at higher doses (similar to aspirin). Cinchophen also has uricosuric activity. Side effects include hepatotoxitiy and gastric ulceration.
Cinchophen is the main component of prednoleucotropin (PLT) tablets used for the treatment of osteoarthritis in a dog. These tablest also contain a very low dose of prednisolone, a corticosteroid.
โFlunixin
Flunixin is of limited use in small animal practice due to its toxicity; however, it is commonly used in farm and equine practice. It has potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects and is used for such conditions as pneumonia, mastitis and endotoxic shock. Preparations are available in combination with anti-microbials (e.g. Resflor - florfenicol plus flunixin).
โFenamates
Tolfenamic acid and meclofenamic acid are the fenamates used in veterinary medicine. In addition to the usual mechanism of action, they may provide some antagonism to the prostaglandin receptor.
โOxicams
Meloxicam (Metacam) is commonly used in dogs and cats, and is now licensed in cattle, pigs and horses. It may have cartilage sparing effects in osteoarthritis, but this has only been tested under laboratory conditions. Other NSAIDs appear to be detrimental to cartilage.
Meloxicam (Metacam) is commonly used in dogs and cats, and is now licensed in cattle, pigs and horses. It may have cartilage sparing effects in osteoarthritis, but this has only been tested under laboratory conditions. Other NSAIDs appear to be detrimental to cartilage.
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Bovine lungworm
โDictyocaulus viviparus is a bovine lungworm (a member of the Trichostrongyloidea). They are found in the trachea and larger bronchi and are responsible for parasitic bronchitis. There has been an increase in the incidence of husk in recent years; first season calves are particularly affected, although yearling and adult cattle may also succumb to the disease. Lungworm is responsible for reduced weight-gain and deaths in calves and yearlings and lowered milk-yield in dairy cows. A closely-related species is also responsible for one of the most important diseases of farmed deer. The parasite is of welfare importance if clinically affected animals are left untreated.
โHosts
Cattle, buffalo, deer and camels.
โIdentification
The adults are white thread-like worms, often less than 8cm in length.
โLife Cycle
The adult worms are found in the trachea and the bronchi. The female lays embryonated eggs, which are later coughed up and swallowed. The eggs hatch during the passage through the intestinal system. First stage larvae are passed in the faeces of the host. Development into L2, and later L3, occurs within the faeces on the pasture.
A new host is infected by ingestion of infective larvae whilst grazing. These infective larvae are passed through the alimentary tract, where they penetrate the wall of the intestine. The larvae then migrate to the lungs, via the lymphatic system, or the blood circulation. These ascend the respiratory tree, where they mature into adult lungworms.
The prepatent period is 3.5 weeks.
โDictyocaulus viviparus is a bovine lungworm (a member of the Trichostrongyloidea). They are found in the trachea and larger bronchi and are responsible for parasitic bronchitis. There has been an increase in the incidence of husk in recent years; first season calves are particularly affected, although yearling and adult cattle may also succumb to the disease. Lungworm is responsible for reduced weight-gain and deaths in calves and yearlings and lowered milk-yield in dairy cows. A closely-related species is also responsible for one of the most important diseases of farmed deer. The parasite is of welfare importance if clinically affected animals are left untreated.
โHosts
Cattle, buffalo, deer and camels.
โIdentification
The adults are white thread-like worms, often less than 8cm in length.
โLife Cycle
The adult worms are found in the trachea and the bronchi. The female lays embryonated eggs, which are later coughed up and swallowed. The eggs hatch during the passage through the intestinal system. First stage larvae are passed in the faeces of the host. Development into L2, and later L3, occurs within the faeces on the pasture.
A new host is infected by ingestion of infective larvae whilst grazing. These infective larvae are passed through the alimentary tract, where they penetrate the wall of the intestine. The larvae then migrate to the lungs, via the lymphatic system, or the blood circulation. These ascend the respiratory tree, where they mature into adult lungworms.
The prepatent period is 3.5 weeks.
โClinical Signs
Signs include coughing and tachypnoea (depending on the number of worms) and an increased respiratory rate. In calves it can cause weight loss and even death in severe cases. In adult cattle, infection will tend to cause reduced milk yields and mild respiratory signs.
The penetration phase lasts one week and occurs when the larvae migrate to lungs. There are no clinical signs.
Then the prepatent phase lasts 1 - 3 weeks and is the development and migration of larvae leading to bronchiolitis and then eosinophilic exudate, causing the air passage to be blocked, resulting in alveolar collapse (distal to blockage). This is when clinical signs such as tachypnoea and coughing being to arise.
The patent phase then lasts around 4 - 8 weeks and the mature worms produce eggs during this period. Signs of bronchitis are seen due to mature worms and parasitic pneumonia is seen due to aspiration of eggs and larvae causing cellular infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and giant cells.
Finally, the postpatent phase, which lasts around 8 - 12 weeks is seen and here, the majority of worms are expelled. In 25% of cases clinical signs may reappear as a result of alveolar epithelialisation, which may occur together with interstitial emphysema and pulmonary oedema, or secondary bacterial infection.
Reinfection syndrome may occur if immune cattle are exposed to large numbers; only then will they show clinical signs.
Signs include coughing and tachypnoea (depending on the number of worms) and an increased respiratory rate. In calves it can cause weight loss and even death in severe cases. In adult cattle, infection will tend to cause reduced milk yields and mild respiratory signs.
The penetration phase lasts one week and occurs when the larvae migrate to lungs. There are no clinical signs.
Then the prepatent phase lasts 1 - 3 weeks and is the development and migration of larvae leading to bronchiolitis and then eosinophilic exudate, causing the air passage to be blocked, resulting in alveolar collapse (distal to blockage). This is when clinical signs such as tachypnoea and coughing being to arise.
The patent phase then lasts around 4 - 8 weeks and the mature worms produce eggs during this period. Signs of bronchitis are seen due to mature worms and parasitic pneumonia is seen due to aspiration of eggs and larvae causing cellular infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and giant cells.
Finally, the postpatent phase, which lasts around 8 - 12 weeks is seen and here, the majority of worms are expelled. In 25% of cases clinical signs may reappear as a result of alveolar epithelialisation, which may occur together with interstitial emphysema and pulmonary oedema, or secondary bacterial infection.
Reinfection syndrome may occur if immune cattle are exposed to large numbers; only then will they show clinical signs.
โDiagnosis
๐บCalves
Diagnosis is based on the seasonal incidence, previous grazing history and clinical signs. Definitive diagnosis can be gained by performing a Baerman technique on a faecal sample to identify larvae. Samples need to be taken from both healthy and sick cattle as carrier animals may be important in the epidemiology of disease, e.g. in an endemic area 30% yearlings and 5% cows harbour patent infections, as do vaccinated animals. NOTE: All lungworm-positive faecal samples are potentially significant.
Post mortem examination can also be diagnostic; recovery of worms from lungs by the โInderbitzenโ or lung perfusion technique. Worms are flushed out of lungs by pumping water through pulmonary arteries. Water and worms passed out of trachea collected over sieve. NOTE: Only 200-300 worms are required to cause clinical disease c.f. >40,000 Ostertagia. Upon post mortem, one may also see pulmonary oedema and emphysema, which is thought to be caused due to a hypersensitivity response to a massive invasion of lungworm larvae.
๐บ Adult Cattle
Diagnosis is again based on seasonal incidence, previous grazing history and clinical signs. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved by faecal examination using the Baerman technique to identiy larvae. Both healthy and sick cattle should be examined. Blood and Milk examination (ELISA) to look for antibodies can be used, but this has variable results (depending upon Ag used). Herd results are better than individual results in this case.
Grass examination for larvae around dung pats is useful. Response to anthelmintic treatment will provide a retrospective diagnosis.
โTreatment
If the animal is clinically affected, treatment with anthelmintic such as ivermectin can be used.
๐บCalves
Diagnosis is based on the seasonal incidence, previous grazing history and clinical signs. Definitive diagnosis can be gained by performing a Baerman technique on a faecal sample to identify larvae. Samples need to be taken from both healthy and sick cattle as carrier animals may be important in the epidemiology of disease, e.g. in an endemic area 30% yearlings and 5% cows harbour patent infections, as do vaccinated animals. NOTE: All lungworm-positive faecal samples are potentially significant.
Post mortem examination can also be diagnostic; recovery of worms from lungs by the โInderbitzenโ or lung perfusion technique. Worms are flushed out of lungs by pumping water through pulmonary arteries. Water and worms passed out of trachea collected over sieve. NOTE: Only 200-300 worms are required to cause clinical disease c.f. >40,000 Ostertagia. Upon post mortem, one may also see pulmonary oedema and emphysema, which is thought to be caused due to a hypersensitivity response to a massive invasion of lungworm larvae.
๐บ Adult Cattle
Diagnosis is again based on seasonal incidence, previous grazing history and clinical signs. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved by faecal examination using the Baerman technique to identiy larvae. Both healthy and sick cattle should be examined. Blood and Milk examination (ELISA) to look for antibodies can be used, but this has variable results (depending upon Ag used). Herd results are better than individual results in this case.
Grass examination for larvae around dung pats is useful. Response to anthelmintic treatment will provide a retrospective diagnosis.
โTreatment
If the animal is clinically affected, treatment with anthelmintic such as ivermectin can be used.
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ุงูู ุนูุฏู ุณุคุงู ุงู ุงุณุชูุณุงุฑ ุงู ุญุงุจ ูุดุงุฑููุง ู ูุถูุน ุงู ุญุงูู ุงู ู ุนููู ู ุจูุทุฑููุ ููุฏุฑ ูุฑุงุณููุง ุนุจุฑ :
ุงูุณูุงุช:
sayat.me/alialsaidi88
ุงู ุนุจุฑ ุงูู ุนุฑู :
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ุงูุณูุงุช:
sayat.me/alialsaidi88
ุงู ุนุจุฑ ุงูู ุนุฑู :
@YunkuAli
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ูู ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุนู ููุฉ ุชุทููุฑ ุนูุงุจุฑ ุงูุฏูุงุฌู ูุฌุจ ุงุฎุฑุงุฌ ุฌู ูุน ุงูู ูุงูู ูุงูู ุนุงูู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงููุงุนุฉ.
ุจุนุฏูุง ูููู ุจุชุทููุฑ ุฌุฏุฑุงู ูุงุฑุถูุฉ ุงููุงุนุฉ ุจุบุงุฒ ุงูููุฑู ุงูุฏููุงูุฏ ููู ุบุงุฒ ูุงุชุฌ ุนู ุชูุงุนู 2 ู ู ู ู ุงูููุฑู ุงููู ู ุน 1 ุบุฑุงู ู ู ุจุฑู ูุบูุงุช ุงูุจูุชุงุณููู ูููุชุฌ ุบุงุฒ ุงูููุฑู ุงูุฏููุงูุฏ ููุนุฏ ุบุงุฒ ุณุงู ููุจุดุฑ ุงูุถุงู ูุฐุงูู ูุฌุจ ูุจุณ ุจุฒุฉ ุงูุงู ุงู ูููุงุน ูู ูุน ุงูุงุฎุชูุงู.
ุจุนุฏ ุงูุชุงูุฏ ู ู ุงู ุงูุบุงุฒ ูุตู ููุงู ู ุงููุงุนุฉ ูููู ุจุฑูุน ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูุฑุทูุจุฉ ููู ูุชูุซู ุงูุบุงุฒ.
ุจุนุฏ ูุฐู ุงูุนู ููู ูุจูู ุงููุงุนุฉ ู ุบููุฉ ูู ุฏู 24 ุณุงุนุฉ โ ุจุนุฏูุง ูููู ูุชุญ ุงููุงุนุฉ ูุงูุชูููู ูู ุฏู 24 ุณุงุนุฉ ุงุฎุฑู.
ุซู ูุนูู ุงูู ูุงูู ูุงูู ุนุงูู ุงูุชู ุงุฎุฑุฌูุงูุง ู ุณุจูุงู ู ู ุงููุงุนุฉ ุจุงุญุฏ ู ุญุงููู ุงูุชุนููู ุซู ุงุฏุฎุงููุง ุงูู ุงููุงุนุฉ...
ุจุนุฏ ุงููุถุงุก 24 ุณุงุนุฉ โ ูููู ุจุบูู ุงููุงุนุฉ ูุชุฑุชูุจ ุงูู ูุงูู ูุงูู ุนุงูู ูุชูุถูู ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ูุงูุฑุทูุจู. ุซู ูุฏุฎู ุงููุฌุจู ุงูุฌุฏูุฏู ู ู ุงููุชุงููุช.
ุงูุชู ุชุจูู ูู ุฏู 24 ุณุงุนุฉ ุจุฏูู ุงูู ููุท ู ุงุก ูุณูุฑ ุซู ูู ุงูููู ุงูุซุงูู ูู ูู ุงุนุทุงุฆูุง ุงูููุงุญุงุช ุงูุถุฑูุฑูู ู ุซู ู ุฑุถ ุงูููููุงุณู ู ุน ุฎูุท ู ุถุงุฏุงุช ุญูููู ู ุน ุงูุนูู.
#Dr_Ali_Kareem
#Telegram: @VetChannel
ูู ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุนู ููุฉ ุชุทููุฑ ุนูุงุจุฑ ุงูุฏูุงุฌู ูุฌุจ ุงุฎุฑุงุฌ ุฌู ูุน ุงูู ูุงูู ูุงูู ุนุงูู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงููุงุนุฉ.
ุจุนุฏูุง ูููู ุจุชุทููุฑ ุฌุฏุฑุงู ูุงุฑุถูุฉ ุงููุงุนุฉ ุจุบุงุฒ ุงูููุฑู ุงูุฏููุงูุฏ ููู ุบุงุฒ ูุงุชุฌ ุนู ุชูุงุนู 2 ู ู ู ู ุงูููุฑู ุงููู ู ุน 1 ุบุฑุงู ู ู ุจุฑู ูุบูุงุช ุงูุจูุชุงุณููู ูููุชุฌ ุบุงุฒ ุงูููุฑู ุงูุฏููุงูุฏ ููุนุฏ ุบุงุฒ ุณุงู ููุจุดุฑ ุงูุถุงู ูุฐุงูู ูุฌุจ ูุจุณ ุจุฒุฉ ุงูุงู ุงู ูููุงุน ูู ูุน ุงูุงุฎุชูุงู.
ุจุนุฏ ุงูุชุงูุฏ ู ู ุงู ุงูุบุงุฒ ูุตู ููุงู ู ุงููุงุนุฉ ูููู ุจุฑูุน ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูุฑุทูุจุฉ ููู ูุชูุซู ุงูุบุงุฒ.
ุจุนุฏ ูุฐู ุงูุนู ููู ูุจูู ุงููุงุนุฉ ู ุบููุฉ ูู ุฏู 24 ุณุงุนุฉ โ ุจุนุฏูุง ูููู ูุชุญ ุงููุงุนุฉ ูุงูุชูููู ูู ุฏู 24 ุณุงุนุฉ ุงุฎุฑู.
ุซู ูุนูู ุงูู ูุงูู ูุงูู ุนุงูู ุงูุชู ุงุฎุฑุฌูุงูุง ู ุณุจูุงู ู ู ุงููุงุนุฉ ุจุงุญุฏ ู ุญุงููู ุงูุชุนููู ุซู ุงุฏุฎุงููุง ุงูู ุงููุงุนุฉ...
ุจุนุฏ ุงููุถุงุก 24 ุณุงุนุฉ โ ูููู ุจุบูู ุงููุงุนุฉ ูุชุฑุชูุจ ุงูู ูุงูู ูุงูู ุนุงูู ูุชูุถูู ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ูุงูุฑุทูุจู. ุซู ูุฏุฎู ุงููุฌุจู ุงูุฌุฏูุฏู ู ู ุงููุชุงููุช.
ุงูุชู ุชุจูู ูู ุฏู 24 ุณุงุนุฉ ุจุฏูู ุงูู ููุท ู ุงุก ูุณูุฑ ุซู ูู ุงูููู ุงูุซุงูู ูู ูู ุงุนุทุงุฆูุง ุงูููุงุญุงุช ุงูุถุฑูุฑูู ู ุซู ู ุฑุถ ุงูููููุงุณู ู ุน ุฎูุท ู ุถุงุฏุงุช ุญูููู ู ุน ุงูุนูู.
#Dr_Ali_Kareem
#Telegram: @VetChannel
ูุชุงุจ ุงุฏููู ุจูุทุฑูุฉ. ุจุงููุบุฉ ุงูุฅููููุฒูุฉ
โชInduction of Parturitionโฉ
โฉุงุณุชุญุฏุงุซ ุงูููุงุฏุฉโช
๐ฐInduction of Parturition in Cows๐๐
๐น 1. To prevent dystocias due to feto-pelvic disproportion
๐น2. When programming calving and pasture availability
๐น3. In management medical problems, such as hydrops allantois.
๐น4. Abortion of small heifers.
โSide effects:
The common problem associated retention of the fetal membran.
๐ตProcedures:
โShort-acting Corticosteroid:
๐บDexamethasone (20mg) as a single intramuscular injection.
๐บ80% 90% effective when administered to cows within 2 weeks of full term.
๐บThe interval from injection to parturition is about 48 hours.
๐บThe incidence of retention of the fetal membranes is estimated to be about 75%.
โLong-acting Corticostereids
๐บDexamethasone trimethylacetate or Betamethasone suspension (20 mgl as a single I.M. dose about 30 days before term.
๐บParturition occurs about 15+8 days after injection.
๐บThis method associated with a lower incidence (9 to 22%) of retained placenta.
๐บThere is a high incidence of calf mortality (17 to 45%) that is thought to be associated with premature placental separation and/or uterine inertia, and the colostrum immunoglobulin concentration is reduced.
โProstaglandins:
๐บPGF2 alpha (Lutalyse) (25 mg) used as a single I.M. injection.
๐บCalving occurs 24 to 72 hours later in 90-100% of cows treated.
๐บCalf viability is good if given less than 2 weeks prior to term.
๐บThe incidence of retained fetal membrane is similar the short acting corticosteroids. Some studies have shown a higher incidence of dystocias with prostaglandin than with the corticosteroids
โCorticosteroid-Prostoglandin Combination
๐บCalving occurs sooner than for either drug alone (34.6+ 1.4 hours).
๐บThe incidence of retained fetal membranes is equally as high as when each drug is used alone.
๐บ25 mg PGF2 alpha I.M. and 25 mg. dexamethasone I.M.
โShort-acting Corticosteroids and Estrogens Combinations.
๐บ20-25 mg estradiol I.M. and 25 mg dexamethasone I.M. tends to shorten the average interval to calving.
๐บThis procedure decreascd the incidence of retained fetal membranes.
๐บEstrogens produces residues in milk which limits the use of this method in dairy cattle.
Induction of Parturition in the Mare Indications๐๐
๐บ1. Mares with a history of premature placental separation.
๐บ2. Delayed parturition due to uterine atony.
๐บ 3. Prevention of injury to the mare at foaling.
๐บ 4. Possibility rupture of the prepubic tendon
๐บ5. Possibility death of the mare.
๐บ 6. Prolonged gestation
โMethods
๐บBoth oxytocin and prostaglandins have been used to induce parturition in mares. Oxytocin is however the choice.
๐บOxytocin at a low (20 LU) dose
given LV. is preferred over high (40 to 120IU) doses given I.M
๐บLower doses 20IU) of oxytocin are associated with a lesser degree of discomfort in the mare and shorter delivery times than higher 40 IU) doses.
๐บAfter I.V. administration of oxytocin, foaling ordinarily begins in 15 to 30 minutes
๐บMares may be induced with prostaglandins (250 ug im.)
โComplications:
๐บ1. Delivery of premature foals
๐บ2. Decreased passive transfer of immunoglobulins
๐บ3. Myometrial spasm.
๐บ4. Premature placental separation
๐บ5. Dystocias
๐ฐInduction of Parturition in the Ewe๐๐
๐บManagement of ewes with pregnancy toxemia.
๐บInjection of 16 mg dexamethasone as a single I.M.
๐บinjection within 5 days of term. result in normal parturition in 2 to 3 days.
๐บTwo I.M. injections of 1-2 mg of estradiol benzoate 5 to 6 days before term or with a single injection of 15 mg estradiol benzoate 5 days before term.
๐ฐ Induction of Parturition in Goats๐๐
๐บProstaglandin (250 lug im of luteolase) at 144 days of gestation results in delivery between 27-35 hours after injection.
๐บ20 mg dexamethasone produces delivery in 1-2 days.
#Dr_Ali_Kareem
#Telegram: @VetChannel
โฉุงุณุชุญุฏุงุซ ุงูููุงุฏุฉโช
๐ฐInduction of Parturition in Cows๐๐
๐น 1. To prevent dystocias due to feto-pelvic disproportion
๐น2. When programming calving and pasture availability
๐น3. In management medical problems, such as hydrops allantois.
๐น4. Abortion of small heifers.
โSide effects:
The common problem associated retention of the fetal membran.
๐ตProcedures:
โShort-acting Corticosteroid:
๐บDexamethasone (20mg) as a single intramuscular injection.
๐บ80% 90% effective when administered to cows within 2 weeks of full term.
๐บThe interval from injection to parturition is about 48 hours.
๐บThe incidence of retention of the fetal membranes is estimated to be about 75%.
โLong-acting Corticostereids
๐บDexamethasone trimethylacetate or Betamethasone suspension (20 mgl as a single I.M. dose about 30 days before term.
๐บParturition occurs about 15+8 days after injection.
๐บThis method associated with a lower incidence (9 to 22%) of retained placenta.
๐บThere is a high incidence of calf mortality (17 to 45%) that is thought to be associated with premature placental separation and/or uterine inertia, and the colostrum immunoglobulin concentration is reduced.
โProstaglandins:
๐บPGF2 alpha (Lutalyse) (25 mg) used as a single I.M. injection.
๐บCalving occurs 24 to 72 hours later in 90-100% of cows treated.
๐บCalf viability is good if given less than 2 weeks prior to term.
๐บThe incidence of retained fetal membrane is similar the short acting corticosteroids. Some studies have shown a higher incidence of dystocias with prostaglandin than with the corticosteroids
โCorticosteroid-Prostoglandin Combination
๐บCalving occurs sooner than for either drug alone (34.6+ 1.4 hours).
๐บThe incidence of retained fetal membranes is equally as high as when each drug is used alone.
๐บ25 mg PGF2 alpha I.M. and 25 mg. dexamethasone I.M.
โShort-acting Corticosteroids and Estrogens Combinations.
๐บ20-25 mg estradiol I.M. and 25 mg dexamethasone I.M. tends to shorten the average interval to calving.
๐บThis procedure decreascd the incidence of retained fetal membranes.
๐บEstrogens produces residues in milk which limits the use of this method in dairy cattle.
Induction of Parturition in the Mare Indications๐๐
๐บ1. Mares with a history of premature placental separation.
๐บ2. Delayed parturition due to uterine atony.
๐บ 3. Prevention of injury to the mare at foaling.
๐บ 4. Possibility rupture of the prepubic tendon
๐บ5. Possibility death of the mare.
๐บ 6. Prolonged gestation
โMethods
๐บBoth oxytocin and prostaglandins have been used to induce parturition in mares. Oxytocin is however the choice.
๐บOxytocin at a low (20 LU) dose
given LV. is preferred over high (40 to 120IU) doses given I.M
๐บLower doses 20IU) of oxytocin are associated with a lesser degree of discomfort in the mare and shorter delivery times than higher 40 IU) doses.
๐บAfter I.V. administration of oxytocin, foaling ordinarily begins in 15 to 30 minutes
๐บMares may be induced with prostaglandins (250 ug im.)
โComplications:
๐บ1. Delivery of premature foals
๐บ2. Decreased passive transfer of immunoglobulins
๐บ3. Myometrial spasm.
๐บ4. Premature placental separation
๐บ5. Dystocias
๐ฐInduction of Parturition in the Ewe๐๐
๐บManagement of ewes with pregnancy toxemia.
๐บInjection of 16 mg dexamethasone as a single I.M.
๐บinjection within 5 days of term. result in normal parturition in 2 to 3 days.
๐บTwo I.M. injections of 1-2 mg of estradiol benzoate 5 to 6 days before term or with a single injection of 15 mg estradiol benzoate 5 days before term.
๐ฐ Induction of Parturition in Goats๐๐
๐บProstaglandin (250 lug im of luteolase) at 144 days of gestation results in delivery between 27-35 hours after injection.
๐บ20 mg dexamethasone produces delivery in 1-2 days.
#Dr_Ali_Kareem
#Telegram: @VetChannel
๐๐ู
ุตุฏุฑ ุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุช๐๐
ุชุดุฎูุต ุงูุงุฌูุงุถ ูู ุจุนุถ ุงูุญููุงูุงุช. ุจุงููุบุฉ ุงูุฅููููุฒูุฉ
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