UPSC IAS INTERVIEW Preparation

Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz

⛰️ Hill Ranges of India

• ✅ Aravalli Hills – Found in Alwar and Sirohi districts of Rajasthan.

• ✅ Vindhya Hills – Spread across Rewa and Satna in Madhya Pradesh.

• ✅ Satpura Hills – Seen in Betul and Pachmarhi (Madhya Pradesh).

• ✅ Eastern Ghats – Prominent in Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) and Koraput (Odisha).

• ✅ Western Ghats – Stretch through Wayanad and Idukki (Kerala).

• ✅ Nilgiri Hills – Located mainly in The Nilgiris district (Tamil Nadu).

• ✅ Anamalai Hills – Spread across Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) and Palakkad (Kerala).

• ✅ Cardamom Hills – Found in Idukki (Kerala) and Theni (Tamil Nadu).

• ✅ Shevaroy Hills – Located in Salem district (Tamil Nadu).

• ✅ Palani Hills – Found in Dindigul district (Tamil Nadu).

• ✅ Biligiriranga Hills (BR Hills) – Located in Chamarajanagar (Karnataka).

• ✅ Mahadeo Hills – Present in Chhindwara and Seoni (Madhya Pradesh).

• ✅ Rajmahal Hills – Located in Sahibganj district (Jharkhand).

• ✅ Parasnath Hills – Found in Giridih district (Jharkhand).

• ✅ Ajanta Hills – Located in Aurangabad district (Maharashtra).

• ✅ Ellora Hills – Also in Aurangabad district (Maharashtra).

• ✅ Shiwalik Hills – Spread across Dehradun (Uttarakhand) and Solan (Himachal Pradesh).

• ✅ Dhauladhar Range – Found in Kangra district (Himachal Pradesh).

• ✅ Pir Panjal Range – Seen in Poonch and Baramulla (Jammu & Kashmir).

• ✅ Zabarwan Range – Located near Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir).

• ✅ Kaimur Hills – Spread across Rohtas (Bihar) and Sonbhadra (Uttar Pradesh).

• ✅ Nallamala Hills – Found in Kurnool and Nandyal (Andhra Pradesh).

• ✅ Mikir Hills – Located in Karbi Anglong district (Assam).

• ✅ Jampui Hills – Present in North Tripura district (Tripura).

• ✅ Lushai Hills – Found in Aizawl district (Mizoram).
🇮🇳 ⛰️ 🏞️ ✅ 📍

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UPSC IAS INTERVIEW Preparation

Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz

✔️

Communalism, Secularism & Regionalism – Key Data & Facts

📍

Religious Demographics (Census 2011)

✅

Composition:
▪ Hindus – 79.8%
▪ Muslims – 14.2%
▪ Christians – 2.3%
▪ Sikhs – 1.7%
▪ Buddhists – 0.7%
▪ Jains – 0.4%

✅

Linguistic Diversity:
▪ 22 Scheduled Languages + thousands of dialects
▪ Overlaps with religious & regional identities

📍

Communal & Ethnic Conflict

✅

Communal Riots (2024):
▪ 59 riots, an 84% increase from 32 (2023)
▪ Religious festivals & processions major triggers (CSSS Report, Jan 2025)

✅

Fatalities (2024):
▪ 13 deaths → 10 Muslims, 3 Hindus

✅

Ethnic Conflict – Manipur (2023–Present):
▪ Meitei vs Kuki-Zo conflict
▪ 250+ deaths
▪ 60,000+ displaced

✅

Crimes under SC/ST Act (2022):
▪ 67,000+ cases registered (NCRB 2022)
▪ Indicates persistence of caste-based violence

📍

Regional Disparity

✅

North–South Economic Divide:
▪ Southern states contribute higher taxes
▪ Receive comparatively lower fiscal transfers
▪ Creates friction in fiscal federalism

✅

GSDP Performance (2023–24):
▪ Goa, Sikkim, Haryana – Per capita income 1.7× national average
▪ Bihar, Uttar Pradesh – Significantly below average (EAC-PM Report)

📍

Inter-Community Social Relations

✅

Inter-religious Marriages:
▪ Very low – ~2.1%
▪ Anti-conversion law debates reflect resistance

✅

Inter-caste Marriages:
▪ Higher than inter-religious
▪ 5.8% (NFHS-5, 2021)

#UPSCSociety

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UPSC IAS INTERVIEW Preparation

Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz

✔️

Evolution of Early Societies: Paleolithic to Chalcolithic

📍

Paleolithic Age (c. 2 Million BCE – 10,000 BCE)
✅ Society was nomadic and dependent on hunting & gathering.
✅ Lived in small egalitarian groups; no private property or social hierarchy.
✅ Tools made of quartzite; crude and unpolished.
✅ Lower Paleolithic – Hand axes & choppers.
✅ Middle Paleolithic – Flake tools.
✅ Upper Paleolithic – Bone tools and sharper blades.
✅ Sites found mainly in rock shelters and river valleys.

📍

Mesolithic Age (c. 10,000 BCE – 6,000 BCE)
✅ Climate became warmer after the Ice Age.
✅ Development of microliths (small stone tools).
✅ Beginning of animal domestication.
✅ Evidence from Bagor (Rajasthan) and Adamgarh (MP).

📍

Neolithic Age (c. 6,000 BCE – 1,000 BCE)
✅ Marked the Agricultural Revolution.
✅ Shift from nomadic to settled life.
✅ Agriculture (wheat, barley) and animal husbandry expanded.

✅

Mehrgarh – Earliest evidence of agriculture and cotton.

✅

Burzahom – Famous for pit dwellings and dog burials.
✅ Polished stone tools and pottery emerged.
✅ Rise of village settlements and early leadership.

📍

Chalcolithic Age (c. 3,000 BCE – 500 BCE)
✅ Transition from stone tools to copper-stone tools.
✅ Predominantly rural farming communities.
✅ Major cultures:

✅

Ahar-Banas (Rajasthan)

✅

Malwa (Madhya Pradesh)

✅

Jorwe (Maharashtra)
✅ Known for Black-and-Red Ware Pottery.
✅ Evidence of social stratification from burials.
✅ Sites like Inamgaon and Daimabad show emerging class divisions.
✅ Laid the foundation for the rise of the Harappan Civilization.

📍

Quick Revision
✅ Paleolithic → Hunting & Gathering
✅ Mesolithic → Microliths & Animal Domestication
✅ Neolithic → Agriculture & Settled Life
✅ Chalcolithic → Copper + Stone Tools & Regional Cultures

#UPSC_HISTORY

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UPSC IAS INTERVIEW Preparation

Forwarded from Sunya IAS Short Notes

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UPSC IAS INTERVIEW Preparation

Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz

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UPSC IAS INTERVIEW Preparation

Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz

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UPSC IAS INTERVIEW Preparation

Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz

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UPSC IAS INTERVIEW Preparation

Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz

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UPSC IAS INTERVIEW Preparation

Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz via @Qualitycreatebot

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UPSC IAS INTERVIEW Preparation

Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz

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UPSC IAS INTERVIEW Preparation

Forwarded from Sunya IAS Short Notes

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UPSC IAS INTERVIEW Preparation

Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz