الحالات غير الطبيعية في الحمل: Abnormal cases in pregnancy
هناك بعض حالات الحمل تعد غير طبيعية وهي:
1- الاجهاض: Abortion
المقصود هو خروج الجنين من بطن امه قبل موعد الولادة المقرر وعلى الاغلب يكون ميتا وهذا يحدث نتيجة لحدوث التلوث بالبكتريا، وهذا يأتي عن طريق الجهاز الهضمي او عند تناول البقرة المياه الملوثة بأجنة مجهضة او بقاياها، او يحدث التلوث عن طريق المهبل بتلقيح الاناث بسائل منوي ملوث او اصابة البقرة بالإجهاض الساري، ويمكن ان يكون سبب الاجهاض خلل هرموني او نقص فيتامين A الشديد او تناول الحيوان النباتات السامة او تعرضها لدرجات حرارة عالية او منخفضة، يمكن السيطرة على هذه الحالة عن طريق تلقيح العجلات بلقاح(MCEWAN) في عمر بين 3-66 اشهر مع مراعاة الجوانب التغذوية والصحية.
2- الحمل خارج الرحم: Entopic pregnancy
يحدث أحياناً التواء الرحم او تمزقه فيخرج الجنين منه الى التجويف البطني او أحياناً يحدث نتيجة للمعاملة العنيفة للحيوان وخاصة في النصف الأخير من الحمل، تكشف الحالة بعد ذبح الحيوان حيث لا يمكن التعرف عليها عن طريق الجس بسبب تقدم الحمل، وهبوط الجنين الى الأسفل.
3- تشوه الجنين: Deformation of fetus
قد تظهر تشوهات على الجنين ووظائفه الحيوية أحياناً لأسباب وراثية او بيئية، يختلف تأثير التشوه حسب العضو المصاب فاذا كان التشوه في القلب او الراس فغالبا ما يحدث بعد الولادة مباشرة او يولد ميتا، اما اذا كان التشوه في اجزاء الجسم الأخرى كالأطراف او في الهيكل العظمي فيمكن ان يعيش الجنين بالرغم من ولادته العسرة.
4- حمل التوائم: Twinning pregnancy
تحدث حالات التوائم عندما تلقح البويضة وتبدأ بالانقسام الاعتيادي قد تنشطر البويضة المخصبة الى بويضتين لتنمو كل واحد منها لتصبح جنين فيظهر في هذه الحالة التوائم المتشابهة تماما من حيث الشكل والجنس (Identical twins) او تخصب بويضتين بحيوانين منويين وهنا قد تظهر مشكلة حيث انه اذا كان التوأمين غير متشابهين(Fraternal twins) من جنينين مختلفين في الجنس فأن 90% من الاناث تكون خنثى (Free-martin) بسبب تأثير الهرمون الذكري على الاناث لاشتراكهما بدورة دموية واحدة في الرحم. بينما لا يمكن ان يؤثر الهرمون الانثوي على الذكر. اما اذا كان الجنينين ذكر وذكر فلا توجد مشكلة او انثى وأنثى فلا توجد مشكلة لحالة Free-martin.
المشاكل الأخرى للولادة التوأمية حدوث المشاكل التناسلية من عسر الولادة وانخفاض إنتاج الحليب، إضافة لصغر حجم المواليد وتعرضها باستمرار للأمراض او الموت المبكر.
هناك بعض حالات الحمل تعد غير طبيعية وهي:
1- الاجهاض: Abortion
المقصود هو خروج الجنين من بطن امه قبل موعد الولادة المقرر وعلى الاغلب يكون ميتا وهذا يحدث نتيجة لحدوث التلوث بالبكتريا، وهذا يأتي عن طريق الجهاز الهضمي او عند تناول البقرة المياه الملوثة بأجنة مجهضة او بقاياها، او يحدث التلوث عن طريق المهبل بتلقيح الاناث بسائل منوي ملوث او اصابة البقرة بالإجهاض الساري، ويمكن ان يكون سبب الاجهاض خلل هرموني او نقص فيتامين A الشديد او تناول الحيوان النباتات السامة او تعرضها لدرجات حرارة عالية او منخفضة، يمكن السيطرة على هذه الحالة عن طريق تلقيح العجلات بلقاح(MCEWAN) في عمر بين 3-66 اشهر مع مراعاة الجوانب التغذوية والصحية.
2- الحمل خارج الرحم: Entopic pregnancy
يحدث أحياناً التواء الرحم او تمزقه فيخرج الجنين منه الى التجويف البطني او أحياناً يحدث نتيجة للمعاملة العنيفة للحيوان وخاصة في النصف الأخير من الحمل، تكشف الحالة بعد ذبح الحيوان حيث لا يمكن التعرف عليها عن طريق الجس بسبب تقدم الحمل، وهبوط الجنين الى الأسفل.
3- تشوه الجنين: Deformation of fetus
قد تظهر تشوهات على الجنين ووظائفه الحيوية أحياناً لأسباب وراثية او بيئية، يختلف تأثير التشوه حسب العضو المصاب فاذا كان التشوه في القلب او الراس فغالبا ما يحدث بعد الولادة مباشرة او يولد ميتا، اما اذا كان التشوه في اجزاء الجسم الأخرى كالأطراف او في الهيكل العظمي فيمكن ان يعيش الجنين بالرغم من ولادته العسرة.
4- حمل التوائم: Twinning pregnancy
تحدث حالات التوائم عندما تلقح البويضة وتبدأ بالانقسام الاعتيادي قد تنشطر البويضة المخصبة الى بويضتين لتنمو كل واحد منها لتصبح جنين فيظهر في هذه الحالة التوائم المتشابهة تماما من حيث الشكل والجنس (Identical twins) او تخصب بويضتين بحيوانين منويين وهنا قد تظهر مشكلة حيث انه اذا كان التوأمين غير متشابهين(Fraternal twins) من جنينين مختلفين في الجنس فأن 90% من الاناث تكون خنثى (Free-martin) بسبب تأثير الهرمون الذكري على الاناث لاشتراكهما بدورة دموية واحدة في الرحم. بينما لا يمكن ان يؤثر الهرمون الانثوي على الذكر. اما اذا كان الجنينين ذكر وذكر فلا توجد مشكلة او انثى وأنثى فلا توجد مشكلة لحالة Free-martin.
المشاكل الأخرى للولادة التوأمية حدوث المشاكل التناسلية من عسر الولادة وانخفاض إنتاج الحليب، إضافة لصغر حجم المواليد وتعرضها باستمرار للأمراض او الموت المبكر.
⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️
هبوط الرحم عند بقرة و إرجاعه
uterine prolapse
⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️
هبوط الرحم عند بقرة و إرجاعه
uterine prolapse
⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️
❌Lead Poisoning ☢
lead poisoning is most common in dogs and cattle. Lead poisoning in other species is limited by reduced accessibility, more selective eating habits, or lower susceptibility.
In cattle, many cases are associated with seeding and harvesting activities when used oil and battery disposal from machinery is handled improperly. With the elimination of tetraethyl lead from gasoline in many countries, the number of lead poisoning cases attributed to oil consumption has declined. Other sources of lead include paint, linoleum, grease, lead weights, lead shot, and contaminated foliage growing near smelters or along roadsides. To prevent future occurrences of lead poisoning, it is crucial to identify the source. Lead poisoning is also encountered in urban environments and during the renovation of old houses that have been painted with lead-based paint, leading to exposure of small animals and children. The consumption, through grooming, of dust containing lead has been reported in cats. Improper disposal of lead-poisoned animal carcasses may result in toxicoses in nontarget scavenger animals. Scavenging by endangered species such as the condor raises unique concerns.
❎Pathogenesis:
Absorbed lead enters the blood and soft tissues and eventually redistributes to the bone. The degree of absorption and retention is influenced by dietary factors such as calcium or iron levels.
🔺 In ruminants, particulate lead lodged in the reticulum slowly dissolves and releases significant quantities of lead. Lead has a profound effect on sulfhydryl-containing enzymes, the thiol content of erythrocytes, antioxidant defenses, and tissues rich in mitochondria, which is reflected in the clinical syndrome. In addition to the cerebellar hemorrhage and edema associated with capillary damage, lead is also irritating, immunosuppressive, gametotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and toxic to the hematopoietic system.
❎Clinical Findings:
🔺Acute lead poisoning is more common in young animals. The prominent clinical signs are associated with the GI and nervous systems. In cattle, signs that appear within 24–48 hr of exposure include ataxia, blindness, salivation, spastic twitching of eyelids, jaw champing, bruxism, muscle tremors, and convulsions.
🔺Subacute lead poisoning, usually seen in sheep or older cattle, is characterized by anorexia, rumen stasis, colic, dullness, and transient constipation, frequently followed by diarrhea, blindness, head pressing, bruxism, hyperesthesia, and incoordination.
🔺Chronic lead poisoning, occasionally seen in cattle, may produce a syndrome that has many features in common with acute or subacute lead poisoning. Impairment of the swallowing reflexes frequently contributes to development of aspiration pneumonia. Embryotoxicity and poor semen quality may contribute to infertility.
🔺GI abnormalities, including anorexia, colic, emesis, and diarrhea or constipation are predominant manifestations in dogs. Anxiety, hysterical barking, jaw champing, salivation, blindness, ataxia, muscle spasms, opisthotonos, and convulsions may develop. CNS depression rather than CNS excitation may be evident in some dogs. In horses, lead poisoning usually produces a chronic syndrome characterized by weight loss, depression, weakness, colic, diarrhea, laryngeal or pharyngeal paralysis (roaring), and dysphagia that frequently results in aspiration pneumonia.
🔺In birds, anorexia, ataxia, loss of condition, wing and leg weakness, and anemia are the most notable signs.
lead poisoning is most common in dogs and cattle. Lead poisoning in other species is limited by reduced accessibility, more selective eating habits, or lower susceptibility.
In cattle, many cases are associated with seeding and harvesting activities when used oil and battery disposal from machinery is handled improperly. With the elimination of tetraethyl lead from gasoline in many countries, the number of lead poisoning cases attributed to oil consumption has declined. Other sources of lead include paint, linoleum, grease, lead weights, lead shot, and contaminated foliage growing near smelters or along roadsides. To prevent future occurrences of lead poisoning, it is crucial to identify the source. Lead poisoning is also encountered in urban environments and during the renovation of old houses that have been painted with lead-based paint, leading to exposure of small animals and children. The consumption, through grooming, of dust containing lead has been reported in cats. Improper disposal of lead-poisoned animal carcasses may result in toxicoses in nontarget scavenger animals. Scavenging by endangered species such as the condor raises unique concerns.
❎Pathogenesis:
Absorbed lead enters the blood and soft tissues and eventually redistributes to the bone. The degree of absorption and retention is influenced by dietary factors such as calcium or iron levels.
🔺 In ruminants, particulate lead lodged in the reticulum slowly dissolves and releases significant quantities of lead. Lead has a profound effect on sulfhydryl-containing enzymes, the thiol content of erythrocytes, antioxidant defenses, and tissues rich in mitochondria, which is reflected in the clinical syndrome. In addition to the cerebellar hemorrhage and edema associated with capillary damage, lead is also irritating, immunosuppressive, gametotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and toxic to the hematopoietic system.
❎Clinical Findings:
🔺Acute lead poisoning is more common in young animals. The prominent clinical signs are associated with the GI and nervous systems. In cattle, signs that appear within 24–48 hr of exposure include ataxia, blindness, salivation, spastic twitching of eyelids, jaw champing, bruxism, muscle tremors, and convulsions.
🔺Subacute lead poisoning, usually seen in sheep or older cattle, is characterized by anorexia, rumen stasis, colic, dullness, and transient constipation, frequently followed by diarrhea, blindness, head pressing, bruxism, hyperesthesia, and incoordination.
🔺Chronic lead poisoning, occasionally seen in cattle, may produce a syndrome that has many features in common with acute or subacute lead poisoning. Impairment of the swallowing reflexes frequently contributes to development of aspiration pneumonia. Embryotoxicity and poor semen quality may contribute to infertility.
🔺GI abnormalities, including anorexia, colic, emesis, and diarrhea or constipation are predominant manifestations in dogs. Anxiety, hysterical barking, jaw champing, salivation, blindness, ataxia, muscle spasms, opisthotonos, and convulsions may develop. CNS depression rather than CNS excitation may be evident in some dogs. In horses, lead poisoning usually produces a chronic syndrome characterized by weight loss, depression, weakness, colic, diarrhea, laryngeal or pharyngeal paralysis (roaring), and dysphagia that frequently results in aspiration pneumonia.
🔺In birds, anorexia, ataxia, loss of condition, wing and leg weakness, and anemia are the most notable signs.
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❎Lesions:
Animals that die from acute lead poisoning may have few observable gross lesions. Oil or flakes of paint or battery may be evident in the GI tract. The caustic action of lead salts causes gastroenteritis. In the nervous system, edema, congestion of the cerebral cortex, and flattening of the cortical gyri are present. Histologically, endothelial swelling, laminar cortical necrosis, and edema of the white matter may be evident. Tubular necrosis and degeneration and intranuclear acid-fast inclusion bodies may be seen in the kidneys. Osteoporosis has been described in lambs. Placentitis and accumulation of lead in the fetus may result in abortion.
Animals that die from acute lead poisoning may have few observable gross lesions. Oil or flakes of paint or battery may be evident in the GI tract. The caustic action of lead salts causes gastroenteritis. In the nervous system, edema, congestion of the cerebral cortex, and flattening of the cortical gyri are present. Histologically, endothelial swelling, laminar cortical necrosis, and edema of the white matter may be evident. Tubular necrosis and degeneration and intranuclear acid-fast inclusion bodies may be seen in the kidneys. Osteoporosis has been described in lambs. Placentitis and accumulation of lead in the fetus may result in abortion.
❎Treatment:
If tissue damage is extensive, particularly to the nervous system, treatment may not be successful. In livestock, calcium disodium edetate (Ca-EDTA) is given IV or SC (110 mg/kg/day) divided bid for 3 days; this treatment should be repeated 2 days later. In dogs, a similar dose divided qid is administered SC in 5% dextrose for 2–5 days. After a 1-wk rest period, an additional 5-day treatment may be required if clinical signs persist. No approved veterinary product containing Ca-EDTA is currently commercially available.
Thiamine (2–4 mg/kg/day, SC) alleviates clinical manifestations and reduces tissue deposition of lead. Combined Ca-EDTA and thiamine treatment appears to produce the most beneficial response.
d-Penicillamine can be administered PO to dogs (110 mg/kg/day) for 2 wk. However, undesirable adverse effects such as emesis and anorexia have been associated with this treatment. d-Penicillamine is not recommended for livestock. Succimer (meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid [DMSA]) is a chelating agent that has proved to be effective in dogs (10 mg/kg, PO, tid for 10 days) and is also useful in birds. Fewer adverse effects have been associated with DMSA than with Ca-EDTA.
Cathartics such as magnesium sulfate (400 mg/kg, PO) or a rumenotomy may be useful to remove lead from the GI tract. In cattle, surgery to remove particulate lead material from the reticulum after the ingestion of batteries is rarely successful. Barbiturates or tranquilizers may be indicated to control convulsions. Chelation therapy, in combination with antioxidant treatment, may limit oxidative damage associated with acute lead poisoning. Antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine (50 mg/kg/day, PO) have been used in combination with DMSA.
Mobilization of lead at parturition, excretion of lead into milk, and lengthy withdrawal times in food-producing animals raise considerable controversy regarding the rationale for treatment from both public health and animal management perspectives. The half-life of lead in the blood of cattle ingesting particulate lead is usually >9 wk. Withdrawal times, which may be >1 yr, should be estimated by periodic monitoring of blood lead concentrations. In a herd of cattle with confirmed cases of lead poisoning, all potentially exposed cattle should be evaluated. A small but significant portion of the asymptomatic cattle may have concentrations of lead in tissues that exceed recognized food safety standards.
If tissue damage is extensive, particularly to the nervous system, treatment may not be successful. In livestock, calcium disodium edetate (Ca-EDTA) is given IV or SC (110 mg/kg/day) divided bid for 3 days; this treatment should be repeated 2 days later. In dogs, a similar dose divided qid is administered SC in 5% dextrose for 2–5 days. After a 1-wk rest period, an additional 5-day treatment may be required if clinical signs persist. No approved veterinary product containing Ca-EDTA is currently commercially available.
Thiamine (2–4 mg/kg/day, SC) alleviates clinical manifestations and reduces tissue deposition of lead. Combined Ca-EDTA and thiamine treatment appears to produce the most beneficial response.
d-Penicillamine can be administered PO to dogs (110 mg/kg/day) for 2 wk. However, undesirable adverse effects such as emesis and anorexia have been associated with this treatment. d-Penicillamine is not recommended for livestock. Succimer (meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid [DMSA]) is a chelating agent that has proved to be effective in dogs (10 mg/kg, PO, tid for 10 days) and is also useful in birds. Fewer adverse effects have been associated with DMSA than with Ca-EDTA.
Cathartics such as magnesium sulfate (400 mg/kg, PO) or a rumenotomy may be useful to remove lead from the GI tract. In cattle, surgery to remove particulate lead material from the reticulum after the ingestion of batteries is rarely successful. Barbiturates or tranquilizers may be indicated to control convulsions. Chelation therapy, in combination with antioxidant treatment, may limit oxidative damage associated with acute lead poisoning. Antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine (50 mg/kg/day, PO) have been used in combination with DMSA.
Mobilization of lead at parturition, excretion of lead into milk, and lengthy withdrawal times in food-producing animals raise considerable controversy regarding the rationale for treatment from both public health and animal management perspectives. The half-life of lead in the blood of cattle ingesting particulate lead is usually >9 wk. Withdrawal times, which may be >1 yr, should be estimated by periodic monitoring of blood lead concentrations. In a herd of cattle with confirmed cases of lead poisoning, all potentially exposed cattle should be evaluated. A small but significant portion of the asymptomatic cattle may have concentrations of lead in tissues that exceed recognized food safety standards.