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🦑news: Cisco opens API to third parties to extend intent-based networks :
fb.com/undercodeTesting

1) Cisco announced the launch of an API that allows third-party developers to program their campuses and wide area networks (WANs) to improve the integration of third-party devices and IT processes.

2) Sachin Gupta, senior vice president of Cisco Enterprise Networks, said that end-to-end visibility in the network is critical for network managers. "Using these APIs, network administrators can manage controllers and switches from HPE, Aruba or Huawei, which makes the inclusion of third-party devices flexible and simple." This is also an extension of Cisco's intent-based network strategy launched a year ago .

3) Gupta added that Cisco's API opens the network to developers so that they can write custom applications without understanding the network.

4) Cisco's goal is to make the network more programmable. The concept of IBN is that network administrators can convert their business intent through automatic activation strategies instead of manually converting the intent into a large number of lines of code.

5) The API will allow network operators to manage third-party devices through the DNA center, which will effectively act as a centralized network controller. From Cisco's point of view, this is important because even if network operators introduce equipment from Cisco partners or even competitors, Cisco can retain customer relationships. In addition, this move will also promote the relationship between network operations and IT business operations teams.

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🦑 A good tool for reading source code-tips for using Replace in Path in Intellij IDEA full
instagram.com/undercodeTesting

🦑 𝕃𝔼𝕋𝕊 𝕊𝕋𝔸ℝ𝕋 :

1) Match case : If this button is checked, upper and lower case letters will be distinguished when searching.

2) Preserve case: If this button is checked, the search is not case sensitive, but when replacing, the first letter of the string you give will be replaced with lower case.

For example, if you type HelloWorld, it will be replaced with helloWorld.

3) Regex : You can use regular expression search, refer to java.util.regex.

4) There are several options for the blue funnel in the upper right corner:


5) File mask: You can filter the file format to be found. You can use wildcards:


Multiple files can be specified at the same time, separated by commas. note:! , That is, the negative mode, implicitly uses * matching.

6) Search field: This is the one we use the most, namely-the search box, which can be entered manually, or you can click the drop-down box to find the history. Regular expressions can also be used.

7) Replace field: Replace the field, you can specify the replacement text, you can also use the expression to replace the text, if you want to use \ in the expression, you need to insert three extra backslashes in front of the escape.

8) In Project: Search within your own project scope.

9) Module: Search in the module, you can specify the module, and you can switch the module in the drop-down box.

10) Directory: Search in the specified directory. The small file tree icon on the right seems to be useless ...

11)Scope: search within the specified range. There are various ranges in the drop-down box.

12) Preview area: Of course, the most powerful one is still the preview window. You can use the arrow keys to preview up and down, and you can edit in the preview box.

13) The most dangerous is the following operation:

🦑When you refactor it, if it doesn't work well, replace it all. . . . . That would be embarrassing.

written by undercode
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🦑 FRESH PREMIUM PROXIES :
t.me/undercodeTesting

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@UndercodeOfficial
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🦑 WORKING LASTEST NORDVPN :


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e n j o y

🦑 for experts :

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🦑 Grab and analyze :
crawl and analyze a file is very simple. This tutorial will lead you step by step through an example. let's start!

1) 　　First, I must decide the URL address that we will crawl. It can be set in the script or passed through $ QUERY_STRING. For simplicity, let's set the variables directly in the script.

<?
$ Url = 'http://www.php.net' ;
?>

2) 　　The second step, we crawl the specified file, and by file () function it exists in an array.

<?
$ url = 'http://www.php.net' ;
$ lines_array = file ( $ url );
?>

3) 　　Okay, now there are already files in the array. However, the text we want to analyze may not be all in one line. To understand this file, we can simply convert the array $ lines_array into a string. We can use the implode (x, y) function to achieve it. If you want to use explode (array of string variables) later, it may be better to set x to "|" or "!" Or other similar delimiters. But for our purposes, it is best to set x to a space. y is another necessary parameter because it is the array you want to process with implode ().

<?
$ url = 'http:;
$ lines_array = file ( $ url );
$ lines_string = implode ( '' , $ lines_array );
?>

4) 　　Now that the crawling work is done, it is time to analyze it. For the purpose of this example, we want to get everything from <head> to </ head>. In order to parse out strings, we also need something called regular expressions.

<?
$ url = 'http://www.php.net' ;
$ lines_array = file ( $ url );
$ lines_string = implode ( '' , $ lines_array );
eregi ( "<head> (. *) </ head> " , $ lines_string ,$ head );
?>

5) 　　Let's take a look at the code. As you can see, the eregi () function is executed in the following format:

eregi ("<head> (. *) </ Head>", $ lines_string, $ head);

　　"(. *)" Means everything and can be explained For, "Analyze all things between <head> and </ head>". $ lines_string is the string we are analyzing, and $ head is the array where the analyzed results are stored.

6) 　　Finally, we can lose data. Because there is only one instance between <head> and </ head>, we can safely assume that there is only one element in the array, and that is what we want. Let's print it.

<?
$ url = 'http://www.php.net' ;
$ lines_array = file ( $ url );
$ lines_string = implode ( '' , $ lines_array );
eregi ( "<head> (. *) </ head> " ,);
echo $ head [ 0 ];
?>

7) 　　This is all the code.
<? php
$ url = 'http://www.php.net' ;
$ lines_array = file ( $ url );
$ lines_string = implode ( '' , $ lines_array );
preg_match_all ( "/ <body ([^>] . +?)> (. *) <\ / body> / is " , $ lines_string , $ m );
echo " <xmp> " ;
echo $ m [ 2 ] [ 0 ];
?>
written by undercode
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🦑 Crawling and analysis by Undercode :
> Grabbing and analyzing a file is very simple. This tutorial will lead you step by step through an example. let's start!

1) First, I must decide the URL address that we will crawl. It can be set in the script or passed through $ QUERY_STRING. For simplicity, let's set the variables directly in the script.

<?
$ url = 'http://www.php.net'
;?> In the

2) second step, we grab the specified file and store it in an array through the file () function.

<?
$ url = 'http://www.php.net';
$ lines_array = file ($ url);
?>

　3) 　Okay, now there are already files in the array. However, the text we want to analyze may not be all in one line. To understand this file, we can simply convert the array $ lines_array into a string. We can use the implode (x, y) function to achieve it. If you want to use explode (array of string variables) later, it may be better to set x to "|" or "!" Or other similar delimiters. But for our purposes, it is best to set x to a space. y is another necessary parameter because it is the array you want to process with implode ().

<?
$ url = 'http://www.php.net';
$ lines_array = file ($ url);
$ lines_string = implode ('', $ lines_array);
?>
4) 　Now that the crawling is done, it's time to analyze it. For the purpose of this example, we want to get everything from <head> to </ head>. In order to parse out strings, we also need something called regular expressions.

<?
$ url = 'http://www.php.net';
$ lines_array = file ($ url);
$ lines_string = implode ('', $ lines_array);
eregi ("<head> (. *) </ head> ", $ lines_string, $ head);
?>

🦑 Let us look at the code. As you can see, the eregi () function is executed in the following format:

eregi ("<head> (. *) </ Head>", $ lines_string, $ head);

　　"(. *)" Means everything and can be explained For, "Analyze all things between <head> and </ head>". $ lines_string is the string we are analyzing, and $ head is the array where the analyzed results are stored.

🦑 　Finally, we can lose data. Because there is only one instance between <head> and </ head>, we can safely assume that there is only one element in the array, and that is what we want. Let's print it.

<?
$ url = 'http://www.php.net';
$ lines_array = file ($ url);

eregi ("<head> (. *) </ head>", $ lines_string, $ head);
echo $ head [0];
?>

　　This is all the code.

written by undercode
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🦑 Make an xbm picturexbm is a simple two-color image bitmap format, which is used more in the early cgi. It is currently used for counters.
<? php

t.me/undercodeTesting
setXBM (1234567890,0);

function setXBM ($ num, $ mode = 0) {
settype ( $ num, "string");
$ mode = $ mode? 0xff: 0x00;
$ int_width = strlen ($ num); // digits
$ count_width = 8; // single digit width
$ count_height = 16; // height

$ bitmap = array (
0 => array (0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc3, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff),
1 => array (0xff, 0xff , 0xff, 0xcf, 0xc7, 0xcf, 0xcf, 0xcf, 0xcf, 0xcf, 0xcf, 0xcf, 0xcf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff),
2 => array (0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc3, 0x99, 0x9f, 0x9f, 0x , 0xe7, 0xf3, 0xf9, 0xf9, 0x81, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff),
3 => array(0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc3, 0x99, 0x9f, 0x9f, 0xc7, 0x9f, 0x9f, 0x9f, 0x99, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff),
4 => array(0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0xcf, 0xc7, 0xc7, 0xcb, 0xcb, 0xcd, 0x81, 0xcf, 0x87, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff),
5 => array(0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x81, 0xf9, 0xf9, 0xf9, 0xc1, 0x9f, 0x9f, 0x9f, 0x99, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff),
6 => array(0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc7, 0xf3, 0xf9, 0xf9, 0xc1, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff),
7 => array(0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x81, 0x99, 0x9f, 0x9f, 0xcf, 0xcf, 0xe7, 0xe7, 0xf3, 0xf3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff),
8 => array(0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc3, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0xc3, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0xc3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff),
9 => array(0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc3, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x83, 0x9f, 0x9f, 0xcf, 0xe3, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff)
);

echo "#define counter_width " .($count_width * $int_width)."\r\n";
echo "#define counter_height " .$count_height. "\r\n";
echo "static unsigned char counter_bits[] = {\r\n";
for($i=0; $i<$count_height; ++$i) {
for($j = 0; $j < $int_width; ++$j) {
printf("0x%2x, ",$bitmap[$num[$j]][$i]^$mode);
}
}
written by undercode
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🦑expert hacking by undercode

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🦑 Speed ​​optimization-use virtual memory (virtual memory, VM) file system and binding installation :
instagram.com/undercodeTesting

🦑 Uses virtual memory (virtual memory, VM) filesystem and bind mounts

Introducing tmpfs
If I had to make tmpfs clear at once, I would say that tmpfs is like a ramdisk, but not the same. Like a virtual disk, tmpfs can use your RAM, but it can also use your swap partition for storage. And the traditional virtual disk is a block device, and requires a command like mkfs to actually use it. Tmpfs is a file system, not a block device; you just install it and it can be used. All in all, this makes tmpfs the best RAM-based file system I have come across.

tmpfs and VM
Let's take a look at some of the more interesting features of tmpfs. As I mentioned earlier, tmpfs can use both RAM and swap partitions. This may seem a bit arbitrary at first, but remember that tmpfs is also known as the "virtual memory file system". Moreover, you may also know that the virtual memory resources of the Linux kernel come from both your RAM and swap partition. The VM subsystem in the kernel allocates these resources to other parts of the system and is responsible for managing these resources in the background, usually transparently moving RAM pages to or from the swap partition to the RAM page.

The tmpfs file system requires pages of the VM subsystem to store files. tmpfs does not know whether these pages are in the swap partition or in RAM; it is the job of the VM subsystem to make this decision. All the tmpfs file system knows is that it is using some form of virtual memory.

Not a block device
Here is another interesting feature of the tmpfs file system. Unlike most "standard" file systems, such as ext3, ext2, XFS, JFS, ReiserFS, and other systems, tmpfs does not exist on an underlying block device. Because tmpfs is built directly on the VM, you can create a tmpfs file system with a simple mount command.

# mount tmpfs / mnt / tmpfs -t tmpfs After

executing this command, a new tmpfs file system is mounted on / mnt / tmpfs, ready to use. Note that there is no need to run mkfs.tmpfs; in fact, that is not possible because no such command exists. Immediately after the mount command is executed, the file system is mounted and ready for use. The type is tmpfs. This is very different from how Linux virtual disks are used; standard Linux virtual disks are block devices, so you must format them with the file system of your choice before using them. Instead, tmpfs is a file system. So, you can simply install it and use it.

Advantages of Tmpfs

The size of the dynamic file system
You may be wondering how big the tmpfs file system we installed earlier in / mnt / tmpfs. The answer to this question is a bit unexpected, especially when compared to disk-based file systems. / mnt / tmpfs will initially have very little space, but as files are copied and created, the tmpfs file system driver will allocate more VMs and dynamically increase the file system space as needed. Moreover, when the file in / mnt / tmpfs is deleted, the tmpfs file system driver will dynamically reduce the file system and release the VM resources. This will return the VM to the loop for other parts of the system to use as needed. Because VMs are valuable resources, you must not want to waste anything more than it actually needs. One of the benefits of tmpfs is that these are handled automatically. See Resources.

Speed
Another major benefit of tmpfs is its lightning speed. Because a typical tmpfs file system will reside entirely in RAM, reading and writing can be almost instantaneous. Even if some swap partitions are used, the performance is still excellent. When more free VM resources are available, this part of the tmpfs file system will be moved to RAM. Having the VM subsystem automatically move part of the tmpfs file system to the swap partition is actually good for performance, because doing so allows the VM subsystem to free up space for processes that require RAM. This, together with its ability to dynamically resize, allows the operating system to have much better overall performance and flexibility than choosing to use a traditional RAM disk.

No persistence
This may not seem like a positive factor, tmpfs data will not be retained after a restart, because virtual memory is inherently volatile. I think you may have guessed one reason why tmpfs is called "tmpfs", right? However, this can actually be a good thing. It makes tmpfs an excellent file system for storing data that you don't need to keep (such as temporary files, which can be found in / tmp, and certain parts of the / var file system tree).

Use tmpfs
In order to use tmpfs, all you need is a 2.4 series kernel with the "Virtual memory file system support (formerly shm fs)" option enabled; this option is in the "File systems" section of the kernel configuration options. Once you have a kernel with tmpfs enabled, you can start installing the tmpfs file system. In fact, it is a good idea to turn on the tmpfs option in all your 2.4 kernels, whether or not you plan to use tmpfs. This is because you need kernel tmpfs support to use POSIX shared memory. However, System V shared memory does not require tmpfs in the kernel to work. Note that you don't need to install the tmpfs file system in order for POSIX shared memory to work; you only need to support tmpfs in the kernel. POSIX shared memory is not used much now, but this situation may change over time.

Avoid low VM situations
. The fact that tmpfs dynamically increases or decreases as needed is confusing: if your tmpfs file system grows to such an extent that it runs out of all virtual memory, and you have no remaining RAM or swap partition, then What will happen? Generally speaking, this situation is a bit annoying. If it is a 2.4.4 kernel, the kernel will lock immediately. In the case of the 2.4.6 kernel, the VM subsystem has been fixed in many ways. Although exhausting the VM is not a good experience, things will not fail completely. If the 2.4.6 kernel has reached a point where more VMs cannot be allocated, you are obviously reluctant to write any new data to the tmpfs file system. In addition, some other things may happen. First, some other processes in the system will be unable to allocate more memory; usually, this means that the system will become extremely slow and almost unresponsive. In this way, the super user will take the necessary steps to alleviate this low VM situation will be very difficult, or unusually time-consuming.

In addition, the kernel has a built-in final defense system to release memory when there is no available memory, it will find the process that occupies VM resources and terminate the process. Unfortunately, this "terminating process" solution usually leads to undesirable consequences when the use of tmpfs increases and the VM is exhausted. The following are the reasons. tmpfs itself cannot (and should not) be terminated because it is part of the kernel rather than a user process, and there is no easy way for the kernel to find out which process is filling the tmpfs file system. Therefore, the kernel will erroneously attack the largest VM-consuming process it can find, usually the X server, if you happen to use it. Therefore, your X server will be terminated, but the root cause (tmpfs) of the low VM situation has not been resolved. Ick.

Low VM: Solution
Fortunately, tmpfs allows you to specify the maximum upper limit of the file system capacity when installing or remounting the file system. In fact, from the 2.4.6 kernel to the 2.11g kernel, these parameters can only be set during installation, not during reinstallation, but we can expect to set these parameters during reinstallation in the near future. The optimal setting of the maximum tmpfs capacity depends on the resources and usage patterns of your specific Linux host; the idea is to prevent a tmpfs file system that fully uses resources from exhausting all virtual memory. Happening. A good way to find a good tmpfs upper limit is to use top to monitor the usage of your system's swap partition during peak usage. Then, make sure that the specified upper limit of tmpfs is slightly less than the sum of all free swap partitions and free RAM during these peak usage times.

It is easy to create a tmpfs file system with maximum capacity. To create a new tmpfs file system with a maximum size of 32 MB, type:
# mount tmpfs / dev / shm -t tmpfs -o size = 32m

This time, instead of mounting the tmpfs file system in / mnt / tmpfs, we created it in / dev / shm, which happens to be the "official" mount point for the tmpfs file system. If you happen to be using devfs, you will find that this directory has been created for you.

Also, if we want to limit the capacity of the file system to 512 KB or 1 GB, we can specify size = 512k and size = 1g, respectively. In addition to limiting capacity, we can also limit inodes (file system objects) by specifying the nr_inodes = x parameter. When using nr_inodes, x can be a simple integer, followed by a k, m, or g to specify thousands, millions, or billions (!) Of index nodes.

Moreover, if you want to add the equivalent function of the above mount tmpfs command to / etc / fstab, it should be like this:



tmpfs / dev / shm tmpfs size = 32m 0 0


installed on the existing installation point
when previously used 2.2 , Trying to install anything again at the installation point where something is already installed will cause an error. However, the rewritten kernel installation code makes the use of mount points multiple times no longer a problem. Here is an example scenario: suppose we have an existing file system installed in / tmp. However, we decided to start using tmpfs for / tmp storage. In the past, your only option is to uninstall / tmp and reinstall your new tmpfs / tmp file system in its place, as follows:



# umount / tmp

# Mount tmpfs / tmp -t tmpfs -o size = 64M

However, this The solution may not work for you. There may be many running processes with open files in / tmp; if so, you will encounter the following error when trying to uninstall / tmp:

umount: / tmp: device is busy


However, with the latest 2.4 kernel, you can mount your new / tmp file system without encountering a "device is busy" error:



# mount tmpfs / tmp -t tmpfs -o size = 64m


with a command, your new The tmpfs / tmp file system is mounted on / tmp and mounted on the partition that is already installed and can no longer be accessed directly. However, although you cannot access the original / tmp, any process that has open files on the original file system can continue to access them. Moreover, if you unmount / tmp based on tmpfs, the originally installed / tmp file system will reappear. In fact, you can install any number of file systems on the same mount point, the mount point is like a stack; unmount the current file system, the last recently installed file system will reappear.

Bind installation
Using bind installation, we can install all or even part of the installed file system to another location, and the file system can be accessed at both installation points. For example, you can use bind installation to mount your existing root file system to / home / drobbins / nifty as follows:



# mount --bind / / home / drobbins / nifty