|| PRELIMS2020 ||
Science & Technology
GRAVITATIONAL LENSING:
> It occurs when a huge amount of matter such as a massive galaxy creates a gravitational field that distorts and magnifies the light from objects behind it.
> Based on Einstein theory of relativity.
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Science & Technology
GRAVITATIONAL LENSING:
> It occurs when a huge amount of matter such as a massive galaxy creates a gravitational field that distorts and magnifies the light from objects behind it.
> Based on Einstein theory of relativity.
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|| Prelims 2020 ||
IMPORTANT JUDGEMENTS!
> Right to Internet: F.R. (Article 19(1)(a)).
> Right to Live-In Relationships: F.R. (Article 21).
> Right to information/ Right to Know: F.R. (Article 19 and 21)
> Right to own private property is a Human Right.
> Right to reservation is not a Fundamental right.
> Right to Health (yet to be declared as fundamental right).
> The Court has held that although the right to vote is only a constitutional right (Article 326), the freedom of voting falls under the ambit of ‘expression’ under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.
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IMPORTANT JUDGEMENTS!
> Right to Internet: F.R. (Article 19(1)(a)).
> Right to Live-In Relationships: F.R. (Article 21).
> Right to information/ Right to Know: F.R. (Article 19 and 21)
> Right to own private property is a Human Right.
> Right to reservation is not a Fundamental right.
> Right to Health (yet to be declared as fundamental right).
> The Court has held that although the right to vote is only a constitutional right (Article 326), the freedom of voting falls under the ambit of ‘expression’ under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.
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|| Prelims 2020 ||
Cyclones in News:
> Arabian sea:
1) Vayu
2) Hikka
3) Kyarr
4) Maha
5) Pavan
6) Nisarga
> Bay of Bengal:
1) Fani
2) Bulbul
3) Amphan
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Cyclones in News:
> Arabian sea:
1) Vayu
2) Hikka
3) Kyarr
4) Maha
5) Pavan
6) Nisarga
> Bay of Bengal:
1) Fani
2) Bulbul
3) Amphan
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|| Prelims 2020 ||
Natural world heritage sites in INDIA.
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Natural world heritage sites in INDIA.
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|| Prelims 2020 ||
CLASSICAL LANGUAGES
1. Tamil (since 2004)
2. Sanskrit (since 2005)
3. Telugu (since 2008)
4. Kannada (Since 2008)
5. Malayalam (since 2013)
6. Odiya (since 2014)
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CLASSICAL LANGUAGES
1. Tamil (since 2004)
2. Sanskrit (since 2005)
3. Telugu (since 2008)
4. Kannada (Since 2008)
5. Malayalam (since 2013)
6. Odiya (since 2014)
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|| Prelims 2020 ||
>> Escape Clause: under the FRBM Act.
Under Section 4(2) of the Act, the Centre can exceed the annual fiscal deficit target citing certain grounds:
>National security, war
>National calamity
>Collapse of agriculture
>Structural reforms
>Decline in real output growth of a quarter by at least three percentage points below the average of the previous four quarters.
Very Important, in wake of Covid-19!
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>> Escape Clause: under the FRBM Act.
Under Section 4(2) of the Act, the Centre can exceed the annual fiscal deficit target citing certain grounds:
>National security, war
>National calamity
>Collapse of agriculture
>Structural reforms
>Decline in real output growth of a quarter by at least three percentage points below the average of the previous four quarters.
Very Important, in wake of Covid-19!
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|| Prelims 2020 ||
Join >>>>>> @UPSCFIX
GROUPS in which INDIA is a member:
1. ASEM : Asia europe meeting summit, 51 countries, ASEAN + EU.
2. BBIN : Bangaldesh, Bhutan, Nepal.
3. BCIM : Bangladesh, China, Myanmar.
4. SASEC : BBIN + Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka.
5. BIMSTEC : BBIN + Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka.
6. BRICS : Brazil, Russia, China South Africa.
7. Commonwealth of nations : Rwanda and Mozambique also members but were not colonies.
8. East Asia Summit : ASEAN + China, Japan, S korea, Russia, NZ, AUS, USA.
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9. G4 : Brazil, Germany, Japan.
10. G20 : EU, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, USA, Canada, Russia, China, Indonesia, Japan, S. korea, Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Turkey, UK, Saudi, South Africa.
11. IBSA : brazil, south africa.
12. IORA : S africa, mozambique, tanzania, kenya, madagascar, comoros, mauritius, seychelles, somalia, iran, oman, uae, yemen, sri- lanka, bangladesh, thailand, malaysia, indonesia, singapore, australia.
13. Mekong Ganga : thailand, myanmar, cambodia, laos, vietnam
14. RCEP : ASEAN + china, japan, S.korea, Australia, NZ.
15. SAARC : BBIN + Afghanistan, Pak, SL, maldives. Observers are china, japan, S.korea, Myanmar, Australia, USA, EU, Iran.
16. SCO : Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, China, Russia, Pakistan. Remember no Turkmenistan in this.
17. Colombo process.
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Join >>>>>> @UPSCFIX
GROUPS in which INDIA is a member:
1. ASEM : Asia europe meeting summit, 51 countries, ASEAN + EU.
2. BBIN : Bangaldesh, Bhutan, Nepal.
3. BCIM : Bangladesh, China, Myanmar.
4. SASEC : BBIN + Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka.
5. BIMSTEC : BBIN + Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka.
6. BRICS : Brazil, Russia, China South Africa.
7. Commonwealth of nations : Rwanda and Mozambique also members but were not colonies.
8. East Asia Summit : ASEAN + China, Japan, S korea, Russia, NZ, AUS, USA.
Join >>>>>>>> @UPSCFIX
9. G4 : Brazil, Germany, Japan.
10. G20 : EU, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, USA, Canada, Russia, China, Indonesia, Japan, S. korea, Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Turkey, UK, Saudi, South Africa.
11. IBSA : brazil, south africa.
12. IORA : S africa, mozambique, tanzania, kenya, madagascar, comoros, mauritius, seychelles, somalia, iran, oman, uae, yemen, sri- lanka, bangladesh, thailand, malaysia, indonesia, singapore, australia.
13. Mekong Ganga : thailand, myanmar, cambodia, laos, vietnam
14. RCEP : ASEAN + china, japan, S.korea, Australia, NZ.
15. SAARC : BBIN + Afghanistan, Pak, SL, maldives. Observers are china, japan, S.korea, Myanmar, Australia, USA, EU, Iran.
16. SCO : Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, China, Russia, Pakistan. Remember no Turkmenistan in this.
17. Colombo process.
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|| Prelims 2020 ||
#Modern History:
>>>>>>>> Join: @UPSCFIX
Round table conferences:
> 1st RTC:
- Jayakar, Sapru, Srinivas shastri, Jinnah, Ambedkar attended it, congress skipped.
- under Irwin.
- Indian princes agreed for a federation with a weak responsible central govt.
> 2nd RTC:
- Gandhiji, Md. Iqbal, Ambedkar, sapru, G.D. birla, Sarojini naidu, Malviya attended it.
- Recommended composition of indian federation, structure of federal judiciary, mode of accession of the states, distribution of financial resources.
- It was agreed that responsible government would be established immediately, both at centre and provinces, with complete control over finance, army, defence and external relations. However, communal issues spoiled the meeting.
- Ambedkar demanded a separate electorate for depressed class and gandhiji opposed it.
> 3rd RTC:
- Congress boycotted it, sapru and ambedkar attended.
Discussions culminated into GOI act 1935.
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#Modern History:
>>>>>>>> Join: @UPSCFIX
Round table conferences:
> 1st RTC:
- Jayakar, Sapru, Srinivas shastri, Jinnah, Ambedkar attended it, congress skipped.
- under Irwin.
- Indian princes agreed for a federation with a weak responsible central govt.
> 2nd RTC:
- Gandhiji, Md. Iqbal, Ambedkar, sapru, G.D. birla, Sarojini naidu, Malviya attended it.
- Recommended composition of indian federation, structure of federal judiciary, mode of accession of the states, distribution of financial resources.
- It was agreed that responsible government would be established immediately, both at centre and provinces, with complete control over finance, army, defence and external relations. However, communal issues spoiled the meeting.
- Ambedkar demanded a separate electorate for depressed class and gandhiji opposed it.
> 3rd RTC:
- Congress boycotted it, sapru and ambedkar attended.
Discussions culminated into GOI act 1935.
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|| Prelims 2020 ||
#Modern History.
>>>>> Join: @UPSCFIX <<<<<
Caste Movements:
1. Satya shodhak samaj - Jyotiba Phule.
2. Aravippuram movement and Shri Narayan Dharma Paripalan Yogam - Narayan Guru.
3. Depressed class mission society - VR shinde.
4. Bahujan samaj - Mukundarao patil.
5. Justice (Party) Movement - Mudaliar, Nair, Tyagaraj, Chetti.
6. Depressed class welfare institute - ambedkar.
7. Self respect movement - EVR naicker periyar.
8. Harijan sevak sangh - Gandhiji.
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#Modern History.
>>>>> Join: @UPSCFIX <<<<<
Caste Movements:
1. Satya shodhak samaj - Jyotiba Phule.
2. Aravippuram movement and Shri Narayan Dharma Paripalan Yogam - Narayan Guru.
3. Depressed class mission society - VR shinde.
4. Bahujan samaj - Mukundarao patil.
5. Justice (Party) Movement - Mudaliar, Nair, Tyagaraj, Chetti.
6. Depressed class welfare institute - ambedkar.
7. Self respect movement - EVR naicker periyar.
8. Harijan sevak sangh - Gandhiji.
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#Modern History.
>>>>>> Join @UPSCFIX <<<<<<
Very Important
Newspaper/Journals/Books:
1. Kudiarasu - EVR Periyar
2. Socialist - SA Dange
3. Bandi Jivan - Sachin Sanyal
4. Pakthun - Khan abdul gaffar khan
5. Nil darpan - Dinbandhu mitra
6. Sanjivini - KK mitra
7. Dawn - Satishchandra Mukherji
8. New India - Bipin Chanda Pal
9. Bande mataram - bikaji cama
10. mitramela - savarkar brothers
11. punjabi - Lala lajpat rai
12. Sandya - brahmobandab upadhyaya
13. yugantar - bk ghosh and bn dutta
14. gora, ghare baire - RN tagore
15. Bharat mata - ajit singh
16. al hilal - abul kalam azad
17. indian opinion, young india, harijan, conquest of self, hind swarajya - Gandhiji
18. Free hindustan - tarakanath das
19. kesari - BG tilak
20. banga darshan, anandamath (Sanyasi rebellion) - bankim chandra chatterjee
21. indian mirror - DN tagore
22. poverty and unbritish rule of india, rast goftar - dadabhai naoroji
23. economic history of india - rc dutta
24. essays on indian economy - mg ranade
25. the nations voice - c raja gopalachari
26. india and the world - Jl nehru
27. sceptred flute - sarojini naidu
28. Ghulam giri - Jyotiba phule
29. Dinabandhu - NM lokhande
30. sudharak - GG agarkar
31. bombay chronicle - feroz shah mehta
32. servants of india - srinivas shastri
33. satapatra - GH deshmukh
34. new lamps for old, bande mataram - aurobindo ghosh
35. bengal gazette - james augustus hickey
36. bengali gazette - harish chandra ray
37. amrit bazar patrika - sisir kumar ghosh and motilal ghosh
38. som prakash - ic vidyasagar
39. hindustan - mm malviya
40. mooknayak - ambedkar
41. prabhudha bharat, udbodhana - swami vivekanand.
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|| Prelims 2020 ||
>>>>>> Join @UPSCFIX <<<<<<
Types of Moon:
> Supermoon - Moon nearer to Earth( Perigee).
> Red/Blood moon - Occurs during total lunar eclipse.
> Blue moon - 2nd full moon in a calendar month.
> Black moon - 2nd New moon in a calendar month.
> Wolf/Snow/Old moon - First moon in January.
> Harvest moon - First Full moon in autumn season.
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>>>>>> Join @UPSCFIX <<<<<<
Types of Moon:
> Supermoon - Moon nearer to Earth( Perigee).
> Red/Blood moon - Occurs during total lunar eclipse.
> Blue moon - 2nd full moon in a calendar month.
> Black moon - 2nd New moon in a calendar month.
> Wolf/Snow/Old moon - First moon in January.
> Harvest moon - First Full moon in autumn season.
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👆For Mains - 2022 Aspirants👆
Now...take a Chill Pill...!!!
👉 Revise your last minute notes and Relax!!!
Join: @UPSCFIX
Now...take a Chill Pill...!!!
👉 Revise your last minute notes and Relax!!!
Join: @UPSCFIX
|| Prelims 2020 ||
>>>>>>>Join: @UPSCFIX <<<<<<
Important Environmental Conventions:
>> United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
(UNCCD):
Year 1994.
Objectives: To combat desertification and mitigate (decline or decrease) the
effects of drought through national action programs.
Legally binding
India for the first time hosted the 14th session of the Conference of Parties (COP-14) of the (UNCCD)
The theme of the Conference was "Restore land, Sustain future“.
>> Bonn Convention:
Name: Bonn Convention
Members 129
Objectives: Conserve migratory species within their migratory ranges.
Not legally binding
>> Ramsar Convention:
Year 1975
Objectives: Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands
Not legally binding
Important Points It is the first and only global treaty for the conservation of a particular ecosystem.
10 new sites of india..in news
>> Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
Year 1985
Objectives: Providing frameworks for international reductions in the production of chlorofluorocarbons.
Not legally binding
>> Montreal Protocol:
Year 1987
Objectives: To protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.
Legally binding
Important Points Kigali agreement (2016) is an amendment to Montreal
Protocol. Kigali Amendment is effective from 2019.
>> Minimata Convention:
Minimata Convention on Mercury under UNEP
Year 2013
Objectives: Designed to protect human health and the environment from mercury and mercury compounds.
Legally binding
Important Points The Convention is named after the Japanese city Minamata.
>> Stockholm Convention: on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Year 2001
Objectives: It aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
Legally binding
Important Points The Global Environmental Facility (GEF) is the designated interim financial mechanism for the Stockholm Convention.
>> Rotterdam Conventions:
Year 1998
Objectives: Promote shared responsibilities in relation to importation of hazardous chemicals.
Legally binding
>> Basel Convention:
Name: Basel Convention
Year 1989
Objectives: Designed to reduce the movements of hazardous
waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer
of hazardous waste from developed to less developed
countries (LDCs)
Legally binding.
It does not, however, address the movement of radioactive
waste.
>> CITES:
(the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)
Year 1973
Objectives: To protect endangered plants andanimals.
Legally binding
>> UNFCC:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Year 1992
Objectives: To reduce atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases .
Not legally binding.
CoP-25 -Madrid.
Join fast for Prelims last minute important revision topics: @UPSCFIX
>>>>>>>Join: @UPSCFIX <<<<<<
Important Environmental Conventions:
>> United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
(UNCCD):
Year 1994.
Objectives: To combat desertification and mitigate (decline or decrease) the
effects of drought through national action programs.
Legally binding
India for the first time hosted the 14th session of the Conference of Parties (COP-14) of the (UNCCD)
The theme of the Conference was "Restore land, Sustain future“.
>> Bonn Convention:
Name: Bonn Convention
Members 129
Objectives: Conserve migratory species within their migratory ranges.
Not legally binding
>> Ramsar Convention:
Year 1975
Objectives: Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands
Not legally binding
Important Points It is the first and only global treaty for the conservation of a particular ecosystem.
10 new sites of india..in news
>> Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
Year 1985
Objectives: Providing frameworks for international reductions in the production of chlorofluorocarbons.
Not legally binding
>> Montreal Protocol:
Year 1987
Objectives: To protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.
Legally binding
Important Points Kigali agreement (2016) is an amendment to Montreal
Protocol. Kigali Amendment is effective from 2019.
>> Minimata Convention:
Minimata Convention on Mercury under UNEP
Year 2013
Objectives: Designed to protect human health and the environment from mercury and mercury compounds.
Legally binding
Important Points The Convention is named after the Japanese city Minamata.
>> Stockholm Convention: on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Year 2001
Objectives: It aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
Legally binding
Important Points The Global Environmental Facility (GEF) is the designated interim financial mechanism for the Stockholm Convention.
>> Rotterdam Conventions:
Year 1998
Objectives: Promote shared responsibilities in relation to importation of hazardous chemicals.
Legally binding
>> Basel Convention:
Name: Basel Convention
Year 1989
Objectives: Designed to reduce the movements of hazardous
waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer
of hazardous waste from developed to less developed
countries (LDCs)
Legally binding.
It does not, however, address the movement of radioactive
waste.
>> CITES:
(the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)
Year 1973
Objectives: To protect endangered plants andanimals.
Legally binding
>> UNFCC:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Year 1992
Objectives: To reduce atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases .
Not legally binding.
CoP-25 -Madrid.
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Geography Case study: 2
Join: @UPSCFIX
>>About Amazon Rainforest:
> The Amazon rainforest stretches across 5.5 million square kilometers, an area far larger than the EU.
> The Amazon rainforest home to one in 10 species on Earth is on fire.
> The Amazon rainforest is a moist broadleaf tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America.
>>>>>> Join: @UPSCFIX <<<<<<
> The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and France (French Guiana).
Join fast for Mains - 2020: @UPSCFIX
Join: @UPSCFIX
>>About Amazon Rainforest:
> The Amazon rainforest stretches across 5.5 million square kilometers, an area far larger than the EU.
> The Amazon rainforest home to one in 10 species on Earth is on fire.
> The Amazon rainforest is a moist broadleaf tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America.
>>>>>> Join: @UPSCFIX <<<<<<
> The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and France (French Guiana).
Join fast for Mains - 2020: @UPSCFIX
|| Prelims 2020 ||
All G.I. Tags in News!
Join fast for Prelims last minute important revision topics: @UPSCFIX
All G.I. Tags in News!
Join fast for Prelims last minute important revision topics: @UPSCFIX
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