👆The Centre Tuesday notified the transfer of Justice Dinesh Kumar Sharma from the Delhi High Court to the Calcutta High Court, days after the Supreme Court Collegium recommended his transfer.
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📌US President Donald Trump announced a 26% “discounted reciprocal tariff” on Indian imports, citing India's high duties on US goods. He noted that India imposes a 56% tariff on American products, prompting the US to counter with a 26% levy.
#Prelims2025 Tariff & Reciprocal Tariff along with WTO - A very important Theme for Prelims 2025.
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#Prelims2025 Tariff & Reciprocal Tariff along with WTO - A very important Theme for Prelims 2025.
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📌Prelims Probable Topic No. 12 – Biodiversity Leak
👉Biodiversity leak occurs when conservation efforts in one area displace harmful activities (deforestation, overfishing, poaching) to unprotected regions, undermining overall biodiversity protection.
Examples:
1. A logging ban in one forest increases deforestation elsewhere.
2. Stricter fishing laws push illegal fishing to neighboring waters.
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👉Biodiversity leak occurs when conservation efforts in one area displace harmful activities (deforestation, overfishing, poaching) to unprotected regions, undermining overall biodiversity protection.
Examples:
1. A logging ban in one forest increases deforestation elsewhere.
2. Stricter fishing laws push illegal fishing to neighboring waters.
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📌Prelims Priority Topic No. 13: Central Sector Schemes (CS) & Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS):
✅ Central Sector Schemes (CS):
Funding: Entirely funded by the Central Government (₹1.6 lakh crore in this Budget).
Implementation: Executed directly by Central Government ministries, agencies, or organizations.
Focus: Primarily covers subjects in the Union List, such as defense, railways, and national highways, where central intervention is essential.
Ex: MPLADS.
✅ Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS):
Funding: Jointly funded by the Central and State Governments, with a predetermined sharing ratio (e.g., 60:40, 90:10, or 75:25 depending on the scheme and state category). (₹5.4 lakh crore in this Budget).
Implementation: State Governments are responsible for executing these schemes as per central guidelines, ensuring regional customization.
Focus: Covers subjects in the State List and Concurrent List, focusing on welfare and development, where both central and state coordination is required.
Ex: MGNREGA, PMAY.
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✅ Central Sector Schemes (CS):
Funding: Entirely funded by the Central Government (₹1.6 lakh crore in this Budget).
Implementation: Executed directly by Central Government ministries, agencies, or organizations.
Focus: Primarily covers subjects in the Union List, such as defense, railways, and national highways, where central intervention is essential.
Ex: MPLADS.
✅ Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS):
Funding: Jointly funded by the Central and State Governments, with a predetermined sharing ratio (e.g., 60:40, 90:10, or 75:25 depending on the scheme and state category). (₹5.4 lakh crore in this Budget).
Implementation: State Governments are responsible for executing these schemes as per central guidelines, ensuring regional customization.
Focus: Covers subjects in the State List and Concurrent List, focusing on welfare and development, where both central and state coordination is required.
Ex: MGNREGA, PMAY.
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#Goodmorning
⏳ 51 days only left CSP25[ 25-05-25]
⏳140 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳16 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳10 DAYS CDS 1 , 13 APRIL
⏳17 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳21 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳66 days left ESE Prelims
⏳67 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳74 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳86 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳115 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳192 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct
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⏳ 51 days only left CSP25[ 25-05-25]
⏳140 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳16 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳10 DAYS CDS 1 , 13 APRIL
⏳17 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳21 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳66 days left ESE Prelims
⏳67 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳74 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳86 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳115 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳192 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct
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📌Prelims Probable Topic 14:
👉👉👉Exercise AIKYA🤏🤏🤏
Exercise AIKYA, organized by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and the Southern Command of the Indian Army in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
👉It aims to enhance disaster preparedness through simulations, technology integration, and expert insights. It fosters multi-agency coordination for effective disaster response and mitigation.
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👉👉👉Exercise AIKYA🤏🤏🤏
Exercise AIKYA, organized by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and the Southern Command of the Indian Army in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
👉It aims to enhance disaster preparedness through simulations, technology integration, and expert insights. It fosters multi-agency coordination for effective disaster response and mitigation.
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📌Prelims Probable Topic 15: Early Warnings for All (EW4All)
What is EW4All: A UN initiative (2022) to ensure global early warning system (EWS) coverage by 2027.
👉 Led by WMO & UNDRR.
👉Why: Protects against hazardous weather, water, and climate events.
Requires $3.1 billion (2023-27) to strengthen 4 EWS pillars: Risk knowledge, Monitoring & forecasting, Warning dissemination, Preparedness & response.
👉Significance for India: IMD aiding Nepal, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh & Mauritius in EWS development.
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What is EW4All: A UN initiative (2022) to ensure global early warning system (EWS) coverage by 2027.
👉 Led by WMO & UNDRR.
👉Why: Protects against hazardous weather, water, and climate events.
Requires $3.1 billion (2023-27) to strengthen 4 EWS pillars: Risk knowledge, Monitoring & forecasting, Warning dissemination, Preparedness & response.
👉Significance for India: IMD aiding Nepal, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh & Mauritius in EWS development.
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📌Prelims Probable Topic 16: Renewable Energy Technology Action Platform (RETAP):
👉What: A joint India-US initiative announced in 2023 under the Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP).
👉Key Focus Areas: Promotes green hydrogen, wind energy, ocean/tidal energy, etc.
👉Recently, a virtual meet occurred.
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👉What: A joint India-US initiative announced in 2023 under the Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP).
👉Key Focus Areas: Promotes green hydrogen, wind energy, ocean/tidal energy, etc.
👉Recently, a virtual meet occurred.
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📌UPSC Prelims 2025: Expected Difficulty Level & Trends
👉Post-COVID Trends (2020-2024):
1. Increased Unpredictability: More emphasis on applied knowledge over rote learning.
2. Tougher CSAT: Higher weightage on comprehension and logical reasoning.
3. More Analytical GS Paper: Interdisciplinary questions, deeper factual analysis.
4. Environment & Science Tech Surge: Higher focus on climate change, space tech, and AI.
👉 Prelims 2025 Expectation:
1. Moderate to Tough Level: Similar unpredictability, more conceptual questions.
2. CSAT Still Challenging: Aspirants must prepare beyond basic aptitude.
3. More Dynamic Current Affairs: Direct and applied questions based on recent global issues.
📌Source: Chatgpt.
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👉Post-COVID Trends (2020-2024):
1. Increased Unpredictability: More emphasis on applied knowledge over rote learning.
2. Tougher CSAT: Higher weightage on comprehension and logical reasoning.
3. More Analytical GS Paper: Interdisciplinary questions, deeper factual analysis.
4. Environment & Science Tech Surge: Higher focus on climate change, space tech, and AI.
👉 Prelims 2025 Expectation:
1. Moderate to Tough Level: Similar unpredictability, more conceptual questions.
2. CSAT Still Challenging: Aspirants must prepare beyond basic aptitude.
3. More Dynamic Current Affairs: Direct and applied questions based on recent global issues.
📌Source: Chatgpt.
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📌Prelims Probable Topic 16:
👉 Community/Tribe in News🤏🤏
1. Alawites – They are in the news due to persecution by the new Syrian authorities. Their prominent locations include Latakia, Tartus, and Homs regions of Syria.
2. Kurds: The Syrian government has reached a deal with the Kurdish-led SDF to integrate the northeast region. Spread across Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria & Armenia.
3. Yazidi: The community is in focus due to the 10th anniversary of the Yazidi genocide. Primarily located in Iraq.
4. Bahai – This is Iran’s largest non-Muslim minority, currently facing repression, including arbitrary arrests and property confiscation. Their major presence is in Iran.
5. Amazigh (Berbers) – The Amazigh tribes are known for their custom of painting faces, a practice that has drawn attention recently. They primarily inhabit the Atlas Mountains in Morocco.
6. Oromo & Amhara – These ethnic groups of Ethiopia are in the news for various socio-political issues. They are mainly found in Ethiopia.
7. Swahili – This coastal ethnic community of East Africa. They are located along the coastline of East Africa from Somalia to Mozambique.
8. Maasai: Known for their semi-nomadic pastoral lifestyle. They are predominantly found in Kenya & Tanzania.
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👉 Community/Tribe in News🤏🤏
1. Alawites – They are in the news due to persecution by the new Syrian authorities. Their prominent locations include Latakia, Tartus, and Homs regions of Syria.
2. Kurds: The Syrian government has reached a deal with the Kurdish-led SDF to integrate the northeast region. Spread across Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria & Armenia.
3. Yazidi: The community is in focus due to the 10th anniversary of the Yazidi genocide. Primarily located in Iraq.
4. Bahai – This is Iran’s largest non-Muslim minority, currently facing repression, including arbitrary arrests and property confiscation. Their major presence is in Iran.
5. Amazigh (Berbers) – The Amazigh tribes are known for their custom of painting faces, a practice that has drawn attention recently. They primarily inhabit the Atlas Mountains in Morocco.
6. Oromo & Amhara – These ethnic groups of Ethiopia are in the news for various socio-political issues. They are mainly found in Ethiopia.
7. Swahili – This coastal ethnic community of East Africa. They are located along the coastline of East Africa from Somalia to Mozambique.
8. Maasai: Known for their semi-nomadic pastoral lifestyle. They are predominantly found in Kenya & Tanzania.
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📌Prelims Probable Topic 17:
👨💻Major Armed Groups & Regions
1. March 23 Movement (M23) – Active in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
2. CODECO – A militia group in the Ituri region of DRC, mainly associated with the Lendu community.
3. Fano – Operates in the Amhara region of Ethiopia.
4. Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) – A key force in the Tigray region of Ethiopia.
5. Houthis – Based in Yemen, playing a central role in the country's ongoing conflict.
6. Al-Shabaab – A militant group operating primarily in Somalia.
7. Boko Haram – Known for insurgency and terrorism in Nigeria.
8. FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) – A guerrilla movement in Colombia.
9. Arakan Army – A rebel group in Myanmar.
10. Kachin Rebels – Also active in Myanmar, involved in ethnic conflicts.
11. Ta’ang National Liberation Army (TNLA) – Another Myanmar-based armed group.
12. Al-Nusra Front – Operates in Syria and has been involved in the country's civil war.
13. Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) – An extremist faction active in Syria.
14. Hamas – A significant political and militant group in Gaza.
15. Hezbollah – A Lebanon-based armed political movement.
16. Rapid Support Forces (RSF):A powerful paramilitary force in Sudan.
17. Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) – Based in Turkey, involved in Kurdish nationalist movements.
18. Taliban – Governs Afghanistan and has a long history of insurgency.
19. Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) – A separatist group operating in Pakistan.
#Prelims2025 #Important
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👨💻Major Armed Groups & Regions
1. March 23 Movement (M23) – Active in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
2. CODECO – A militia group in the Ituri region of DRC, mainly associated with the Lendu community.
3. Fano – Operates in the Amhara region of Ethiopia.
4. Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) – A key force in the Tigray region of Ethiopia.
5. Houthis – Based in Yemen, playing a central role in the country's ongoing conflict.
6. Al-Shabaab – A militant group operating primarily in Somalia.
7. Boko Haram – Known for insurgency and terrorism in Nigeria.
8. FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) – A guerrilla movement in Colombia.
9. Arakan Army – A rebel group in Myanmar.
10. Kachin Rebels – Also active in Myanmar, involved in ethnic conflicts.
11. Ta’ang National Liberation Army (TNLA) – Another Myanmar-based armed group.
12. Al-Nusra Front – Operates in Syria and has been involved in the country's civil war.
13. Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) – An extremist faction active in Syria.
14. Hamas – A significant political and militant group in Gaza.
15. Hezbollah – A Lebanon-based armed political movement.
16. Rapid Support Forces (RSF):A powerful paramilitary force in Sudan.
17. Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) – Based in Turkey, involved in Kurdish nationalist movements.
18. Taliban – Governs Afghanistan and has a long history of insurgency.
19. Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) – A separatist group operating in Pakistan.
#Prelims2025 #Important
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📌Prelims Probable Topic 18: Sunita Williams’ Extended Space Stay and Return – Key S&T Dimensions:
A. Space Missions and Related Agencies
1. Boeing Starliner – Features, objectives, significance, comparison with SpaceX Crew Dragon.
2. NASA’s Commercial Crew Program (CCP) – Purpose, private participation in human spaceflight.
3. International Space Station (ISS) – Structure, function, participating countries.
4. Crewed vs Uncrewed Missions – Examples, differences, India’s roadmap (Gaganyaan).
5. Emergency Protocols in Space – Rescue modules, contingency planning.
B. Spacecraft Design and Technology
6. Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs) – Concept, Indian efforts.
7. Propulsion Technologies – Chemical vs Ion propulsion, relevance in long-duration missions.
8. Docking Mechanism in Spacecraft – Autonomous vs manual, key tech.
9. Life Support Systems in Spacecraft – Oxygen recycling, CO₂ removal, water purification.
10. Orbital Mechanics – Low Earth Orbit (LEO), re-entry, escape velocity.
C. Space Medicine and Human Spaceflight:
11. Microgravity Effects on Human Body – Muscle atrophy, bone loss, psychological impact.
12. Space Radiation and Protection – Van Allen Belts, shielding tech.
13. Long-duration Space Missions – Physiological challenges, mission planning.
14. Medical Emergency Handling in Space – Telemedicine, onboard diagnostic tools.
D. Emerging Space Technologies
15. Artificial Intelligence in Space Missions – Fault detection, autonomous navigation.
16. Robotic Arms and EVA (Extra Vehicular Activity) – Applications and innovations.
17. Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) – For safe re-entry.
E. International Collaborations & Ethics
18. NASA-ISRO Collaborations – NISAR mission, relevance for India.
19. Private Players in Space Exploration – Boeing, SpaceX, Blue Origin – significance.
20. Ethics of Space Travel & Space Debris Management – Legal frameworks, sustainability.
F. India-Specific Relevance
21. Gaganyaan Mission: Status, training protocols, Indian astronauts’ prep.
22. ISRO’s Human Spaceflight Program (HSP) – Infrastructure and challenges.
23. In-Space Startups in India – Skyroot, Agnikul, their relevance to human spaceflight.
#Prelims2025 #highProbabilityTopic
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A. Space Missions and Related Agencies
1. Boeing Starliner – Features, objectives, significance, comparison with SpaceX Crew Dragon.
2. NASA’s Commercial Crew Program (CCP) – Purpose, private participation in human spaceflight.
3. International Space Station (ISS) – Structure, function, participating countries.
4. Crewed vs Uncrewed Missions – Examples, differences, India’s roadmap (Gaganyaan).
5. Emergency Protocols in Space – Rescue modules, contingency planning.
B. Spacecraft Design and Technology
6. Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs) – Concept, Indian efforts.
7. Propulsion Technologies – Chemical vs Ion propulsion, relevance in long-duration missions.
8. Docking Mechanism in Spacecraft – Autonomous vs manual, key tech.
9. Life Support Systems in Spacecraft – Oxygen recycling, CO₂ removal, water purification.
10. Orbital Mechanics – Low Earth Orbit (LEO), re-entry, escape velocity.
C. Space Medicine and Human Spaceflight:
11. Microgravity Effects on Human Body – Muscle atrophy, bone loss, psychological impact.
12. Space Radiation and Protection – Van Allen Belts, shielding tech.
13. Long-duration Space Missions – Physiological challenges, mission planning.
14. Medical Emergency Handling in Space – Telemedicine, onboard diagnostic tools.
D. Emerging Space Technologies
15. Artificial Intelligence in Space Missions – Fault detection, autonomous navigation.
16. Robotic Arms and EVA (Extra Vehicular Activity) – Applications and innovations.
17. Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) – For safe re-entry.
E. International Collaborations & Ethics
18. NASA-ISRO Collaborations – NISAR mission, relevance for India.
19. Private Players in Space Exploration – Boeing, SpaceX, Blue Origin – significance.
20. Ethics of Space Travel & Space Debris Management – Legal frameworks, sustainability.
F. India-Specific Relevance
21. Gaganyaan Mission: Status, training protocols, Indian astronauts’ prep.
22. ISRO’s Human Spaceflight Program (HSP) – Infrastructure and challenges.
23. In-Space Startups in India – Skyroot, Agnikul, their relevance to human spaceflight.
#Prelims2025 #highProbabilityTopic
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📌US Stock Market LIVE: Dow dives over 3,300 points over two days.
👉Global markets plunged as China retaliated against Trump's trade policies with sweeping tariffs, despite strong US employment data. The S&P 500 fell 3%, Treasury yields dropped, and volatility spiked, while Trump remained steadfast in his economic stance.
@UPSCFIX
👉Global markets plunged as China retaliated against Trump's trade policies with sweeping tariffs, despite strong US employment data. The S&P 500 fell 3%, Treasury yields dropped, and volatility spiked, while Trump remained steadfast in his economic stance.
@UPSCFIX
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#Goodmorning
⏳ 50 days only left CSP25[ 25-05-25]
⏳139 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳15 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳9 DAYS CDS 1 , 13 APRIL
⏳16 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳20 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳65 days left ESE Prelims
⏳66 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳73 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳85 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳114 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳191 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct
Share & Join: @UPSCFIX
⏳ 50 days only left CSP25[ 25-05-25]
⏳139 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳15 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳9 DAYS CDS 1 , 13 APRIL
⏳16 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳20 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳65 days left ESE Prelims
⏳66 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳73 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳85 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳114 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳191 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct
Share & Join: @UPSCFIX
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📌Prelims Probable Topic 19:
👉👉👉 Kármán Line 🤏🤏🤏
The Kármán Line, located at an altitude of 100 km above Earth's sea level, is internationally recognized as the boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space.
👉It marks the limit where conventional aircraft can no longer operate due to thin air. This line is crucial in space law, satellite launches, and defining space tourism and sovereignty.
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👉👉👉 Kármán Line 🤏🤏🤏
The Kármán Line, located at an altitude of 100 km above Earth's sea level, is internationally recognized as the boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space.
👉It marks the limit where conventional aircraft can no longer operate due to thin air. This line is crucial in space law, satellite launches, and defining space tourism and sovereignty.
Share & Join: @UPSCFIX
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📌Probable Topic 20: FII Outflows from Indian Market.
1. Context:
Large-scale withdrawal by Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) from Indian stock markets in early 2025.
2. Impact:
Fall in stock indices (Sensex, Nifty).
Depreciation of the Indian Rupee.
Increased market volatility.
3. Important Keywords for Prelims:
👉FII vs FDI
👉Capital flight
👉Net outflows
👉Bearish market
👉Rupee depreciation
👉Quantitative tightening
👉Risk-off sentiment
👉Bond yields
#Prelims2025 #highProbabilityTopic
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1. Context:
Large-scale withdrawal by Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) from Indian stock markets in early 2025.
2. Impact:
Fall in stock indices (Sensex, Nifty).
Depreciation of the Indian Rupee.
Increased market volatility.
3. Important Keywords for Prelims:
👉FII vs FDI
👉Capital flight
👉Net outflows
👉Bearish market
👉Rupee depreciation
👉Quantitative tightening
👉Risk-off sentiment
👉Bond yields
#Prelims2025 #highProbabilityTopic
Share & Join: @UPSCFIX
👍12❤2
📌Probable Topic 21: Rise of Protectionist Policies & Tariff Impositions:
Nations are increasingly adopting protectionist trade policies, imposing tariffs to shield domestic industries—especially amidst geopolitical tensions and supply chain realignments.
👉Possible Prelims Keywords:
1. Protectionism vs Free Trade
2. Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers
3. Trade Wars
4. WTO and Dispute Settlement
5. Most Favoured Nation (MFN)
6. Rules of Origin
7. Import Substitution
#Prelims2025 #highProbabilityTopic
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Nations are increasingly adopting protectionist trade policies, imposing tariffs to shield domestic industries—especially amidst geopolitical tensions and supply chain realignments.
👉Possible Prelims Keywords:
1. Protectionism vs Free Trade
2. Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers
3. Trade Wars
4. WTO and Dispute Settlement
5. Most Favoured Nation (MFN)
6. Rules of Origin
7. Import Substitution
#Prelims2025 #highProbabilityTopic
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📌Prelims Probable Topic 22:
👉👉👉Delimitation in India🤏🤏🤏
Delimitation aims to redraw Lok Sabha and Assembly constituencies based on population. It has been pending since 2001, frozen until 2026. Southern states fear loss of representation due to population control success, while northern states may gain.
👉Important Keywords Prelims 2025
1. Delimitation Commission (Constitutional Body).
2. Article 82 & Article 170
3. 84th (2001) and 87th (2003) Constitutional Amendments
4. 1971 census as base (Pop. Freeze).
5. Federalism & Representation Equity
6. Population vs Performance Debate
7. Role of Election Commission
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👉👉👉Delimitation in India🤏🤏🤏
Delimitation aims to redraw Lok Sabha and Assembly constituencies based on population. It has been pending since 2001, frozen until 2026. Southern states fear loss of representation due to population control success, while northern states may gain.
👉Important Keywords Prelims 2025
1. Delimitation Commission (Constitutional Body).
2. Article 82 & Article 170
3. 84th (2001) and 87th (2003) Constitutional Amendments
4. 1971 census as base (Pop. Freeze).
5. Federalism & Representation Equity
6. Population vs Performance Debate
7. Role of Election Commission
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