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Types of peatland
“Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy”. Comment. [10 Marks] [2023]


Write this question....✍️
UN Convention to Combat
Desertification:

UNCCD is one of the three Rio
Conventions

1994/ 1996: Legally binding
agreement
Secretariat: Bonn, Germany
Members: 196 countries and the
European Union

Goals
Protecting and restoring land
Mitigating the impact of land

degradation
Providing food, water, shelter,
and economic opportunity to
all people
UPSC GoalAchievers mains mentor pinned «UN Convention to Combat Desertification: ● UNCCD is one of the three Rio Conventions 1994/ 1996: Legally binding agreement ● Secretariat: Bonn, Germany ● Members: 196 countries and the European Union ● Goals Protecting and restoring land Mitigating the…»
🔥Preamble🔥

♦️Is Preamble a part of Constitution?

YES (but it is not a source or limitation of power to legislature and it is non-justiciable)

🛑Related Cases🛑

♦️Berubari Union case, 1960not a part
♦️Kesavananda Bharti case, 1973 –is a part
♦️LIC of India case, 1995 –Integral part of the constitution

♦️IS PREAMBLE AMENDABLE?

Kesavananda Bharati case, 1973 Preamble can be amended under Article 368, subject to the condition that no amendment is done to the ‘basic features’.

42nd Constitutional Amendment, 1976( added Socialist, Secular and integrity)

Amended only once so far
Forwarded from divya
The Baltic Sea connects to the Atlantic Ocean through which straits?
Anonymous Quiz
22%
Strait of Hormuz
67%
Danish Straits
11%
Strait of Gibraltar
0%
Malacca Strait
Lothal:

Historical Significance: one of Southernmost Indus Valley Civilization site, built around 2200 BCE, known for its advanced trade and bead-making industry.

Unique Features:Home to the world’s earliest known dockyard, linking it to ancient trade routes.

Discovery :Excavated between 1955-1960 by SR Rao; marine microfossils confirmed its dockyard purpose.

Heritage Status:Nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014; remains on the tentative list.

Modern Development:The National Maritime Heritage Complex (Rs. 3,500 crore project) recreates Harappan architecture and showcases India’s maritime legacy.
Sanchi Stupa :

🔸Historical Significance: Commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE and later expanded by Shunga and Satavahana rulers.

Architectural Features:

Large hemispherical dome (Anda) symbolizing the universe.

Chatras (umbrella structures) on top, signifying royalty and divine protection.

Harmika (balcony) atop the dome representing the abode of the gods.

Medhi stores relics and serves as the base of the stupa..

Toranas: Four elaborately carved gates depicting Buddha’s life events and Jataka tales, pointing to four cardinal directions.

Vedica: Railings enclosing the stupa for sacred protection.

Paradakshinapatha: Pathways for circumambulation by devotees.

Symbolism: Early Buddhist aniconism; Buddha represented through symbols like footprints, wheels, or empty thrones rather than direct depictions.

Inscriptions: Includes Ashokan Lion Capital and inscriptions in Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts.

UNESCO Status: Declared a World Heritage Site in 1989.
Ramsar Wetlands
VISION IAS Prelims 2025 Test 9 With Solution in English .pdf
4 MB
Vision IAS prelims test -9 polity

... solve tomorrow at 9 am
Forwarded from divya
How many of the following statements about Ratapani Tiger Reserve is/are correct?

1. It is located in Madhya Pradesh. 2. The reserve includes Bhimbetka rock shelters, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 3. The reserve features tropical evergreen forests.
Anonymous Quiz
0%
Only one
71%
Only two
29%
All three
0%
None
Karez system

for groundwater extraction.
This system uses underground shafts and sloping tunnels to bring water from an upland aquifer to the surface. It is eco-friendly, relying on gravity instead of fuel-powered machines.
Used during Bahmani kingdom