ูุชุงุจ ู
ููุฏ ุฌุฏุงู ูู ุชุณู
ูู ุงูุนุฌูู. ุจุงููุบุฉ ุงูุนุฑุจูุฉ
Forwarded from ๐๐ง Vet Channel๐ก๏ธ๐ (Dr.Ali Kareem)
ุงูุฌูุงุฒ ุงูุชูุงุณูู ููุจูุฑุฉ : Cow reproductive system
ุชุชู ุงุซู ุฃุบูุจ ุงูุญููุงูุงุช ุงููุจููุฉ ูู ู ูููุงุช ุฌูุงุฒูุง ุงูุชูุงุณูู ุงูุงูุซูู ููุนุฏ ุงูู ุจูุถ ูู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุงุณุงุณู ูุชูู ุงูู ูููุงุชุ ูุฃูู ู ุตุฏุฑ ุฅูุชุงุฌ ุงูุจููุถุงุช ูุงููุฑู ููุงุช ุงูู ุณูุทุฑุฉ ุนูู ู ุฌุฑู ุงูุนู ููุฉ ุงูุชูุงุณููุฉ ุจุงูุงุดุชุฑุงู ู ุน ูุฑู ููุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู ู ู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงูู ุจูุถุ ูุชุฃูู ุงูุฌูุงุฒ ุงูุชูุงุณูู ุงูุงูุซูู ููุจูุฑุฉ ู ู ุงูุงุฌุฒุงุก ุงูุฃุชูุฉ:
๐บ ุงูู ุจูุถ Ovary
๐บููุงุฉ ุงูู ุจูุถ Oviduct
๐บุงูุฑุญู Uterus
๐บุงูู ูุจู Vagina
๐บุงููุชุญุฉ ุงูุชูุงุณููุฉ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ Vulva
ูููู ุง ููู ุชูุถูุญ ููู ุฌุฒุก ู ู ุงูุงุฌุฒุงุก ุงูุณุงุจูุฉ:
1- ุงูู ุจูุถ: Ovary
ูููู ุดููู ุจูุถูู ูุจูุบ ุทููู ู ู 3.5-5 ุณู ูุนุฑุถู ุญูุงูู 2.5 ุณู ููุจูุบ ูุฒูู 15-20 ุบู ููุชููู ู ู ุบุฏุชูู ู ุฒุฏูุฌุชูู ุชูุน ูู ุงูุชุฌููู ุงูุจุทูู ุฎูู ุงููููุชููุ ุชุชููู ูู ุบุฏุฉ ู ู ุบุฏุชู ุงูู ุจูุถ ู ู ุฌุฒุฃูู ุฑุฆูุณูู ูู ุง:
ุฃ โ ุงููุฎุงุน (Medulla): ููุญุชูู ุนูู ุฃูุฌุณุฉ ุถุงู ุฉ ูุดุจูุฉ ู ู ุงูุงููุงู ุงูุนุตุจูุฉ ูุงูุฃูุนูุฉ ุงูุฏู ููุฉ.
ุจ . ุงููุดุฑุฉ (Cortex): ูุชุญุชูู ุนูู ุงูุญููุตูุงุช ุงูู ุจูุถูุฉ ุงูุฌุฑูุจุงุช ูุงูู ุณู ุงุฉ ุญููุตูุงุช ูุฑุงู ุงูุชู ุชุชููู ูููุง ุงูุจููุถุงุช ูุงููุฑู ููุงุช ุงูุฌูุณูุฉ ุงูุงูุซููุฉ ููู ุงูุงุณุชุฑูุฌูู (Estrogen). ูุงูุจุฑูุฌุณุชุฑูู(Progesterone) ุงูุญููุตูุงุช ุฐุงุช ุฃุญุฌุงู ู ุฎุชููุฉ ูุบุงูุจุง ู ุง ุชููู ุจุงุฑุฒุฉ ุนู ุณุทุญ ุงูู ุจุงูุถ ูุนูุฏ ุงูุทูุงู ุงูุจููุถุฉ ุซู ุงูุญู ู ูุชููู ู ูุงููุง ุงูุฌุณู ุงูุงุตูุฑ ูุงูุฐู ูุจูุบ ุทููู ู ู 1- 1.5 ุณู . ููููู ุนูู ุดูู ูุชูุฉ ุตูุฑุงุก ุงูููู ููู ู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุญููุตูู ูุฑุงู ููุชููู ู ู ุฎูุงูุง ูุจูุฑุฉ (Luteal cells) ููุฐู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุชุญุชูู ุนูู ุญุจูุจุงุช ุฏูููุฉ ุตูุฑุงุก ุจุนุฏ ุงููุฌุงุฑ ุงูุญููุตูุฉ.
2- ููุงุฉ ุงูู ุจูุถ: Oviduct
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุฒูุฌ ู ู ุงููููุงุช ุงูู ูุชููุฉ ุชุชุตู ูู ู ููุง ุจู ุจูุถ ู ู ุงูู ุจุงูุถ ูุจูุบ ุทูููุง ูู ุงูุฃุจูุงุฑ ุญูุงูู 20-25 ุณู ูุชู ุชุฏ ู ู ุงูู ุจูุถ ุงูู ูุฑู ุงูุฑุญู ุงูุฐู ูููู ุงุชุตุงููุง ุจู ุบูุฑ ููู ูุงู ููุงูุชู ุบูุฑ ู ุฏุจุจุฉ ูุชููู ุจุฏุงูุชูุง ุนูู ุดูู ูู ุน ูุจูุฑ ูุณุจูุง ูุชุณู ู ุงููุชุญุฉ ุงูู ุจูุถูุฉ ุงููู ุนูุฉ ููุธููุชูุง ุงูุชูุงุท ุงูุจููุถุฉ ุนูุฏ ุฎุฑูุฌูุง ู ู ุงูุญููุตูุฉ ูุชุฏุฎู ููุงุฉ ุงูุจูุถ ููููุง ูุญุฏุซ ุงูุงุฎุตุงุจ ุฃููุง ุจุนุฏูุง ุชูุชูู ุงูุจููุถุฉ ุงูู ุฎุตุจุฉ ุงูู ุงูุฑุญู ููุชู ุงูุงูุบุฑุงุณ ุซู ุงุณุชูู ุงู ูู ู ุงูุฌููู.
3- ุงูุฑุญู : Uterus
ููุน ุงูุฑุญู ุนุงุฏุฉ ุฏุงุฎู ุงูุชุฌููู ุงูุจุทูู ููุจูุฑุฉ ููููู ูู ุงูุฃุจูุงุฑ ุงููุงูุฏุฉ ุงุทูู ุนุฏุฉ ู ุฑุงุช ู ู ุงูุฑุญู ูู ุงูุนุฌูุงุช ุงูุชู ูู ุชูุฏ ุจุนุฏุ ูุฐูู ูููู ุฌุณู ุงูุฑุญู ูู ุงูุนุฌูุฉ ูู ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุงูุชุฌููู ููู ุงูุฃุจูุงุฑ ูู ุชุฏ ููุฃู ุงู ุงูุซุฑุ ูุจุฏุฃ ุงูุฑุญู ู ู ููุงูุฉ ููุงุฉ ุงูุจูุถ (Oviduct) ุงูู ุนูู ุงูุฑุญู (Cervix) ููุจูุบ ุทูู ูุฑู ุงูุฑุญู 35-40ุณู ุ ุงู ุง ุฌุณู ุงูุฑุญู ูุทููู 3-4 ุณู ููููู ููุงูุฉ ูุฑู ุงูุฑุญู ุงูุทููู ู ูุชูู ุนูู ุดูู ูููุจู ูุดุจู ูุฑูู ุงููุจุด.
ูุคุฏู ุงูุฑุญู ุฏูุฑุง ู ูู ุง ูู ุนู ููุฉ ุญูุธ ุงูุฌููู ุญูุซ ููู ุชุชููู ุงูู ุดูู ุฉ (Placenta) ูููู ุชูุฑุฒ ุงูุณูุงุฆู ุงูุฑุญู ูุฉ ูุชุบุฐูุฉ ุงูุจููุถุฉ ุงูู ููุญุฉ ูุญูู ุงูุบุฑุงุณูุง ูู ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงูุฑุญู ุ ููู ููุงูุฉ ู ุฏุฉ ุงูุญู ู ูุณุงุนุฏ ุงูุฑุญู ุนูู ุฏูุน ุงูุฌููู ุงูู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌ ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงููุจุงุถ ุนุถูุงุชูุ ูู ู ุซู ุฎุฑูุฌู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงูุฌุณู .
4- ุงูู ูุจู: Vagina
ููู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุฐู ููุน ุจูู ุนูู ุงูุฑุญู (Cervix) ูุงููุชุญุฉ ุงูุชูุงุณููุฉ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ (Vulva) ูุจูุบ ุทููู ุญูุงูู 25-30 ุณู ูู ุงูุฃุจูุงุฑ ุบูุฑ ุงูุญูุงู ูุ ุงู ุง ูู ุงูุฃุจูุงุฑ ุงูุญูุงู ู ููููู ุงุทูู ููููุง ู ู ุฐููุ ููุณู ุงูู ูุจู ุงูู ูุณู ูู ุงูููู ุง ุงูุฏูููุฒ Vestibule ูุซุงูููู ุง ุงูู ูุจู ุงูุฎููู Posterior ูุนุฏ ุงูู ูุจู ุงูู ุณุชูุจู ููุณุงุฆู ุงูู ููู ุนูุฏ ุงูุชูููุญ ููุฐูู ู ููุฃ ูุฎุฑูุฌ ุงูุฌููู ุนูุฏ ุงูููุงุฏุฉ ุญูุซ ูุฑุชุจุท ููุงูุชู ุจุงููุชุญุฉ ุงูุชูุงุณููุฉ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ.
5- ุงููุชุญุฉ ุงูุชูุงุณููุฉ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ:
ููู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุฃุฎูุฑ ู ู ุงูุฌูุงุฒ ุงูุชูุงุณูู ููููู ู ุดุชุฑูุง ููุจูู ูุงูุชูุงุณู ููุชุฃูู ู ู ุนุถูุชูู ุณู ููุชูู (ุดูุชูู) ุชุณูุทุฑุงู ุนูู ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุงูุฌูุงุฒ ุงูู ุดุชุฑู ูุชุจูุบ ุทูู ุงููุชุญุฉ ุญูุงูู 2.5 ุณู .
ุชุชู ุงุซู ุฃุบูุจ ุงูุญููุงูุงุช ุงููุจููุฉ ูู ู ูููุงุช ุฌูุงุฒูุง ุงูุชูุงุณูู ุงูุงูุซูู ููุนุฏ ุงูู ุจูุถ ูู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุงุณุงุณู ูุชูู ุงูู ูููุงุชุ ูุฃูู ู ุตุฏุฑ ุฅูุชุงุฌ ุงูุจููุถุงุช ูุงููุฑู ููุงุช ุงูู ุณูุทุฑุฉ ุนูู ู ุฌุฑู ุงูุนู ููุฉ ุงูุชูุงุณููุฉ ุจุงูุงุดุชุฑุงู ู ุน ูุฑู ููุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู ู ู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงูู ุจูุถุ ูุชุฃูู ุงูุฌูุงุฒ ุงูุชูุงุณูู ุงูุงูุซูู ููุจูุฑุฉ ู ู ุงูุงุฌุฒุงุก ุงูุฃุชูุฉ:
๐บ ุงูู ุจูุถ Ovary
๐บููุงุฉ ุงูู ุจูุถ Oviduct
๐บุงูุฑุญู Uterus
๐บุงูู ูุจู Vagina
๐บุงููุชุญุฉ ุงูุชูุงุณููุฉ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ Vulva
ูููู ุง ููู ุชูุถูุญ ููู ุฌุฒุก ู ู ุงูุงุฌุฒุงุก ุงูุณุงุจูุฉ:
1- ุงูู ุจูุถ: Ovary
ูููู ุดููู ุจูุถูู ูุจูุบ ุทููู ู ู 3.5-5 ุณู ูุนุฑุถู ุญูุงูู 2.5 ุณู ููุจูุบ ูุฒูู 15-20 ุบู ููุชููู ู ู ุบุฏุชูู ู ุฒุฏูุฌุชูู ุชูุน ูู ุงูุชุฌููู ุงูุจุทูู ุฎูู ุงููููุชููุ ุชุชููู ูู ุบุฏุฉ ู ู ุบุฏุชู ุงูู ุจูุถ ู ู ุฌุฒุฃูู ุฑุฆูุณูู ูู ุง:
ุฃ โ ุงููุฎุงุน (Medulla): ููุญุชูู ุนูู ุฃูุฌุณุฉ ุถุงู ุฉ ูุดุจูุฉ ู ู ุงูุงููุงู ุงูุนุตุจูุฉ ูุงูุฃูุนูุฉ ุงูุฏู ููุฉ.
ุจ . ุงููุดุฑุฉ (Cortex): ูุชุญุชูู ุนูู ุงูุญููุตูุงุช ุงูู ุจูุถูุฉ ุงูุฌุฑูุจุงุช ูุงูู ุณู ุงุฉ ุญููุตูุงุช ูุฑุงู ุงูุชู ุชุชููู ูููุง ุงูุจููุถุงุช ูุงููุฑู ููุงุช ุงูุฌูุณูุฉ ุงูุงูุซููุฉ ููู ุงูุงุณุชุฑูุฌูู (Estrogen). ูุงูุจุฑูุฌุณุชุฑูู(Progesterone) ุงูุญููุตูุงุช ุฐุงุช ุฃุญุฌุงู ู ุฎุชููุฉ ูุบุงูุจุง ู ุง ุชููู ุจุงุฑุฒุฉ ุนู ุณุทุญ ุงูู ุจุงูุถ ูุนูุฏ ุงูุทูุงู ุงูุจููุถุฉ ุซู ุงูุญู ู ูุชููู ู ูุงููุง ุงูุฌุณู ุงูุงุตูุฑ ูุงูุฐู ูุจูุบ ุทููู ู ู 1- 1.5 ุณู . ููููู ุนูู ุดูู ูุชูุฉ ุตูุฑุงุก ุงูููู ููู ู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุญููุตูู ูุฑุงู ููุชููู ู ู ุฎูุงูุง ูุจูุฑุฉ (Luteal cells) ููุฐู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุชุญุชูู ุนูู ุญุจูุจุงุช ุฏูููุฉ ุตูุฑุงุก ุจุนุฏ ุงููุฌุงุฑ ุงูุญููุตูุฉ.
2- ููุงุฉ ุงูู ุจูุถ: Oviduct
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุฒูุฌ ู ู ุงููููุงุช ุงูู ูุชููุฉ ุชุชุตู ูู ู ููุง ุจู ุจูุถ ู ู ุงูู ุจุงูุถ ูุจูุบ ุทูููุง ูู ุงูุฃุจูุงุฑ ุญูุงูู 20-25 ุณู ูุชู ุชุฏ ู ู ุงูู ุจูุถ ุงูู ูุฑู ุงูุฑุญู ุงูุฐู ูููู ุงุชุตุงููุง ุจู ุบูุฑ ููู ูุงู ููุงูุชู ุบูุฑ ู ุฏุจุจุฉ ูุชููู ุจุฏุงูุชูุง ุนูู ุดูู ูู ุน ูุจูุฑ ูุณุจูุง ูุชุณู ู ุงููุชุญุฉ ุงูู ุจูุถูุฉ ุงููู ุนูุฉ ููุธููุชูุง ุงูุชูุงุท ุงูุจููุถุฉ ุนูุฏ ุฎุฑูุฌูุง ู ู ุงูุญููุตูุฉ ูุชุฏุฎู ููุงุฉ ุงูุจูุถ ููููุง ูุญุฏุซ ุงูุงุฎุตุงุจ ุฃููุง ุจุนุฏูุง ุชูุชูู ุงูุจููุถุฉ ุงูู ุฎุตุจุฉ ุงูู ุงูุฑุญู ููุชู ุงูุงูุบุฑุงุณ ุซู ุงุณุชูู ุงู ูู ู ุงูุฌููู.
3- ุงูุฑุญู : Uterus
ููุน ุงูุฑุญู ุนุงุฏุฉ ุฏุงุฎู ุงูุชุฌููู ุงูุจุทูู ููุจูุฑุฉ ููููู ูู ุงูุฃุจูุงุฑ ุงููุงูุฏุฉ ุงุทูู ุนุฏุฉ ู ุฑุงุช ู ู ุงูุฑุญู ูู ุงูุนุฌูุงุช ุงูุชู ูู ุชูุฏ ุจุนุฏุ ูุฐูู ูููู ุฌุณู ุงูุฑุญู ูู ุงูุนุฌูุฉ ูู ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุงูุชุฌููู ููู ุงูุฃุจูุงุฑ ูู ุชุฏ ููุฃู ุงู ุงูุซุฑุ ูุจุฏุฃ ุงูุฑุญู ู ู ููุงูุฉ ููุงุฉ ุงูุจูุถ (Oviduct) ุงูู ุนูู ุงูุฑุญู (Cervix) ููุจูุบ ุทูู ูุฑู ุงูุฑุญู 35-40ุณู ุ ุงู ุง ุฌุณู ุงูุฑุญู ูุทููู 3-4 ุณู ููููู ููุงูุฉ ูุฑู ุงูุฑุญู ุงูุทููู ู ูุชูู ุนูู ุดูู ูููุจู ูุดุจู ูุฑูู ุงููุจุด.
ูุคุฏู ุงูุฑุญู ุฏูุฑุง ู ูู ุง ูู ุนู ููุฉ ุญูุธ ุงูุฌููู ุญูุซ ููู ุชุชููู ุงูู ุดูู ุฉ (Placenta) ูููู ุชูุฑุฒ ุงูุณูุงุฆู ุงูุฑุญู ูุฉ ูุชุบุฐูุฉ ุงูุจููุถุฉ ุงูู ููุญุฉ ูุญูู ุงูุบุฑุงุณูุง ูู ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงูุฑุญู ุ ููู ููุงูุฉ ู ุฏุฉ ุงูุญู ู ูุณุงุนุฏ ุงูุฑุญู ุนูู ุฏูุน ุงูุฌููู ุงูู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌ ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงููุจุงุถ ุนุถูุงุชูุ ูู ู ุซู ุฎุฑูุฌู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงูุฌุณู .
4- ุงูู ูุจู: Vagina
ููู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุฐู ููุน ุจูู ุนูู ุงูุฑุญู (Cervix) ูุงููุชุญุฉ ุงูุชูุงุณููุฉ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ (Vulva) ูุจูุบ ุทููู ุญูุงูู 25-30 ุณู ูู ุงูุฃุจูุงุฑ ุบูุฑ ุงูุญูุงู ูุ ุงู ุง ูู ุงูุฃุจูุงุฑ ุงูุญูุงู ู ููููู ุงุทูู ููููุง ู ู ุฐููุ ููุณู ุงูู ูุจู ุงูู ูุณู ูู ุงูููู ุง ุงูุฏูููุฒ Vestibule ูุซุงูููู ุง ุงูู ูุจู ุงูุฎููู Posterior ูุนุฏ ุงูู ูุจู ุงูู ุณุชูุจู ููุณุงุฆู ุงูู ููู ุนูุฏ ุงูุชูููุญ ููุฐูู ู ููุฃ ูุฎุฑูุฌ ุงูุฌููู ุนูุฏ ุงูููุงุฏุฉ ุญูุซ ูุฑุชุจุท ููุงูุชู ุจุงููุชุญุฉ ุงูุชูุงุณููุฉ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ.
5- ุงููุชุญุฉ ุงูุชูุงุณููุฉ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ:
ููู ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุฃุฎูุฑ ู ู ุงูุฌูุงุฒ ุงูุชูุงุณูู ููููู ู ุดุชุฑูุง ููุจูู ูุงูุชูุงุณู ููุชุฃูู ู ู ุนุถูุชูู ุณู ููุชูู (ุดูุชูู) ุชุณูุทุฑุงู ุนูู ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุงูุฌูุงุฒ ุงูู ุดุชุฑู ูุชุจูุบ ุทูู ุงููุชุญุฉ ุญูุงูู 2.5 ุณู .
Forwarded from ๐๐ง Vet Channel๐ก๏ธ๐ (Dr.Ali Kareem)
Forwarded from ๐๐ง Vet Channel๐ก๏ธ๐ (Dr.Ali Kareem)
ุงูุฏูุฑุฉ ุงูุชูุงุณููุฉ Reproductive Cycle.pdf
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ููุฏู ุฌุฏุง ูู ุชูุงุณู ุงูุญููุงูุงุช ุฎุตูุตุงู ููุทูุงุจ ุงูู ุนุฏูู
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ุชู
ุทุจ ุจุงุทูู ููููุงุจ ูุงููุทุท ุนูู ุดูู ุญุงูุงุช ูุงุณุฆูุฉ. ุจุงููุบุฉ ุงูุฅููููุฒูุฉ
Hormones produced by the pituitary gland
The two sections of the pituitary gland produce a number of different hormones which act on different target glands or cells.
โAnterior pituitary:
๐บ Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
๐บ Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
๐บ Luteinising hormone (LH)
๐บ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
๐บ Prolactin (PRL)
๐บ Growth hormone (GH)
โPosterior pituitary
๐บAnti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
๐บOxytocin
The two sections of the pituitary gland produce a number of different hormones which act on different target glands or cells.
โAnterior pituitary:
๐บ Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
๐บ Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
๐บ Luteinising hormone (LH)
๐บ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
๐บ Prolactin (PRL)
๐บ Growth hormone (GH)
โPosterior pituitary
๐บAnti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
๐บOxytocin
"NSAIDs" non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Drugs in This Group
โAspirin
Aspirin is the common name for acetyl salicylic acid. This is hydrolysed to an active form, salicylate, which irreversibly binds COX by an acetylation reaction and has a high affinity for COX in platelets. Because of this affinity, the drug has an anti-thrombotic effect which is more pronounced at low doses where platelet production of TXA2 (aggregatory) is inhibited but that of PGI2 (disaggregatory) is not. At higher doses, PGI2 formation is also affected, reducing the dis-aggregatory influence it provides and therefore the anti-thrombotic effects of aspirin. Once COX is bound by salicylate, TXA2 production is inhibited for the life of that platelet, and so new platelets are required to raise body TXA2 levels again. At the low doses required for anti-thrombosis, aspirin has no analgesic or anti-inflammatory properties.
Aspirin is not used very commonly in veterinary medicine, and huge dose variations exist between species.
For example, the dose for a dog is 25mg/kg/8 hours, but in the cat is 25mg/kg/day. Half-life also differs between species, being only one hour in the pony but 37.6 hours in the cat.
Oxidisation is the main method of aspirin metabolisation, but some drug is also conjugated to glucuronide. Glucuronidation cannot be performed by the cat, accounting for the long half-life in this species.
โPhenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone (colloquially known as "bute") has a more potent anti-inflammatory than analgesic action. It follows the standard NSAID mechanism of COX inhibition, and concentrates in inflammatory exudates. It is cheap and commonly used in veterinary practice.
Administration of phenylbutazone with food reduces the rate of absorption. Although the drug's bioavailability remains the same, it is absorbed further down the gastro-intestinal tract than normal and plasma levels rise more slowly. Rate of metabolism varies vastly between species, and in some species (for example, the dog) phenylbutzone displays zero-order kinetics.
Phenylbutazone has caused death by aplastic anaemia in man, and since safe milk and meat residue levels cannot be established, it is banned in food producing animals. Protein losing enteropathy has been seen in horses and ponies. The drug has a low safety margin and care must be taken in equids to use the lower end of the dose range. Top range doses would lead to accumulation and toxicity.
โCarprofen
Carprofen (Rimadyl) is a poor COX inhibitor, yet a potent anti-inflammatory drug. It is generally well-tolerated and can be used as a peri-operative analgesic with a reduced risk of nephrotoxicity compared to other NSAIDs.
โKetoprofen
Ketoprofen has potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic actions. In addition to its effects on COX, ketoprofen may inhibit lipoxygenase and bradykinin to have a broader mechanism of action. The main side effect is gastro-intestinal erosion.
โCinchophen
This drug has a primarily anti-inflammatory effect, though is analgesic and anti-pyretic at higher doses (similar to aspirin). Cinchophen also has uricosuric activity. Side effects include hepatotoxitiy and gastric ulceration.
Cinchophen is the main component of prednoleucotropin (PLT) tablets used for the treatment of osteoarthritis in a dog. These tablest also contain a very low dose of prednisolone, a corticosteroid.
โFlunixin
Flunixin is of limited use in small animal practice due to its toxicity; however, it is commonly used in farm and equine practice. It has potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects and is used for such conditions as pneumonia, mastitis and endotoxic shock. Preparations are available in combination with anti-microbials (e.g. Resflor - florfenicol plus flunixin).
โFenamates
Tolfenamic acid and meclofenamic acid are the fenamates used in veterinary medicine. In addition to the usual mechanism of action, they may provide some antagonism to the prostaglandin receptor.
Drugs in This Group
โAspirin
Aspirin is the common name for acetyl salicylic acid. This is hydrolysed to an active form, salicylate, which irreversibly binds COX by an acetylation reaction and has a high affinity for COX in platelets. Because of this affinity, the drug has an anti-thrombotic effect which is more pronounced at low doses where platelet production of TXA2 (aggregatory) is inhibited but that of PGI2 (disaggregatory) is not. At higher doses, PGI2 formation is also affected, reducing the dis-aggregatory influence it provides and therefore the anti-thrombotic effects of aspirin. Once COX is bound by salicylate, TXA2 production is inhibited for the life of that platelet, and so new platelets are required to raise body TXA2 levels again. At the low doses required for anti-thrombosis, aspirin has no analgesic or anti-inflammatory properties.
Aspirin is not used very commonly in veterinary medicine, and huge dose variations exist between species.
For example, the dose for a dog is 25mg/kg/8 hours, but in the cat is 25mg/kg/day. Half-life also differs between species, being only one hour in the pony but 37.6 hours in the cat.
Oxidisation is the main method of aspirin metabolisation, but some drug is also conjugated to glucuronide. Glucuronidation cannot be performed by the cat, accounting for the long half-life in this species.
โPhenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone (colloquially known as "bute") has a more potent anti-inflammatory than analgesic action. It follows the standard NSAID mechanism of COX inhibition, and concentrates in inflammatory exudates. It is cheap and commonly used in veterinary practice.
Administration of phenylbutazone with food reduces the rate of absorption. Although the drug's bioavailability remains the same, it is absorbed further down the gastro-intestinal tract than normal and plasma levels rise more slowly. Rate of metabolism varies vastly between species, and in some species (for example, the dog) phenylbutzone displays zero-order kinetics.
Phenylbutazone has caused death by aplastic anaemia in man, and since safe milk and meat residue levels cannot be established, it is banned in food producing animals. Protein losing enteropathy has been seen in horses and ponies. The drug has a low safety margin and care must be taken in equids to use the lower end of the dose range. Top range doses would lead to accumulation and toxicity.
โCarprofen
Carprofen (Rimadyl) is a poor COX inhibitor, yet a potent anti-inflammatory drug. It is generally well-tolerated and can be used as a peri-operative analgesic with a reduced risk of nephrotoxicity compared to other NSAIDs.
โKetoprofen
Ketoprofen has potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic actions. In addition to its effects on COX, ketoprofen may inhibit lipoxygenase and bradykinin to have a broader mechanism of action. The main side effect is gastro-intestinal erosion.
โCinchophen
This drug has a primarily anti-inflammatory effect, though is analgesic and anti-pyretic at higher doses (similar to aspirin). Cinchophen also has uricosuric activity. Side effects include hepatotoxitiy and gastric ulceration.
Cinchophen is the main component of prednoleucotropin (PLT) tablets used for the treatment of osteoarthritis in a dog. These tablest also contain a very low dose of prednisolone, a corticosteroid.
โFlunixin
Flunixin is of limited use in small animal practice due to its toxicity; however, it is commonly used in farm and equine practice. It has potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects and is used for such conditions as pneumonia, mastitis and endotoxic shock. Preparations are available in combination with anti-microbials (e.g. Resflor - florfenicol plus flunixin).
โFenamates
Tolfenamic acid and meclofenamic acid are the fenamates used in veterinary medicine. In addition to the usual mechanism of action, they may provide some antagonism to the prostaglandin receptor.
โOxicams
Meloxicam (Metacam) is commonly used in dogs and cats, and is now licensed in cattle, pigs and horses. It may have cartilage sparing effects in osteoarthritis, but this has only been tested under laboratory conditions. Other NSAIDs appear to be detrimental to cartilage.
Meloxicam (Metacam) is commonly used in dogs and cats, and is now licensed in cattle, pigs and horses. It may have cartilage sparing effects in osteoarthritis, but this has only been tested under laboratory conditions. Other NSAIDs appear to be detrimental to cartilage.
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