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#ู‚ู†ุงุฉ_ุงู„ุทุจูŠุจ_ุงู„ุจูŠุทุฑูŠ ๐Ÿฉต
#The_channel_for_veterinarians_only
ุงู‡ู„ุง ูˆุณู‡ู„ุง ุจุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฒู…ู„ุงุก ููŠ ู‚ู†ุงุชู‡ู… ู†ุฃู…ู„ ุงู† ุชุฌุฏูˆ ูƒู„ ู…ุงุชุญุชุงุฌูˆู† ุงู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ู†ุง.
Welcome to your channel.. We hope that you will find everything you need here.

ุฑุณุงุฆู„ูƒู… ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ูˆู„ุฉ: https://tellonym.me/x_95a
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ูƒุชุงุจ ู…ููŠุฏ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ููŠ ุชุณู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุนุฌูˆู„. ุจุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ
Small animal fluid therapy. In English
ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุจู‚ุฑุฉ : Cow reproductive system

ุชุชู…ุงุซู„ ุฃุบู„ุจ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ู„ุจูˆู†ุฉ ููŠ ู…ูƒูˆู†ุงุช ุฌู‡ุงุฒู‡ุง ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„ูŠ ุงู„ุงู†ุซูˆูŠ ูˆูŠุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ุจูŠุถ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุงุณุงุณูŠ ู„ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุงุชุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุจูˆูŠุถุงุช ูˆุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุทุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฌุฑู‰ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„ูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ุงุดุชุฑุงูƒ ู…ุน ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ู† ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู…ุจูŠุถุŒ ูŠุชุฃู„ู ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„ูŠ ุงู„ุงู†ุซูˆูŠ ู„ู„ุจู‚ุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุฃุชูŠุฉ:
๐Ÿ”บ ุงู„ู…ุจูŠุถ Ovary
๐Ÿ”บู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจูŠุถ Oviduct
๐Ÿ”บุงู„ุฑุญู… Uterus
๐Ÿ”บุงู„ู…ู‡ุจู„ Vagina
๐Ÿ”บุงู„ูุชุญุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ Vulva

ูˆููŠู…ุง ูŠู„ูŠ ุชูˆุถูŠุญ ู„ูƒู„ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ:

1- ุงู„ู…ุจูŠุถ: Ovary

ูŠูƒูˆู† ุดูƒู„ู‡ ุจูŠุถูˆูŠ ูŠุจู„ุบ ุทูˆู„ู‡ ู…ู† 3.5-5 ุณู… ูˆุนุฑุถู‡ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 2.5 ุณู… ูˆูŠุจู„ุบ ูˆุฒู†ู‡ 15-20 ุบู… ูˆูŠุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุบุฏุชูŠู† ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌุชูŠู† ุชู‚ุน ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฌูˆูŠู ุงู„ุจุทู†ูŠ ุฎู„ู ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุชูŠู†ุŒ ุชุชูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ ุบุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุบุฏุชูŠ ุงู„ู…ุจูŠุถ ู…ู† ุฌุฒุฃูŠู† ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠู† ู‡ู…ุง:
ุฃ โ€“ ุงู„ู†ุฎุงุน (Medulla): ูˆูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ุฌุณุฉ ุถุงู…ุฉ ูˆุดุจูƒุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู„ูŠุงู ุงู„ุนุตุจูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃูˆุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏู…ูˆูŠุฉ.
ุจ . ุงู„ู‚ุดุฑุฉ (Cortex): ูˆุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญูˆูŠุตู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุจูŠุถูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฑูŠุจุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ุณู…ุงุฉ ุญูˆูŠุตู„ุงุช ูƒุฑุงู ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุจูˆูŠุถุงุช ูˆุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ุซูˆูŠุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุงุณุชุฑูˆุฌูŠู† (Estrogen). ูˆุงู„ุจุฑูˆุฌุณุชุฑูˆู†(Progesterone) ุงู„ุญูˆูŠุตู„ุงุช ุฐุงุช ุฃุญุฌุงู… ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูˆุบุงู„ุจุง ู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุจุงุฑุฒุฉ ุนู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุจุงูŠุถ ูˆุนู†ุฏ ุงู†ุทู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุถุฉ ุซู… ุงู„ุญู…ู„ ูŠุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุงุตูุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุจู„ุบ ุทูˆู„ู‡ ู…ู† 1- 1.5 ุณู…. ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ูƒุชู„ุฉ ุตูุฑุงุก ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ูŠู†ู…ูˆ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุญูˆูŠุตู„ู‡ ูƒุฑุงู ูˆูŠุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ (Luteal cells) ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุญุจูŠุจุงุช ุฏู‡ู†ูŠุฉ ุตูุฑุงุก ุจุนุฏ ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ุญูˆูŠุตู„ุฉ.

2- ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจูŠุถ: Oviduct

ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุฒูˆุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ู…ู„ุชูˆูŠุฉ ุชุชุตู„ ูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุจู…ุจูŠุถ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุงูŠุถ ูŠุจู„ุบ ุทูˆู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุจู‚ุงุฑ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 20-25 ุณู… ูˆุชู…ุชุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจูŠุถ ุงู„ู‰ ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุฑุญู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงุชุตุงู„ู‡ุง ุจู‡ ุบูŠุฑ ู‚ูˆูŠ ู„ุงู† ู†ู‡ุงูŠุชู‡ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฏุจุจุฉ ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ุจุฏุงูŠุชู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ู‚ู…ุน ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู†ุณุจูŠุง ูˆุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ูุชุญุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจูŠุถูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุนูŠุฉ ูˆูˆุธูŠูุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุชู‚ุงุท ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุถุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุฎุฑูˆุฌู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูˆูŠุตู„ุฉ ู„ุชุฏุฎู„ ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุงู„ุจูŠุถ ูˆููŠู‡ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุงู„ุงุฎุตุงุจ ุฃูˆู„ุง ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุชู†ุชู‚ู„ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุถุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎุตุจุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุญู… ู„ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุงู†ุบุฑุงุณ ุซู… ุงุณุชูƒู…ุงู„ ู†ู…ูˆ ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู†.

3- ุงู„ุฑุญู…: Uterus

ูŠู‚ุน ุงู„ุฑุญู… ุนุงุฏุฉ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุชุฌูˆูŠู ุงู„ุจุทู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุจู‚ุฑุฉ ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุจู‚ุงุฑ ุงู„ูˆุงู„ุฏุฉ ุงุทูˆู„ ุนุฏุฉ ู…ุฑุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญู… ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฌู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู… ุชู„ุฏ ุจุนุฏุŒ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฑุญู… ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฌู„ุฉ ููŠ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุฌูˆูŠู ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุฃุจู‚ุงุฑ ูŠู…ุชุฏ ู„ู„ุฃู…ุงู… ุงูƒุซุฑุŒ ูŠุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุฑุญู… ู…ู† ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุงู„ุจูŠุถ (Oviduct) ุงู„ู‰ ุนู†ู‚ ุงู„ุฑุญู… (Cervix) ูˆูŠุจู„ุบ ุทูˆู„ ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุฑุญู… 35-40ุณู…ุŒ ุงู…ุง ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฑุญู… ูุทูˆู„ู‡ 3-4 ุณู… ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุฑุญู… ุงู„ุทู„ูŠู‚ ู…ู„ุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ู„ูˆู„ุจูŠ ูŠุดุจู‡ ู‚ุฑูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุจุด.
ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุงู„ุฑุญู… ุฏูˆุฑุง ู…ู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุญูุธ ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู† ุญูŠุซ ููŠู‡ ุชุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดูŠู…ุฉ (Placenta) ูˆููŠู‡ ุชูุฑุฒ ุงู„ุณูˆุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ูŠุฉ ู„ุชุบุฐูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูˆูŠุถุฉ ุงู„ู…ู„ู‚ุญุฉ ู„ุญูŠู† ุงู†ุบุฑุงุณู‡ุง ููŠ ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ุŒ ูˆููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู…ุฏุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ู„ ูŠุณุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุฑุญู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฏูุน ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู†ู‚ุจุงุถ ุนุถู„ุงุชู‡ุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุฎุฑูˆุฌู‡ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุฌุณู….

4- ุงู„ู…ู‡ุจู„: Vagina

ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ุน ุจูŠู† ุนู†ู‚ ุงู„ุฑุญู… (Cervix) ูˆุงู„ูุชุญุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ (Vulva) ูŠุจู„ุบ ุทูˆู„ู‡ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 25-30 ุณู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุจู‚ุงุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุญูˆุงู…ู„ุŒ ุงู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุจู‚ุงุฑ ุงู„ุญูˆุงู…ู„ ููŠูƒูˆู† ุงุทูˆู„ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูŠู‚ุณู… ุงู„ู…ู‡ุจู„ ุงู„ู‰ ู‚ุณู…ูŠู† ุงูˆู„ู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ุฏู‡ู„ูŠุฒ Vestibule ูˆุซุงู†ูŠู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ู…ู‡ุจู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ููŠ Posterior ูŠุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ู‡ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ู„ู„ุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ูˆูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุชู„ู‚ูŠุญ ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู‡ูŠุฃ ู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู† ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงุฏุฉ ุญูŠุซ ูŠุฑุชุจุท ู†ู‡ุงูŠุชู‡ ุจุงู„ูุชุญุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ.

5- ุงู„ูุชุญุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ:

ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„ูŠ ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุง ู„ู„ุจูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„ ูˆูŠุชุฃู„ู ู…ู† ุนุถู„ุชูŠู† ุณู…ูŠูƒุชูŠู† (ุดูุชูŠู†) ุชุณูŠุทุฑุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ ูˆุชุจู„ุบ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ูุชุญุฉ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 2.5 ุณู….
ู…ู„ู pdf ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู…ููŠุฏู‡ ุฌุฏุง ููŠ ุชู†ุงุณู„ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุฎุตูˆุตุงู‹ ู„ู„ุทู„ุงุจ ุงู„ูŠ ุนุฏู‡ู… ุงู…ุชุญุงู† ูƒูˆู…ุชูŠ
ุทุจ ุจุงุทู†ูŠ ู„ู„ูƒู„ุงุจ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุทุท ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุญุงู„ุงุช ูˆุงุณุฆู„ุฉ. ุจุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ
Hormones produced by the pituitary gland


The two sections of the pituitary gland produce a number of different hormones which act on different target glands or cells.

โŽAnterior pituitary:

๐Ÿ”บ Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

๐Ÿ”บ Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

๐Ÿ”บ Luteinising hormone (LH)

๐Ÿ”บ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

๐Ÿ”บ Prolactin (PRL)

๐Ÿ”บ Growth hormone (GH)


โŽPosterior pituitary

๐Ÿ”บAnti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
๐Ÿ”บOxytocin
Table of pituitary hormones
"NSAIDs" non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.


Drugs in This Group

โŽAspirin

Aspirin is the common name for acetyl salicylic acid. This is hydrolysed to an active form, salicylate, which irreversibly binds COX by an acetylation reaction and has a high affinity for COX in platelets. Because of this affinity, the drug has an anti-thrombotic effect which is more pronounced at low doses where platelet production of TXA2 (aggregatory) is inhibited but that of PGI2 (disaggregatory) is not. At higher doses, PGI2 formation is also affected, reducing the dis-aggregatory influence it provides and therefore the anti-thrombotic effects of aspirin. Once COX is bound by salicylate, TXA2 production is inhibited for the life of that platelet, and so new platelets are required to raise body TXA2 levels again. At the low doses required for anti-thrombosis, aspirin has no analgesic or anti-inflammatory properties.

Aspirin is not used very commonly in veterinary medicine, and huge dose variations exist between species.
For example, the dose for a dog is 25mg/kg/8 hours, but in the cat is 25mg/kg/day. Half-life also differs between species, being only one hour in the pony but 37.6 hours in the cat.

Oxidisation is the main method of aspirin metabolisation, but some drug is also conjugated to glucuronide. Glucuronidation cannot be performed by the cat, accounting for the long half-life in this species.


โŽPhenylbutazone

Phenylbutazone (colloquially known as "bute") has a more potent anti-inflammatory than analgesic action. It follows the standard NSAID mechanism of COX inhibition, and concentrates in inflammatory exudates. It is cheap and commonly used in veterinary practice.

Administration of phenylbutazone with food reduces the rate of absorption. Although the drug's bioavailability remains the same, it is absorbed further down the gastro-intestinal tract than normal and plasma levels rise more slowly. Rate of metabolism varies vastly between species, and in some species (for example, the dog) phenylbutzone displays zero-order kinetics.

Phenylbutazone has caused death by aplastic anaemia in man, and since safe milk and meat residue levels cannot be established, it is banned in food producing animals. Protein losing enteropathy has been seen in horses and ponies. The drug has a low safety margin and care must be taken in equids to use the lower end of the dose range. Top range doses would lead to accumulation and toxicity.

โŽCarprofen

Carprofen (Rimadyl) is a poor COX inhibitor, yet a potent anti-inflammatory drug. It is generally well-tolerated and can be used as a peri-operative analgesic with a reduced risk of nephrotoxicity compared to other NSAIDs.

โŽKetoprofen

Ketoprofen has potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic actions. In addition to its effects on COX, ketoprofen may inhibit lipoxygenase and bradykinin to have a broader mechanism of action. The main side effect is gastro-intestinal erosion.

โŽCinchophen

This drug has a primarily anti-inflammatory effect, though is analgesic and anti-pyretic at higher doses (similar to aspirin). Cinchophen also has uricosuric activity. Side effects include hepatotoxitiy and gastric ulceration.

Cinchophen is the main component of prednoleucotropin (PLT) tablets used for the treatment of osteoarthritis in a dog. These tablest also contain a very low dose of prednisolone, a corticosteroid.

โŽFlunixin

Flunixin is of limited use in small animal practice due to its toxicity; however, it is commonly used in farm and equine practice. It has potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects and is used for such conditions as pneumonia, mastitis and endotoxic shock. Preparations are available in combination with anti-microbials (e.g. Resflor - florfenicol plus flunixin).

โŽFenamates

Tolfenamic acid and meclofenamic acid are the fenamates used in veterinary medicine. In addition to the usual mechanism of action, they may provide some antagonism to the prostaglandin receptor.
โŽOxicams

Meloxicam (Metacam) is commonly used in dogs and cats, and is now licensed in cattle, pigs and horses. It may have cartilage sparing effects in osteoarthritis, but this has only been tested under laboratory conditions. Other NSAIDs appear to be detrimental to cartilage.
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