#FreshWater Lake Chad is in the Sahel region of Africa. lake has shrunk nearly 90% over the last 60 years.
Countries surround it are Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon.
Chari River provides 90% of the lake’s water with the help of its tributary the Logone. Despite high levels of evaporation, the lake is freshwater.
Lake Chad is a World Heritage and Ramsar sites as well as wetlands of international conservation importance. The United Nations has termed the Lake Chad crisis as “one of the worst in the world” @UPSCPRELIMSZone
Countries surround it are Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon.
Chari River provides 90% of the lake’s water with the help of its tributary the Logone. Despite high levels of evaporation, the lake is freshwater.
Lake Chad is a World Heritage and Ramsar sites as well as wetlands of international conservation importance. The United Nations has termed the Lake Chad crisis as “one of the worst in the world” @UPSCPRELIMSZone
❤1
◻️ Cyanobacteria help farmers by increasing the fertility of the soil.
They are the group of photosynthetic organisms which can easily survive on bare minimum requirement of light, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
◻️ They fulfill their own nitrogen requirement by nitrogen fixation and produce bioactive compounds, which promote the crop growth/protect them from pathogens and improve the soil nutrient status, hence improving the soil fertility.
They are the group of photosynthetic organisms which can easily survive on bare minimum requirement of light, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
◻️ They fulfill their own nitrogen requirement by nitrogen fixation and produce bioactive compounds, which promote the crop growth/protect them from pathogens and improve the soil nutrient status, hence improving the soil fertility.
▪️Ad Hoc judges :
□ Article 224A of the Constitution allows the Chief Justice of a High Court to appoint a person who has been a judge earlier to sit as a judge of the court with the previous consent of the President.
□ The person acting as a judge as per the provisions of Article 224A, will have all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of the judge of a High Court. However, he/she will not be deemed to be a judge of that High Court. @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
□ SC barred ad-hoc appointees from performing any other legal work – advisory, arbitration, or appearing in court for clients.
□ SC also stated that ad-hoc appointments cannot be a substitute for regular vacancies.
□ Article 224A of the Constitution allows the Chief Justice of a High Court to appoint a person who has been a judge earlier to sit as a judge of the court with the previous consent of the President.
□ The person acting as a judge as per the provisions of Article 224A, will have all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of the judge of a High Court. However, he/she will not be deemed to be a judge of that High Court. @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
□ SC barred ad-hoc appointees from performing any other legal work – advisory, arbitration, or appearing in court for clients.
□ SC also stated that ad-hoc appointments cannot be a substitute for regular vacancies.
📌 AT-1 bonds (Additional tier 1 bonds) are :
🔸️ Perpetual bonds [ No fixed maturity tenure ] have fixed Interest rate (But interest rate is usually set high, because AT-1 bonds are very risky)
🔸️ Unsecured bonds : Not backed by any mortgage/physical asset or source of revenue are listed on exchange Issued to fulfil (capital adequacy Ratiol under basel 3 Norms. @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
🔸️ AT-1 bonds can be written down, if common Equity tier-1 capital of bank falls below 5.5% of Risk weighted assets
🔸️ Perpetual bonds [ No fixed maturity tenure ] have fixed Interest rate (But interest rate is usually set high, because AT-1 bonds are very risky)
🔸️ Unsecured bonds : Not backed by any mortgage/physical asset or source of revenue are listed on exchange Issued to fulfil (capital adequacy Ratiol under basel 3 Norms. @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
🔸️ AT-1 bonds can be written down, if common Equity tier-1 capital of bank falls below 5.5% of Risk weighted assets
Basai Wetland
• Located in Gurugram district in Haryana, is a flora and fauna rich water body.
• Recognised as one of India's Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas.
• Basai wetland is recognised globally as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by the BirdLife International.
• Species: White ramped vulture, red head vulture present in the wetland were listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN red list. @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
• Located in Gurugram district in Haryana, is a flora and fauna rich water body.
• Recognised as one of India's Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas.
• Basai wetland is recognised globally as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by the BirdLife International.
• Species: White ramped vulture, red head vulture present in the wetland were listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN red list. @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain (England and Scotland), Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
Strait of Dover is the strait at the narrowest part of the English Channel, marking the boundary between the Channel and North Sea, separating Great Britain from continental Europe. @UPSCPRELIMSZONE
Tripitaka: consists of three books :-
1. #Sutta Pitaka contains the Buddha’s discourses on various doctrinal issues in dialogue form.
2. #Vinaya Pitaka has rules monks and nuns of the sangha (monastic order).
3. #Abhidhamma Pitaka is later work, and contains a thorough study and systemization of the teachings of the Sutta Pitaka.
◼️Three Pitakas are divided into books known as the #Nikayas.
For instance, the Sutta Pitaka consists of five Nikayas— the Digha, Majjhima, Samyutta, Anguttara, and Khuddaka Nikayas.
1. #Sutta Pitaka contains the Buddha’s discourses on various doctrinal issues in dialogue form.
2. #Vinaya Pitaka has rules monks and nuns of the sangha (monastic order).
3. #Abhidhamma Pitaka is later work, and contains a thorough study and systemization of the teachings of the Sutta Pitaka.
◼️Three Pitakas are divided into books known as the #Nikayas.
For instance, the Sutta Pitaka consists of five Nikayas— the Digha, Majjhima, Samyutta, Anguttara, and Khuddaka Nikayas.
PURANAS means ‘old’, composed by Vyasa.
There are 18 Mahapuranas (great Puranas), and many more Upapuranas (secondary Puranas).
18 Mahapuranas includes the Vishnu, Narada, Bhagavata, Garuda, Padma, Varaha, Matsya, Kurma, Linga, Shiva, Skanda, Agni, Brahmanda, Brahmavaivarta, Markandeya, Bhavishya, Vamana, and Brahma.
The origins of the Puranas may have overlapped to some extent with the Vedas, but their composition stretched forward into the 4th– 5th centuries CE, and in some cases, even later.
Puranas are supposed to have 5 characteristics (pancha-lakshanas), i.e
1. Creation of the world (sarga);
2. Re-creation (pratisarga);
3. The periods of the various Manus ;
4.The genealogies of gods & rishis &
5. Royal dynasties, including the Suryavamshi and Chandravamshi kings, whose origin is traced to the sun and the moon.
There are 18 Mahapuranas (great Puranas), and many more Upapuranas (secondary Puranas).
18 Mahapuranas includes the Vishnu, Narada, Bhagavata, Garuda, Padma, Varaha, Matsya, Kurma, Linga, Shiva, Skanda, Agni, Brahmanda, Brahmavaivarta, Markandeya, Bhavishya, Vamana, and Brahma.
The origins of the Puranas may have overlapped to some extent with the Vedas, but their composition stretched forward into the 4th– 5th centuries CE, and in some cases, even later.
Puranas are supposed to have 5 characteristics (pancha-lakshanas), i.e
1. Creation of the world (sarga);
2. Re-creation (pratisarga);
3. The periods of the various Manus ;
4.The genealogies of gods & rishis &
5. Royal dynasties, including the Suryavamshi and Chandravamshi kings, whose origin is traced to the sun and the moon.
👍2
Private Member's Bills : A Member of Parliament (MP) who is not a Minister in the Union Cabinet is called a Private Member. Bills introduced by such members are called Private Member's Bills. Private Member Bill (PMB) is same as that of a Government Bill. These bills can deal with any issue and can also be a Constitutional Amendment Bill. It can be introduced in either the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha
#Shell_companies are corporate entities which do not have any active business or significant assets in their possession. These companies remain legally registered (but merely on paper), without actually producing goods and services. They are mainly set up for the purposes of tax evasion and money laundering.
Bonn Convention: The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, also known as the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) or the Bonn Convention, is an international agreement that aims to conserve migratory species within their migratory ranges. India is a signatory to this Convention.