Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅Gs-2 : Education- Full Article link
🅾️What is the question that you need to focus on ? - Interim budget slashes the allocation to higher education by 16.8% with the UGC taking a major cut of over 60%. At the same time, funds have been allocated to the HEFA which aims to enhance infrastructure through loans.
⚠️Is it a worrying trend for public education in India to increase dependence on loans?- I answered this previously on this blog : Lessons from US Student Debt : On Foreign universities entering India
✅Important point : Incheon declaration- on primary education- The NEP aimed for equitable and quality education with a targeted allocation of 6% of the nation's GDP to education. However, the actual allocation is around 2.8% of GDP, suggesting a retreat from these goals.However since this is an interim Budget- we should see the overall trend of allocation to education over last few years than just this budget alone- IMP article
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🅾️What is the question that you need to focus on ? - Interim budget slashes the allocation to higher education by 16.8% with the UGC taking a major cut of over 60%. At the same time, funds have been allocated to the HEFA which aims to enhance infrastructure through loans.
⚠️Is it a worrying trend for public education in India to increase dependence on loans?- I answered this previously on this blog : Lessons from US Student Debt : On Foreign universities entering India
✅Important point : Incheon declaration- on primary education- The NEP aimed for equitable and quality education with a targeted allocation of 6% of the nation's GDP to education. However, the actual allocation is around 2.8% of GDP, suggesting a retreat from these goals.However since this is an interim Budget- we should see the overall trend of allocation to education over last few years than just this budget alone- IMP article
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Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅Gs-3 : Inclusive growth- Vision for New India
🅾️Focus on the headline :
✴️1. Food security : Click here
✴️2. Textiles : Click here
✴️3. Housing: Light house projects- Click here and read from prelims channel
✴️4. Science- Click here
✴️5. Dignity-What is the vision, we should hold for India?- What are the values we need to embrace?
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Subscribe to VK IAS's YouTube channel : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Focus on the headline :
✴️1. Food security : Click here
✴️2. Textiles : Click here
✴️3. Housing: Light house projects- Click here and read from prelims channel
✴️4. Science- Click here
✴️5. Dignity-What is the vision, we should hold for India?- What are the values we need to embrace?
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Subscribe to VK IAS's YouTube channel : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅Gs-3 : Internal security/ Gs-2 : IR- Grey zone warfare
⚠️WHY SHOULD I CARE ABOUT THIS?
⚜️Understanding grey zone warfare is critical for civil service aspirants who will potentially shape or respond to national security and foreign policy strategies. It requires a comprehensive approach to national security, combining military readiness with economic, cyber, and diplomatic tools
⚡️We already discussed these Imp dimensions :
🅾️1. Grey zone operations (GZOs)-Demands for a cyber command, in line of Integrated Theatre Commands (ITCs) by the Indian military- Click here
🅾️2. Law fare-The need for an international law
✅Also read this-
⚜️CRITICALLY EXAMINE THE NEED FOR A SEPARATE INTERNAL SECURITY MINISTRY⚜️
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Subscribe to VK IAS's YouTube channel : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚠️WHY SHOULD I CARE ABOUT THIS?
⚜️Understanding grey zone warfare is critical for civil service aspirants who will potentially shape or respond to national security and foreign policy strategies. It requires a comprehensive approach to national security, combining military readiness with economic, cyber, and diplomatic tools
⚡️We already discussed these Imp dimensions :
🅾️1. Grey zone operations (GZOs)-Demands for a cyber command, in line of Integrated Theatre Commands (ITCs) by the Indian military- Click here
🅾️2. Law fare-The need for an international law
✅Also read this-
⚜️CRITICALLY EXAMINE THE NEED FOR A SEPARATE INTERNAL SECURITY MINISTRY⚜️
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Subscribe to VK IAS's YouTube channel : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅Gs-2 : IR- UNSC resolutions on GAZA
🅾️Context: The Israel-Palestine Conflict
⚡️Mains question : Role of the UN: Are UN mechanisms effective in resolving complex conflicts with powerful players involved? What alternative approaches could be explored?
⚠️ISSUES
1. International Law vs. Realpolitik- UN Security Council resolutions are legally binding on member states (including Israel and Palestine). However, the Council has limited power to enforce these resolutions. Powerful nations within the Council (like the US) can block or weaken action, undermining international law.
2. The Limitations of the Resolution: The resolution focuses on humanitarian aid, not core issues fueling the conflict. Israel may use loopholes in the wording to continue restricting aid access.
.
⚠️Problems with India- Israel- Dehyphenation policy- Read this
✅Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://t.me/UPSC_PSIR_IR
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Context: The Israel-Palestine Conflict
⚡️Mains question : Role of the UN: Are UN mechanisms effective in resolving complex conflicts with powerful players involved? What alternative approaches could be explored?
⚠️ISSUES
1. International Law vs. Realpolitik- UN Security Council resolutions are legally binding on member states (including Israel and Palestine). However, the Council has limited power to enforce these resolutions. Powerful nations within the Council (like the US) can block or weaken action, undermining international law.
2. The Limitations of the Resolution: The resolution focuses on humanitarian aid, not core issues fueling the conflict. Israel may use loopholes in the wording to continue restricting aid access.
.
⚠️Problems with India- Israel- Dehyphenation policy- Read this
✅Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://t.me/UPSC_PSIR_IR
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
AI and Copyright law- how to solve this..pdf
1.5 MB
✅Gs-3 : Science and Technology/ IPR- patents and copyrights
🅾️A one stop solution on this issue for Mains 2024- Store this note in your archives ( This will also be a part of the note for Mains 2024 batch that will be selected after prelims- for details- Click here).
🎖Join
⚠️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🅾️A one stop solution on this issue for Mains 2024- Store this note in your archives ( This will also be a part of the note for Mains 2024 batch that will be selected after prelims- for details- Click here).
🎖Join
⚠️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
🅾️One of the purest emotions is genuine appreciation for someone who surpasses you. In life's dark moments, feeling true happiness for a friend's success is priceless🙂.
⚜️Dear rankers, if you have such people in your life, cherish them. This hype fades, but true support endures. Your circles will naturally shift – that's growth. But when those who supported you face darkness, be their light, however small. It means the world to them. Let us all make this nation a better place to live because koi bhi desh perfect nahi hota hai- you know the rest....🙂
To the person who inspires this message: You are not alone. I respect your privacy, but I promise a day in the future where things look bright again, at least I will try🙂. This post is my testament, a reminder for us both when you are okay again..
This is dedicated to all fighters amongst us. Thank you for inspiring me. Your story will be shared when the time is right. Until then, let us work in silence- it defines us🙂
Sincerely, VK
⚜️Dear rankers, if you have such people in your life, cherish them. This hype fades, but true support endures. Your circles will naturally shift – that's growth. But when those who supported you face darkness, be their light, however small. It means the world to them. Let us all make this nation a better place to live because koi bhi desh perfect nahi hota hai- you know the rest....🙂
To the person who inspires this message: You are not alone. I respect your privacy, but I promise a day in the future where things look bright again, at least I will try🙂. This post is my testament, a reminder for us both when you are okay again..
This is dedicated to all fighters amongst us. Thank you for inspiring me. Your story will be shared when the time is right. Until then, let us work in silence- it defines us🙂
Sincerely, VK
✅Interview/ UPSC PT is not about the technical know- how- Of course it is important but it is not everything- This is a test of your identity as a leader.
🅾️Read from these experiences - https://t.me/hinduhighlights/13333
🅾️Previous rankers - https://t.me/hinduhighlights/13318
🅾️Read from these experiences - https://t.me/hinduhighlights/13333
🅾️Previous rankers - https://t.me/hinduhighlights/13318
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
Cadre-Analysis-.pdf
13.5 MB
For interview candidates- know your cadres.
image_2024-12-19_09-30-16.png
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✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- debate on minority rights
🅾️Recently we saw the debates in the case of :
⚜️1. AMU's status and supreme court stance- Click here
⚜️2. U.P. Madrasa Act's provision- Click here
⚜️3. Recent debate on religious minorities getting reservation- Click here
⚠️In this backdrop read about constitutional provisions and the background from this article- Imp. topics to focus on=
⚜️1. UN Declaration on Minority Rights (1992).
⚜️2. Judicial Interpretations= Kerala Education Bill (1958), T.M.A. Pai Foundation Case (2002),Azeez Basha Case (1968), AMU
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Recently we saw the debates in the case of :
⚜️1. AMU's status and supreme court stance- Click here
⚜️2. U.P. Madrasa Act's provision- Click here
⚜️3. Recent debate on religious minorities getting reservation- Click here
⚠️In this backdrop read about constitutional provisions and the background from this article- Imp. topics to focus on=
⚜️1. UN Declaration on Minority Rights (1992).
⚜️2. Judicial Interpretations= Kerala Education Bill (1958), T.M.A. Pai Foundation Case (2002),Azeez Basha Case (1968), AMU
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
List of important issues for UPSC Interviews-
1. Fiscal federalism - Financial accountability and impact on states
2. State funding of elections and electoral bonds-Political funding
3. transformative constitutionalism-i.e. Social Revolution and Transformation
4. Rat hole mining and rescue operation for workers trapped in a collapsed tunnel
5. Multiple issues around governor- Click here
6. Issue of climate finance- OECD report on climate finance and COP 29- Click here
7. What are the systemic changes that 26/11 terror attacks induced?
8. 🅾️Four dimensions of IR- MUST READ article
9. The India Justice Report 2022 ( Issues did not change much even now)
10. ⚠️State Size Paradox: India, with a vast bureaucracy, struggles to perform effectively, mirroring both under and over-staffed issues in its public sector
1. Fiscal federalism - Financial accountability and impact on states
2. State funding of elections and electoral bonds-Political funding
3. transformative constitutionalism-i.e. Social Revolution and Transformation
4. Rat hole mining and rescue operation for workers trapped in a collapsed tunnel
5. Multiple issues around governor- Click here
6. Issue of climate finance- OECD report on climate finance and COP 29- Click here
7. What are the systemic changes that 26/11 terror attacks induced?
8. 🅾️Four dimensions of IR- MUST READ article
9. The India Justice Report 2022 ( Issues did not change much even now)
10. ⚠️State Size Paradox: India, with a vast bureaucracy, struggles to perform effectively, mirroring both under and over-staffed issues in its public sector
✅Gs-3 : Infrastructure- Postal system
🅾️Issues with Indian postal system
- This article is important for anyone in the Indian postal service and is giving an interview this year
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Issues with Indian postal system
- This article is important for anyone in the Indian postal service and is giving an interview this year
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
image_2024-12-30_09-58-34.png
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✅Gs-3 : Science and technology- AI
🅾️Practical use cases of AI - predictions for 2025- This article is important for interview candidates.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Practical use cases of AI - predictions for 2025- This article is important for interview candidates.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
image_2024-12-30_10-17-42.png
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✅Gs-2 : Governance- Accountability- Judicial accountability
🅾️2021- An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate. (150 words, 10 Marks)
☝️Judicial accountability is an evergreen theme- Why?- Because it remains a problem to be solved. There are challenges of holding judges accountable in India, focusing on the review mechanism for judges who may be guilty of misbehaviour or incapacity. read this article now
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️2021- An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate. (150 words, 10 Marks)
☝️Judicial accountability is an evergreen theme- Why?- Because it remains a problem to be solved. There are challenges of holding judges accountable in India, focusing on the review mechanism for judges who may be guilty of misbehaviour or incapacity. read this article now
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from UPSC Ethics by VK IAS
✅Gs-4 : Ethics- Values
🅾️Context : ethical and societal implications of political rhetoric and its impact on cultural and social stability
🔰Ethical justice demands:
⚜️Recognizing historical wrongs.
⚜️Upholding inclusivity without alienating communities or beliefs.
🅾️Politicians and public figures, therefore, have an ethical obligation to frame their criticisms constructively, targeting inequities rather than delegitimizing entire belief systems.The article argues for the preservation of Sanatana Dharma's positive aspects, emphasizing how reformers like Narayana Guru worked within the system to bring change rather than dismantling it.Politicians must practice ethical communication, using their platform to unite rather than divide.
🔰Remarks that dismiss cultural values entirely can:
⚜️Undermine trust in leadership.
⚜️Erode social harmony, critical for progress in diverse societies.
✅Join : Essay/ Ethics channel link : https://t.me/joinchat/mrcWyE8pY2UyMDll
🅾️Context : ethical and societal implications of political rhetoric and its impact on cultural and social stability
🔰Ethical justice demands:
⚜️Recognizing historical wrongs.
⚜️Upholding inclusivity without alienating communities or beliefs.
🅾️Politicians and public figures, therefore, have an ethical obligation to frame their criticisms constructively, targeting inequities rather than delegitimizing entire belief systems.The article argues for the preservation of Sanatana Dharma's positive aspects, emphasizing how reformers like Narayana Guru worked within the system to bring change rather than dismantling it.Politicians must practice ethical communication, using their platform to unite rather than divide.
🔰Remarks that dismiss cultural values entirely can:
⚜️Undermine trust in leadership.
⚜️Erode social harmony, critical for progress in diverse societies.
✅Join : Essay/ Ethics channel link : https://t.me/joinchat/mrcWyE8pY2UyMDll
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅Gs-2 : Judiciary- Collegium system- Reforms.
🅾️Note- The Collegium system is a unique process in India for appointing judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts. It operates based on the Constitutional interpretation made by the judiciary, rather than being explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.
⚠️Issue : Judicial accountability- Click here- we already discussed this.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Note- The Collegium system is a unique process in India for appointing judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts. It operates based on the Constitutional interpretation made by the judiciary, rather than being explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.
⚠️Issue : Judicial accountability- Click here- we already discussed this.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅Gs-3 : Science and technology- EXTREMELY INSIGHTFUL ARTICLE- especially for INTERVIEW
✅Gs-3 : Infrastructure- Digital Infrastructure
🅾️Context :Digital India- Through quality products that has least human interface and maximum responsiveness- How?- Click here
⚠️India's unique Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)—spanning Aadhaar, UPI, and Digilocker—has transformed citizen services, but its application to businesses remains limited. Why?- Because of government regulation- life is tough for entrepreneurs.
✅What do we need to make this work?
⚜️1. Shift from a “prohibited until permitted” mindset to trust-based systems. States can push this reform as a non-fiscal lever to attract investment.
⚜️2. Narrow jail provisions to five criteria (e.g., physical harm, fraud).
🌟 Note :Learn about National Employer Compliance Grid (NECG)
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Infrastructure- Digital Infrastructure
🅾️Context :Digital India- Through quality products that has least human interface and maximum responsiveness- How?- Click here
⚠️India's unique Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)—spanning Aadhaar, UPI, and Digilocker—has transformed citizen services, but its application to businesses remains limited. Why?- Because of government regulation- life is tough for entrepreneurs.
✅What do we need to make this work?
⚜️1. Shift from a “prohibited until permitted” mindset to trust-based systems. States can push this reform as a non-fiscal lever to attract investment.
⚜️2. Narrow jail provisions to five criteria (e.g., physical harm, fraud).
🌟 Note :
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅FAQ - Should laws related to POSH , dowry harassment etc which were in favour of women owing to historical discrimination against them be made gender neutral .
Purely my opinion - So if there is a possibility of injustice - the onus is on sc to make sure that does not happen. Just like victims should not be stripped of dignity, even the accused should not be stripped off their dignity- its antithetical to the concept of justice- As societies evolve, we need to relook at laws from time to time. we have anecdotal evidence in the form of cases like atul subash which warrants a relook.
Subscribe - https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va9eMCF3gvWjWIsiTa2V/160
Purely my opinion - So if there is a possibility of injustice - the onus is on sc to make sure that does not happen. Just like victims should not be stripped of dignity, even the accused should not be stripped off their dignity- its antithetical to the concept of justice- As societies evolve, we need to relook at laws from time to time. we have anecdotal evidence in the form of cases like atul subash which warrants a relook.
Subscribe - https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va9eMCF3gvWjWIsiTa2V/160
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
image_2025-03-13_09-38-59.png
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✅Gs-2/3 : IR- Climate change- Need for diplomacy
🅾️Central premise of this article- The biggest risk to climate action is not lack of technology—it’s lack of coordination and governance. Future climate forecasting will not depend solely on any single nation but rather on AI-powered, decentralized modeling networks- Ex : EU’s Copernicus Climate Initiative, China’s AI-Driven Climate Models (2023)
🅾️The best climate model is a decentralized, self-correcting system that combines multi-scale forecasting with automated validation mechanisms.
⚠️🌟V. IMP= Expect questions on AI in climate change, international climate collaborations, and policy recommendations for resilient climate modeling systems.The 2025 UPSC Mains Exam will likely test this intersection of climate science, global governance, and emerging technology.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Central premise of this article- The biggest risk to climate action is not lack of technology—it’s lack of coordination and governance. Future climate forecasting will not depend solely on any single nation but rather on AI-powered, decentralized modeling networks- Ex : EU’s Copernicus Climate Initiative, China’s AI-Driven Climate Models (2023)
🅾️The best climate model is a decentralized, self-correcting system that combines multi-scale forecasting with automated validation mechanisms.
⚠️🌟V. IMP= Expect questions on AI in climate change, international climate collaborations, and policy recommendations for resilient climate modeling systems.The 2025 UPSC Mains Exam will likely test this intersection of climate science, global governance, and emerging technology.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅Gs-3 : Science and technology
✅Gs-3 : Economy
🅾️Bioeconomy = Economic activity derived from the industrial use of biological resources (plants, animals, microorganisms) and biological processes to produce goods/services- emerging theme for UPSC prelims-
✅Biotechnological Applications: BioE3 Policy (Biotech for Environment, Economy, Employment – 2024)
1. Bio-manufacturing (bio-enzymes, biofuels)
2. Synthetic biology (engineered microbes)
3. Bioprocessing (fermentation, cell culture)
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Economy
🅾️Bioeconomy = Economic activity derived from the industrial use of biological resources (plants, animals, microorganisms) and biological processes to produce goods/services- emerging theme for UPSC prelims-
✅Biotechnological Applications: BioE3 Policy (Biotech for Environment, Economy, Employment – 2024)
1. Bio-manufacturing (bio-enzymes, biofuels)
2. Synthetic biology (engineered microbes)
3. Bioprocessing (fermentation, cell culture)
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅Gs-3 : Environment- Climate change
🅾️Basic funda-Energy balance of the Earth = Climate stability. So What happens in mountain regions when temperatures rise?
⚜️1. Glacial melting
⚜️2. Permafrost Thawing
⚜️3. Decline in Snow Cover
⚜️4. Erratic Snowfall Patterns
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Basic funda-Energy balance of the Earth = Climate stability. So What happens in mountain regions when temperatures rise?
⚜️1. Glacial melting
⚜️2. Permafrost Thawing
⚜️3. Decline in Snow Cover
⚜️4. Erratic Snowfall Patterns
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅Gs-3 : Environment- Pollution
🅾️he problem revolves around air pollution caused by thermal power plants, primarily due to sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emissions, which have severe environmental and health consequences.
🅾️What does the study by the International Energy Agency’s Clean Coal Centre (IEACCC) say?- click here
🅾️The regulatory goal: To reduce these emissions through enforceable standards, like the mandatory installation of Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) technology- we discussed that here- click here
⚜️Environmental regulations exist to correct the “market failure” where industries externalize pollution costs onto society.
⚜️Why regulations fail? Weak enforcement, regulatory capture (influence of power companies)
🔰Update regarding the FREE current affairs course for prelims 2025- What does it take to build consistency?- Spend 10-15 minutes of your time on VK IAS youtube platform daily!.
✅Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️he problem revolves around air pollution caused by thermal power plants, primarily due to sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emissions, which have severe environmental and health consequences.
🅾️What does the study by the International Energy Agency’s Clean Coal Centre (IEACCC) say?- click here
🅾️The regulatory goal: To reduce these emissions through enforceable standards, like the mandatory installation of Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) technology- we discussed that here- click here
⚜️Environmental regulations exist to correct the “market failure” where industries externalize pollution costs onto society.
⚜️Why regulations fail? Weak enforcement, regulatory capture (influence of power companies)
🔰Update regarding the FREE current affairs course for prelims 2025- What does it take to build consistency?- Spend 10-15 minutes of your time on VK IAS youtube platform daily!.
✅Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel