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🛡️ *Schools of Indian Philosophy*

♟️During the later Vedic period, definite ideas and philosophies about the true nature of soul or Atman and the cosmic principle or Brahman who represented the ultimate reality were developed.
♟️These Vedic philosophical concepts later on gave rise to various schools of philosophies called Shada Darshana.
♟️They fall in the category of the orthodox system, as the final authority of the Vedas is recognised by all of them.
♟️The orthodox schools of Indian philosophy are as follows:

💎 *Samkhya system*

♟️Propounded by Kapil Muni, this philosophy holds that reality is constituted of two principles- one female and the other male i.e., Prakriti and Purusha respectively.
♟️It tries to establish a relationship between Purusha and Prakriti to explain the creation of the universe.

💎 *Yoga*

♟️The origin of yoga is found in the Yogasutra of Patanjali believed to have been written in the second century BC.
♟️By purifying and controlling changes in the mental mechanism, yoga systematically brings about the release of purusha from prakriti.
♟️Yogic techniques control the body, mind and sense organs.
♟️Thus, this philosophy is also considered a means of achieving freedom or mukti.

💎 *Nyaya*

♟️Gautama is said to be the author of the Nyaya Sutras.
♟️Nyaya is considered as a
technique of logical thinking.
♟️The school holds that there are four valid means of knowledge:
1. perception (pratyaksha),
2. inference (anumana),
3. comparison (upamana), and
4. sound, or testimony
(shabda).

💎 *Vaisheshika*

♟️Kanada wrote the basic text of Vaisheshika philosophy.
♟️Vaisheshika system is
considered as the realistic and objective philosophy of the universe.
♟️It believes that all objects of the universe are composed of five elements–earth, water, air, fire and ether.
♟️Further, God is the guiding principle and the living beings are rewarded or punished according to the law of karma.

💎 *Mimamsa*

♟️Mimamsa philosophy is basically the analysis of interpretation, application and the use of the text of the Samhita and Brahmana portions of the Vedas.
♟️According to the philosophy,
Vedas are eternal and possess all knowledge, and religion means the fulfilment of duties prescribed by the Vedas.

💎 *Vedanta*

♟️Vedanta implies the philosophy of the Upanishad, the concluding portion of the Vedas.
♟️It also believes that there is no distinction between the Brahman and the self.
♟️Shankaracharya believes that the Brahman is existent, unchanging, the highest truth and the ultimate knowledge.
♟️The knowledge of the Brahman is the essence of all things and the ultimate existence.

Apart from these orthodox schools, there are also unorthodox schools of Indian philosophy, such as:

💎 *Charvaka/Lokayata*

♟️This school does not accept the authority of Vedas.
♟️It is a materialistic, sceptical and atheistic school of thought, which believes that there is no other world.
♟️Hence, death is the end of humans and pleasure is the ultimate object in life.

💎 *Buddhism*

♟️It is a non-theistic philosophy whose tenets are not especially concerned with the existence or non-existence of God.
♟️Buddha gave the concept of “four noble truths” and expounded the “ashtangika marg”.

💎 *Jainism*

♟️A basic principle of Jainism is anekantavada, the idea that reality is perceived differently from different points of view, and that no single point of view is completely true.
♟️According to it, only the Kevalins (those who have infinite knowledge) can know the true answer, and all others would only know a part of the answer.

*🛡️Mountain Ranges (North to South)*

*💎​Trick:-* Kal Ladakh Jaa Par Don Shiva Aati Vah Saat Nari Aayi Chai pe.

*💎(Translation:-* Go to Ladakh tomorrow, but Don Shiva comes there; those seven women came for tea.)

*💎​Decoding the Trick:-*
​--- The Himalayan & Northern Ranges ---

♟️ K: Karakoram Range
♟️ L: Ladakh Range
♟️ J: Zaskar Range (Remember 'J' for Zaskar/Zanskar)
♟️ P: Pir Panjal Range
♟️ D: Dhauladhar Range
♟️ S: Shiwalik Range
​--- Central & Southern Ranges ---
♟️ A: Aravalli Range
♟️ V: Vindhya Range
♟️ S: Satpura Range
♟️ N: Nilgiri Hills
♟️ A: Anaimalai Hills
♟️ C: Cardamom Hills.

*🇮🇳Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY)🇮🇳*

♟️ PM disbursed ₹2,400 crore as incentives under PM-VBRY to boost formal employment generation.

♟️ Launched: 1 August 2025
♟️ Ministry: Ministry of Labour & Employment
♟️ Implementation Agency: Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) under the EPF & MP Act, 1952
♟️ Aim: Generate over 3.5 crore jobs in a 2-year period through
employment-linked incentives.

♟️ Encourages participation of both employees and employers in the formal economy.
♟️ Promotes job creation, social security coverage, and formal workforce expansion.

First-time Employees: Incentive of up to ₹15,000.
♟️ Employers: Incentive of up to ₹3,000 per month for every additional employee hired.

♟️ Boosts formal employment and EPFO enrolment.
♟️ Encourages industries to create new jobs.
♟️ Strengthens social security coverage for workers.
♟️ Supports the vision of Viksit Bharat through employment-led growth.

*🛡️Important Conferences Related to Environment*

♟️Ramsar Convention - 1971
♟️Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - 1973
♟️Montreal Protocol - 1987
♟️Vienna Convention - 1988
♟️Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - 1992
♟️United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - 1992
♟️Basel Convention - 1989
♟️Rio Summit - 1992
♟️Stockholm Convention - 2001
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - 2000
♟️UN-REDD - 2008
♟️Nagoya Protocol - 2010
♟️Minamata Convention - 2013
♟️United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - 1994
♟️Kyoto Protocol - 1997
♟️Rotterdam Convention - 1998

🛡️ *Classification of Solar Flares*

Solar flares are classified based on their peak brightness in X-ray wavelengths into five categories:-

♟️ *X-class* The most powerful flares, capable of causing
significant radio blackouts and radiation storms.
♟️ *M-class* Medium-sized flares that can cause brief radio blackouts, mainly affecting polar regions.
♟️ *C-class* Minor flares with minimal impact on Earth.
♟️ *B-class* Weaker than C-class flares.
♟️ *A-class* The weakest flares, with negligible effects

*🪄Correct order to river from North to South*

*⚠️Trick:-* " I am JhaCass Respected BosS "

♟️I : Indus
♟️J : Jehlum
♟️C : Chenab
♟️R : Ravi
♟️B : Beas
♟️S : Satluj

*🛡️HIGHEST MANGROVE cover with States/ UT🇮🇳*

♟️1. West Bengal
♟️2. Gujarat
♟️3. A and N
♟️4. Andhra Pradesh
♟️5. Maharashtra

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