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#Literary_Theory & #Schools_of_Criticism
◆ #Plato -
• Republic,
• Symposium,
• Dialogues,
• Phaedrus.
◆ #Aristotle -
• Poetics,
• Rhetoric.
◆ #Longinus - On the Sublime
◆ #Horace - Ars Poetica
◆ #Quintilian -
• Institutio Orantoria ( Twelve books) ( The Education of an orator) .
◆ #Dante - De Vulgari Eloquio ( Of Writing in Vernacular) .
◆ #Boileau - Art Poetique.
◆ #Rapin - Reflections
◆ #Vida - DE Arte Poetica
#English_Critics & #their_works-
◆ #William_Blake - Discourse of English Poesie.
◆ #George_Puttenham - Arte of English Abuse.
◆ #Stephen_Gosson - The School of Abuse.
◆ #Philip_Sidney - An Apologie for poetrie.
◆ #Thomas_Lodge -
• A Defence of Poetry,
• Music and Stage Plays.
◆ #Ben_Johnson---
• Discoveries,
• Conversations with Drummond.
◆ #John_Dryden -
• An Essay of Dramatic Poesy,
• Prefaces and Dedicatory Epistles to his Plays and Fables.
◆ #Joseph_Addison - Many essays of critical value in his “Spectator”.
◆ #Alexander_Pope - Essay on Criticism ( in verse)
◆ #Dr_Samuel_Johnson - Lives of the Poets, Preface to Shakespeare.
◆ #William_Wordsworth - Preface to the Lyrical Ballads.
◆ #S_T_Coleridge -
• Biographia Literaria,
• Lectures of Shakespeare.
◆ #P_B_Shelley - Defence of Poetry.
◆ #Charles_Lamb - The English Comic Writers.
◆ #Thomas_Love_Peacock - The Four Ages of Poetry.
◆ #William_Hazlitt -
• Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays,
• The English Poets,
• The English Comic Writers,
• The Dramatic literature of the Age of Elizabeth.
◆ #Matthew_Arnold -
• Essays in Criticism,
• On the Study of Celtic Literature,
• on Translating Homer.
◆ #H_G_Wells - The Contemporary Novel.
◆ #Walter_Pater -
• Appreciations,
• Renaissance ,
• Plato and Platonism.
◆ #T_S_Eliot -
• The Sacret Wood,
• What is a Classic?,
• The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism.
• Points of view,
• Elizabethan Essays,
• Selected Essays.
◆ #Samuel_Butler--- Shakespeare’s Sonnets Reconsidered.
◆ #Stephen_Spender—Poetry Since.
◆ #William_Empson---
• Seven Types of Ambiguity,
• Sone Versions of Pastoral.
◆ #I_A_Richars -
• Principles of Literary Criticism,
• Practical Criticism,
• The meaning of Meaning,
• The Foundation of Aesthetics ,
• Coleridge on Imagination.
◆ #F_R_Lewis -
• New Bearings in English Poetry,
• For Continuity,
• The Great Tradition,
• The Common Pursuit,
• Revaluation,
• D.H.Lawrence: A Novelist, Education and the University.
◆ #David_Daiches -
• New Criticism,
• Critical Approaches to Literature.
◆ #Northrop_Frye - Anatomy of Criticism.

NTA-NET SET English
This group has been created for lover of literature and those candidate who are preparing UGC Net and Set Examination.
https://t.me/UGCNETSET

IDENTICAL NAMES
A.There are two Alchemist by
1)Paulo Coelho
2)Ben Jhonson
B.There are two
a) A Vision of Judgement - 1821 ( Robert Southey )
b) The Vision of Judgement - 1822 ( Lord Byron ) written in response to Robert Southey's poem ( A Vision of Judgement )
C.There are two lotus eater:-
one is poem written by A.L.Tennyson and other is short story written by somerset Maugham
D.There are two
'Endymion' ( 1880 ) Novel-Benjamin Disraile
Endymion poem-jhon keats
E.Our Casuarina Tree ( a poem by Toru Datt)
The Casuarina Tree ( short stories collection) by Somerset Maughem
E.There are two
Hamlet play by william shakespear
The Hamlet novel by william Faukner
F .There are two
Passage to India
Novel by E. M. Forter.
Poem by Walt whitman
G.There are two ulysses:-
Poem-A.l Tennyson
Drama-Stephen Phillips
Novel- James Joyce

21 जून 2020 सूर्यग्रहण

नासिक महाराष्ट्र से

In chapter 13 of biographia litereria Coleridge describes about fancy and imagination

👉 In 15 the chapter of biographia literaria is the definition of creative imagination

👉Robert Browning's Rabbia Ben Ezra is a defense of old age against youth

👉John Donne's last poem is "A hymn to God the Father"

👉Galsworthy refused the offer of a Knighthood in 1917

👉First folio 1623 was published by Heming and condell of Shakespeare

👉"Take o take those lips away" is from Measure for measure by Shakespeare

👉" Peter bell" by www a poem written as a reply to Coleridge's The Rime of the ancient mariner

👉" Curan" appears in Shakespeare's king Lear

👉Henry 8th is also known as " All is true" 1612

👉Shakespeare's last plays are four heterogeneous comedies
🐬Pericles 1607
🐬Cymbeline 1610
🐬The winter's tale 1609
🐬The tmpest 1610-11

👉Child Harold's pilgrimage a poem by lord Byron in Spenserian stanzas of which first two cantos in 1812, canto three in 1816, canto four in 1818

👉Coleridge's statement that "imagination dissolves, diffuses, dissipates in order to recreate ....", relates to primary imagination

👉The title " sound and fury " is taken from Macbeth

👉Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot by Pope begins with the line
" Shut, shut the door, good john fatigued I said..'""

👉Present fears/ are less than horrible imagination " is the line from Macbeth

👉Relationship is a long poem by kamla das

👉 J.M. coetzee's " For" is a postmodern retelling of Robinson Crusoe

👉The concept " Star equilibrium " in connection with man woman relationship appears in Women in love.

👉Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is dedicated to William Godwin her father..

👉 The motto " only connect " is taken from E.M.Forester's Howards End

👉 "kubla khan" takes an epigraph from Samuel purchas' " purchase His Pilgrimage "

NET SET English
This group has been created for lover of literature and those candidate who are preparing UGC Net and Set Examination.
https://t.me/UGCNETSET

CLEANTH BROOKS:

Cleanth Brooks was an American literary critic and professor. He is best known for his contributions to New Criticism in the mid-20th century and for revolutionizing the teaching of poetry in American higher education.

His best-known works, The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry (1947) and Modern Poetry and the Tradition (1939), argue for the centrality of ambiguity and paradox as a way of understanding poetry. With his writing, Brooks helped to formulate formalist criticism, emphasizing "the interior life of a poem" and codifying the principles of close reading.
Brooks was also the preeminent critic of Southern literature, writing classic texts on William Faulkner, and co-founder of the influential journal The Southern Review with Robert Penn Warren.

Brooks was the central figure of New Criticism, a movement that emphasized structural and textual analysis—close reading—over historical or biographical analysis. Brooks advocates close reading because, as he states in The Well Wrought Urn, "by making the closest examination of what the poem says as a poem" , a critic can effectively interpret and explicate the text. For him, the crux of New Criticism is that literary study be "concerned primarily with the work itself"

🌸Main Difference – Realism vs Naturalism

✨While Realism and Naturalism are two separate literary movements, they are closely linked and sometimes used interchangeably. This is because both movements portray life as it is. These movements depicted believable, natural or real everyday activities and experiences. However, there exists a significant difference between realism and naturalism. Realism sought to represent real life whereas naturalism sought to represent life in a more scientific, almost clinical manner than realism. This is the main difference between realism and naturalism.

🎈What is Realism?

✨Realism is a literary movement that began in the middle of the nineteenth century in France and spread across Europe. This movement can be defined as a reaction against Romanticism. Realistic literature depicts ordinary people in everyday situations. They depicted events that could happen to anyone in real life. Realism portrays life as it is, without idealizing, flattering or romanticizing.

Before Realism, the literature tended to focus on nobles, royals, and divinity which were of little relevance to the middle classes. But Realism movement broke this convention by portraying characters that belong to working classes. There were no great heroes; the protagonists were ordinary characters with whom the audience can identify with.

Realistic literature also paid great attention to detail; this was necessary to create a realistic feel and effect. The language used in literature during this period was also ordinary, unlike in Romantic period. Common vernacular and dialects were used to render the texts more believable and realistic. Flaubert’s Madame Bovary, Ibsen’s Doll’s House, Tolstoy’s War and Peace, Dickens’s Great Expectations, and Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure are some examples of realistic literature.

🎈What is Naturalism?

✨Naturalism proceeded from realism is often referred to as a logical outgrowth of literary Realism. It can be considered as an exaggerated form of realism since it used detailed realism to propose that social conditions, heredity, and environment were the three main forces in shaping human character.

Naturalism was heavily influenced by theories of Charles Darwin and naturalistic authors attempted to apply scientific theories to literature. Therefore, they often took a detached and clinical tone. Naturalism often portrayed lower-class characters and themes involving violence and taboo activities. Naturalistic novels are typically pessimistic in nature.

The work of the French novelist Emile Zola is often considered to be the origins of the Naturalistic movement. His Les Rougon-Macquart is considered to be one of the finest works in Naturalistic movement. Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, Jack London’s To Build A Fire, John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath are some examples of Naturalistic novels

🌿Difference Between Realism and Naturalism

🎋Definition

🎈Realism is a literary movement characterized by the representation of real life.

🎈Naturalism is an outgrowth of literary realism, influenced by scientific theories.

🎋Portrayal of People
🎈
Realism portrayed the everyday life of ordinary people.

🎈Naturalism portrayed how environment, heredity, and social conditions control the human being.

🎋Characters

🎈Realism depicted middle-class characters.

🎈Naturalism depicted lower class characters.

🎋Themes

🎈Realistic novels used themes like society, social class, mobility, etc.

🎈Naturalistic novels were written on themes of violence, poverty, corruption, prostitution, etc.