#prelims2022 #Expected

Topic: 46 - 5-country Biosphere Reserve

Recently, Mura-Drava-Danube (MDD) was declared as the world’s 1st ‘5-country B.R.’ by UNESCO.

🧨 Covers 700 kms of the Mura, Drava & Danube rivers & stretches across Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary and Serbia.

👉 An important part European Green Deal & contributed to the implementation of the EU Biodiversity Strategy.”

Also-called ‘Amazon of Europe’ & is now the largest riverine protected area in Europe.

🧨🧨Learning: Can be used as a Case study of Integrated Habitat/Watershed Management beyond National borders.

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Topic 47: Pochampally village🧨

👉 It lies in the Nalgonda district (Telegana).

👉 Ministry of Tourism recommended 3 villages to UNWTO viz., Kongthong in Meghalaya, Ladhpura Khas (M.P.) & Pochampally in Telangana.

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Topic 48: Types of Vaccines🧨

1. Whole Microbe Approach:
➡ Inactivated vaccines use a killed version of the germ.
➡ Live-attenuated vaccines - use a weakened form of the germ
➡ Viral vector vaccines -These vaccines contain a different, harmless virus that helps immune system to identify and defend against the harmful virus.
2. Subunit Approach: use only specific pieces of the germ, such as its protein, sugar, or casing.
3. Genetic Material Approach: E.g., mRNA vaccines use messenger RNA, which gives your cells instructions for how to make a protein of the germ.

➡ Toxoid vaccines that use a toxin (harmful product) made by the germ.

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Topic 49: Vaccine Examples

➡ Live-attenuated vaccines - Polio, Hep A.

➡ Inactivated vaccines - Covaxin, Sinopharm.

➡ Subunit - Corbevax.

➡ Toxoid - Tetanus.

➡ mRNA - Moderna, Pfizer.

➡ Viral vector vaccines - Covishield, Sputnik.

#high Probability Topic 🧨🧨

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Topic 50: "Interferons & Cytokine Storm" 🧨

I had tried to explain them in the most easy way possible!!!

Hope you will make a sense out of it.

Unfortunately, during COVID-19🦠😷, this was exactly one of the reason why so many beautiful souls are not their with us today😢 and many still fighting over.

Note: Kindly Revise all the 50 topics.

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#Expected

Topic 51: Trophies related to Football 🧨

👉 Durand Cup.
👉 Rovers Cup.
👉 Santosh Trophy.
👉 Dr. BC Roy Trophy.
👉 Subroto Cup.

#sports Questions asked in Prelims 2021 --> 3

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Topic: 52 ||"Economy Terms"||

All these terms buzz the financial markets from the last 5-6 years and got more recent attention with coming of the concept of ||BAD Banks||

UPSC can ask what is SMA0/1/2 Accounts and other such related terminologies!

#high Probability topic.

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Topic 53: Clydebank Declaration

It aims to set up green shipping corridors, which are zero-emission maritime routes between 2 (or more) ports.
Launched at COP26 by UK.

👉 The signatory countries will support the establishment of at least 6 green shipping corridors by 2050.🧨

👉 Signatory countries: Around 19 countries have signed the declaration.

🧨🧨India has "not" signed the declaration yet.

Note: Clydebank is in Scotland, UK.
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Topic 54: All about IPO's🧨🧨

A process by which a privately held company, or a company owned by the government such as LIC, raises funds by offering shares to the public or to new investors.
Following IPO, the company is listed on stock exchange.

👉 Before coming up with an IPO, the company has to file its offer document with SEBI called as Draft Red Herring Prospectus (DRHP), a legal preliminary document.

👉 SEBI criteria for bringing IPO: A company must have net tangible assets of at least ₹3 cr & net worth of ₹1 cr in each of the preceding 3 full years, & it must have a minimum average pre-tax profit of ₹15 cr in at least 3 of the immediately preceding 5 years.

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👆2021 is regarded as the "Year of IPO's" as > 100's of IPO's hit the streets & also recently LIC IPO made its debut!!!
Therefore, terms related to financial markets viz FPO, OFS, QIB, FPI etc., becomes important.

Kindly revise them!

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Topic: 55 Rampa Rebellion

👉 Alluri Sitarama Raju was an Indian revolutionary who involved in anti-British activities in response to the "1882 Madras Forest Act", which restricted the free movement of Adivasis in their forest habitats & prevented them from practicing a traditional form of agriculture known as podu (shifting cultivation).

👉 Rising discontent towards the British led to the "Rampa Rebellion/Manyam Rebellion" of 1922, in which he played a major part as a leader.

> He was nicknamed "Manyam Veerudu" (Hero of the Jungle).

🧨🧨Recently, Vice-President visited his birthplace & a bit of Movie RRR is inspired from this.

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Topic 56: Ramanujacharya

Born in 1017 in Sriperumbudur in Tamil Nadu, he is a Vedic philosopher & social reformer.

🧨 Other Names: Lakshmana, Ilaya Perumal (radiant one).

👉 He traveled across India, advocating equality & social justice.

👉 He revived the Bhakti movement. Considered to be the inspiration for poets like Annamacharya, Bhakta Ramdas, Thyagaraja, Kabir & Meerabai.

👉 Written 9 scriptures known as the navaratnas.
🧨Other important writings: commentaries on the Vedanta Sutras & Bhagavad-Gita, writings on Vedartha Samgraha ("Summary of the Meaning of the Veda"), the Vedantasara ("Essence of Vedanta"), & Vedantadipa ("Lamp of Vedanta").

#high Probability Topic.

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Topic 58: ||Statue of Equality||

PM inaugurated the Statue of Ramanujacharya on outskirts of Hyderabad, Telangana.

👉 India is celebrating his 1,000th birth anniversary as the ‘Festival of Equality’, upholding the view of ‘vasudhaiva kutumbakam’.

👉 216-feet tall statue, which is made of 'panchaloha', a combination of 5 metals: gold, silver, copper, brass & zinc.

👉 Among one of the tallest metallic statues in sitting position in the world.

👉 Mounted on a 54-feet high base building named 'Bhadra Vedi'. It has floors devoted for a vedic digital library & research center, ancient Indian texts, a theater, an educational gallery detailing many works of Sri Ramanujacharya.

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Topic 59: ||"B & T Cells"||

Test Series Tricky Statements

🧨"TRAP - 2"🧨

👉 B-Lymphocytes: are responsible for "Humoral Immune Response" - where Antibodies [Ig A/M/E/D/G] are activated into your blood stream.

👉 T-Lymphocytes (aka Helper T - cells): are responsible for "Cell-Mediated Immune Response" -- It trains body to produce Proteins/Antibodies, but "don't produce" any.

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Topic 60 - ||B vs T Cells ||

🧨🧨A high probability of such questions being asked by UPSC in the backdrop of COVID-19🦠😷

👉 A Bit Technical but can be immensely important!

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👆With no offence to Bill Gates (although he copied Steve Jobs idea...)

❌ Also...not a great supporter of the Idealistic Marxist Idea!

But the "RISING INEQUALITY" in contemporary times asks for a Conscious Attention to strike a Balance between GREED😡 vs NEED🙂

📌 How about 'Compassionate Capitalism' or 'Stakeholder Capitalism'? Can we go with them!

Let's end the day with this Thought!

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Topic 61: "Components of Vaccine "🧨🧨

👉 Also, Surfactants are used to allow vaccine to blend properly and be uniform. To avoid settling and clumping.

#high Probability topic.

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Topic 62: ||Furlough vs Parole||

Both Parole & Furlough are considered as reformative processes & are covered under the "Prisons Act of 1894".

🧨🧨 Note: Prison is a "State subject" & all states have their own rules.

👉 A question on "Parole" has already been asked in Prelims 2021.

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Topic 63: Nord Stream🧨🧨

Longest subsea pipeline, is an export gas pipeline which runs under Baltic Sea carrying gas from Russia to Europe. It consists of 2 pipelines:
👉 Nord Stream 1 was completed in 2011 & runs from Vyborg in Leningrad (Russia) to Lubmin near Greifswald, Germany.

👉 Nord Stream 2 which runs from Ust-Luga in Leningrad to Lubmin was completed in Sep. 2021.

Both together can transport a total of 110 BCM of gas a year to Europe for at least 50 years.

>> The Nord Stream crosses the Exclusive Economic Zones of several countries viz.,Russia, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany.

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Topic 64: ||Ways to Measure Unemployment||🧨

1. Usual Status Approach🧨

👉 Captures long-term unemployment prevalent in the economy.

👉 It records only those persons as being unemployed who had no gainful work for a major time during the 365 days preceding the date of the survey and are actively seeking work.

👉 Most routinely quoted NSO unemployment number.

#high Probability topic, covered widely by newspapers & test series.

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