UPSC IAS INTERVIEW Preparation
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UPSC INTERVIEW

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Forwarded from Sunya IAS Short Notes
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⛰️ Hill Ranges of India

Aravalli Hills – Found in Alwar and Sirohi districts of Rajasthan.

Vindhya Hills – Spread across Rewa and Satna in Madhya Pradesh.

Satpura Hills – Seen in Betul and Pachmarhi (Madhya Pradesh).

Eastern Ghats – Prominent in Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) and Koraput (Odisha).

Western Ghats – Stretch through Wayanad and Idukki (Kerala).

Nilgiri Hills – Located mainly in The Nilgiris district (Tamil Nadu).

Anamalai Hills – Spread across Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) and Palakkad (Kerala).

Cardamom Hills – Found in Idukki (Kerala) and Theni (Tamil Nadu).

Shevaroy Hills – Located in Salem district (Tamil Nadu).

Palani Hills – Found in Dindigul district (Tamil Nadu).

Biligiriranga Hills (BR Hills) – Located in Chamarajanagar (Karnataka).

Mahadeo Hills – Present in Chhindwara and Seoni (Madhya Pradesh).

Rajmahal Hills – Located in Sahibganj district (Jharkhand).

Parasnath Hills – Found in Giridih district (Jharkhand).

Ajanta Hills – Located in Aurangabad district (Maharashtra).

Ellora Hills – Also in Aurangabad district (Maharashtra).

Shiwalik Hills – Spread across Dehradun (Uttarakhand) and Solan (Himachal Pradesh).

Dhauladhar Range – Found in Kangra district (Himachal Pradesh).

Pir Panjal Range – Seen in Poonch and Baramulla (Jammu & Kashmir).

Zabarwan Range – Located near Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir).

Kaimur Hills – Spread across Rohtas (Bihar) and Sonbhadra (Uttar Pradesh).

Nallamala Hills – Found in Kurnool and Nandyal (Andhra Pradesh).

Mikir Hills – Located in Karbi Anglong district (Assam).

Jampui Hills – Present in North Tripura district (Tripura).

Lushai Hills – Found in Aizawl district (Mizoram).
🇮🇳 ⛰️ 🏞️ 📍
✔️✔️ Communalism, Secularism & Regionalism – Key Data & Facts

📍 Religious Demographics (Census 2011)
Composition:
Hindus – 79.8%
Muslims – 14.2%
Christians – 2.3%
Sikhs – 1.7%
Buddhists – 0.7%
Jains – 0.4%
Linguistic Diversity:
22 Scheduled Languages + thousands of dialects
Overlaps with religious & regional identities

📍 Communal & Ethnic Conflict
Communal Riots (2024):
59 riots, an 84% increase from 32 (2023)
Religious festivals & processions major triggers (CSSS Report, Jan 2025)
Fatalities (2024):
13 deaths10 Muslims, 3 Hindus
Ethnic Conflict – Manipur (2023–Present):
Meitei vs Kuki-Zo conflict
250+ deaths
60,000+ displaced
Crimes under SC/ST Act (2022):
67,000+ cases registered (NCRB 2022)
Indicates persistence of caste-based violence

📍 Regional Disparity
North–South Economic Divide:
Southern states contribute higher taxes
Receive comparatively lower fiscal transfers
Creates friction in fiscal federalism
GSDP Performance (2023–24):
Goa, Sikkim, Haryana – Per capita income 1.7× national average
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh – Significantly below average (EAC-PM Report)

📍 Inter-Community Social Relations
Inter-religious Marriages:
Very low – ~2.1%
Anti-conversion law debates reflect resistance
Inter-caste Marriages:
Higher than inter-religious
5.8% (NFHS-5, 2021)

#UPSCSociety
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✔️✔️ Evolution of Early Societies: Paleolithic to Chalcolithic

📍 Paleolithic Age (c. 2 Million BCE – 10,000 BCE)
Society was nomadic and dependent on hunting & gathering.
Lived in small egalitarian groups; no private property or social hierarchy.
Tools made of quartzite; crude and unpolished.
Lower Paleolithic – Hand axes & choppers.
Middle Paleolithic – Flake tools.
Upper Paleolithic – Bone tools and sharper blades.
Sites found mainly in rock shelters and river valleys.

📍 Mesolithic Age (c. 10,000 BCE – 6,000 BCE)
Climate became warmer after the Ice Age.
Development of microliths (small stone tools).
Beginning of animal domestication.
Evidence from Bagor (Rajasthan) and Adamgarh (MP).

📍 Neolithic Age (c. 6,000 BCE – 1,000 BCE)
Marked the Agricultural Revolution.
Shift from nomadic to settled life.
Agriculture (wheat, barley) and animal husbandry expanded.
Mehrgarh – Earliest evidence of agriculture and cotton.
Burzahom – Famous for pit dwellings and dog burials.
Polished stone tools and pottery emerged.
Rise of village settlements and early leadership.

📍 Chalcolithic Age (c. 3,000 BCE – 500 BCE)
Transition from stone tools to copper-stone tools.
Predominantly rural farming communities.
Major cultures:
Ahar-Banas (Rajasthan)
Malwa (Madhya Pradesh)
Jorwe (Maharashtra)
Known for Black-and-Red Ware Pottery.
Evidence of social stratification from burials.
Sites like Inamgaon and Daimabad show emerging class divisions.
Laid the foundation for the rise of the Harappan Civilization.

📍 Quick Revision
Paleolithic → Hunting & Gathering
Mesolithic → Microliths & Animal Domestication
Neolithic → Agriculture & Settled Life
Chalcolithic → Copper + Stone Tools & Regional Cultures

#UPSC_HISTORY
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Forwarded from Sunya IAS Short Notes
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