*Drama_Literary_Terms*
*1. Drama:* any literary work which is performed on stage.
*2. Catastrophe:* Action that are done after tragedy or tragic event.
*3. Catharsis:* The purging or purificati0n of soul.
*4. Character:* A person or anything which has a role in drama.
*5. Chorus:* Predicts future and also connects part of drama.
*6. Climax:* The peak point of the story from where we cannot imagine the end of the story.
*7. Tragic Comedy:* The mixture of tragedy an comedy.
*Drama has six formative element*.
(Plot)
(Dramatic pers0nae)
(Fool)
(Thought)
(Diction)
(Spectacles)
(Song)
*8. Plot:* The logical arrangements of the events.
*9. Dramatic Personae:* Actors in the drama.
*10. Fool:* A joker in the drama.
*11 Thought:* What character thinks or feels.
*12. Diction:* Its mean choice of words and medium of language from which character reveals their thoughts and feelings.
*13. Spectacles:* The setting of the drama.
*15. Exposition:* The beginning of drama in which characters are introduced.
*16. Conflict:* Clash betwen pers0ns, ideas.
*17. Climax:* Peak point of conflict.
*18. Denouncement:* The part of drama in which conflict went to be solved.
*19. Tragedy:* It is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete in itself and have a certain magnitude arrousing the emotions of pity and fear resulting in catharsis.
*20. Hamartia:* The downfal of hero due to error of judgement.
*21 Anagenesis:* The turning point of drama.
*22. Peripetia:* Sudden reversal in the fortune of protagonist.
*23. Comedy of Manner:* Comedy on the life style of high class.
*24. Domestic Comedy:* It is the comedy of everyday life of common people.
*25. 0nomotopia:* The formation of a word by imitation of its sound.
*26. Solilique:* When a character speaks out in a loud voice when he is alone.
*27. Stereotype:* The conventional ideas about a character, setting or pl0t.
*28. Motif:* A theme which is repeatd again and again.
*1. Drama:* any literary work which is performed on stage.
*2. Catastrophe:* Action that are done after tragedy or tragic event.
*3. Catharsis:* The purging or purificati0n of soul.
*4. Character:* A person or anything which has a role in drama.
*5. Chorus:* Predicts future and also connects part of drama.
*6. Climax:* The peak point of the story from where we cannot imagine the end of the story.
*7. Tragic Comedy:* The mixture of tragedy an comedy.
*Drama has six formative element*.
(Plot)
(Dramatic pers0nae)
(Fool)
(Thought)
(Diction)
(Spectacles)
(Song)
*8. Plot:* The logical arrangements of the events.
*9. Dramatic Personae:* Actors in the drama.
*10. Fool:* A joker in the drama.
*11 Thought:* What character thinks or feels.
*12. Diction:* Its mean choice of words and medium of language from which character reveals their thoughts and feelings.
*13. Spectacles:* The setting of the drama.
*15. Exposition:* The beginning of drama in which characters are introduced.
*16. Conflict:* Clash betwen pers0ns, ideas.
*17. Climax:* Peak point of conflict.
*18. Denouncement:* The part of drama in which conflict went to be solved.
*19. Tragedy:* It is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete in itself and have a certain magnitude arrousing the emotions of pity and fear resulting in catharsis.
*20. Hamartia:* The downfal of hero due to error of judgement.
*21 Anagenesis:* The turning point of drama.
*22. Peripetia:* Sudden reversal in the fortune of protagonist.
*23. Comedy of Manner:* Comedy on the life style of high class.
*24. Domestic Comedy:* It is the comedy of everyday life of common people.
*25. 0nomotopia:* The formation of a word by imitation of its sound.
*26. Solilique:* When a character speaks out in a loud voice when he is alone.
*27. Stereotype:* The conventional ideas about a character, setting or pl0t.
*28. Motif:* A theme which is repeatd again and again.
William Wordsworth:
Synopsis-
Born in England in 1770, poet William Wordsworth worked with Samuel Taylor Coleridge on Lyrical Ballads (1798). The collection, which contained Wordsworth's "Tintern Abbey," introduced Romanticism to English poetry. Wordsworth also showed his affinity for nature with the famous poem "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud." He became England's poet laureate in 1843, a role he held until his death in 1850.
Early Life
Poet William Wordsworth was born on April 7, 1770, in Cockermouth, Cumberland, England. Wordsworth’s mother died when he was 7, and he was an orphan at 13. Despite these losses, he did well at Hawkshead Grammar School—where he wrote his first poetry—and went on to study at Cambridge University. He did not excel there, but managed to graduate in 1791.
Did you know?
In the late 1790s, William Wordsworth was thought to be a French spy and was surveilled by a government agent.
Wordsworth had visited France in 1790—in the midst of the French Revolution—and was a supporter of the new government’s republican ideals. On a return trip to France the next year, he fell in love with Annette Vallon, who became pregnant. However, the declaration of war between England and France in 1793 separated the two. Left adrift and without income in England, Wordsworth was influenced by radicals such as William Godwin.
Young Poet
In 1795, Wordsworth received an inheritance that allowed him to live with his younger sister, Dorothy. That same year, Wordsworth met Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The two became friends, and together worked on Lyrical Ballads (1798). The volume contained poems such as Coleridge's "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" and Wordsworth's "Tintern Abbey," and helped Romanticism take hold in English poetry.
The same year that Lyrical Ballads was published, Wordsworth began writing The Prelude, an epic autobiographical poem that he would revise throughout his life (it was published posthumously in 1850). While working on The Prelude, Wordsworth produced other poetry, such as "Lucy." He also wrote a preface for the second edition of Lyrical Ballads; it described his poetry as being inspired by powerful emotions and would come to be seen as a declaration of Romantic principles.
"Though nothing can bring back the hour, Of splendour in the grass, of glory in the flower." -- from Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood
In 1802, a temporary lull in fighting between England and France meant that Wordsworth was able to see Vallon and their daughter, Caroline. After returning to England, he wed Mary Hutchinson, who gave birth to the first of their five children in 1803. Wordsworth was also still writing poetry, including the famous "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" and "Ode: Intimations of Immortality." These pieces were published in another Wordsworth collection, Poems, in Two Volumes (1807).
Evolving Poetry and Philosophy
As he grew older, Wordsworth began to reject radicalism. In 1813, he was named as a distributor of stamps and moved his family to a new home in the Lake District. By 1818, Wordsworth was an ardent supporter of the conservative Tories.
Though Wordsworth continued to produce poetry—including moving work that mourned the deaths of two of his children in 1812—he had reached a zenith of creativity between 1798 and 1808. It was this early work that cemented his reputation as an acclaimed literary figure.
In 1843, Wordsworth became England's poet laureate, a position he held for the rest of his life. At the age of 80, he died on April 23, 1850, at his home in Rydal Mount, Westmorland, England.
Synopsis-
Born in England in 1770, poet William Wordsworth worked with Samuel Taylor Coleridge on Lyrical Ballads (1798). The collection, which contained Wordsworth's "Tintern Abbey," introduced Romanticism to English poetry. Wordsworth also showed his affinity for nature with the famous poem "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud." He became England's poet laureate in 1843, a role he held until his death in 1850.
Early Life
Poet William Wordsworth was born on April 7, 1770, in Cockermouth, Cumberland, England. Wordsworth’s mother died when he was 7, and he was an orphan at 13. Despite these losses, he did well at Hawkshead Grammar School—where he wrote his first poetry—and went on to study at Cambridge University. He did not excel there, but managed to graduate in 1791.
Did you know?
In the late 1790s, William Wordsworth was thought to be a French spy and was surveilled by a government agent.
Wordsworth had visited France in 1790—in the midst of the French Revolution—and was a supporter of the new government’s republican ideals. On a return trip to France the next year, he fell in love with Annette Vallon, who became pregnant. However, the declaration of war between England and France in 1793 separated the two. Left adrift and without income in England, Wordsworth was influenced by radicals such as William Godwin.
Young Poet
In 1795, Wordsworth received an inheritance that allowed him to live with his younger sister, Dorothy. That same year, Wordsworth met Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The two became friends, and together worked on Lyrical Ballads (1798). The volume contained poems such as Coleridge's "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" and Wordsworth's "Tintern Abbey," and helped Romanticism take hold in English poetry.
The same year that Lyrical Ballads was published, Wordsworth began writing The Prelude, an epic autobiographical poem that he would revise throughout his life (it was published posthumously in 1850). While working on The Prelude, Wordsworth produced other poetry, such as "Lucy." He also wrote a preface for the second edition of Lyrical Ballads; it described his poetry as being inspired by powerful emotions and would come to be seen as a declaration of Romantic principles.
"Though nothing can bring back the hour, Of splendour in the grass, of glory in the flower." -- from Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood
In 1802, a temporary lull in fighting between England and France meant that Wordsworth was able to see Vallon and their daughter, Caroline. After returning to England, he wed Mary Hutchinson, who gave birth to the first of their five children in 1803. Wordsworth was also still writing poetry, including the famous "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" and "Ode: Intimations of Immortality." These pieces were published in another Wordsworth collection, Poems, in Two Volumes (1807).
Evolving Poetry and Philosophy
As he grew older, Wordsworth began to reject radicalism. In 1813, he was named as a distributor of stamps and moved his family to a new home in the Lake District. By 1818, Wordsworth was an ardent supporter of the conservative Tories.
Though Wordsworth continued to produce poetry—including moving work that mourned the deaths of two of his children in 1812—he had reached a zenith of creativity between 1798 and 1808. It was this early work that cemented his reputation as an acclaimed literary figure.
In 1843, Wordsworth became England's poet laureate, a position he held for the rest of his life. At the age of 80, he died on April 23, 1850, at his home in Rydal Mount, Westmorland, England.
Affective fallacy is a term in NEW CRITICISM used to describe the error, from a
New Critical perspective, of analyzing a work of literature in terms of its impact upon a reader. William Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley coined the term to call
attention to the distinction between the text of a work and “its results in the mind of its audience.” “The Affective Fallacy” is included in Wimsatt’s The Verbal Icon
(1954).
Harriet Wilson’s Our Nig; or, Sketches from the Life of a Free Black was the first
novel by an African American writer to be published in the United States.
African-American literature was dominated by three novelists: Richard Wright,
Ralph Ellison, and James Baldwin. Wright’s Native Son (1940), Ellison’s The Invisible
Man (1952), and Baldwin’s Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953).
Major African-American Writers : Maya Angelou (I Know Why the Caged Bird
Sings,1969), Ishmael Reed ( Mumbo Jumbo,1972), Alice Walker ( The Color
Purple,1982), the playwright August Wilson (Fences,1987), and the Nobel laureate
Toni Morrison (Beloved,1987).
Dr. Samuel Johnson was a poet, critic, editor, and lexicographer.
Gibbon wrote Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–87)
Boswell wrote Life of Johnson (1791).
Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s The School for Scandal (1777), and Oliver Goldsmith’s
She Stoops to Conquer (1773) , William Congreve’s A Way of the World– are the
examples for Comedy of Manners.
Tobias Smollett wrote the novel Humphrey Clinker (1771).
Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy (1760–67), is one of the great comic novels in
English.
At the polar opposite of the view of age in King Lear is Robert Browning’s depiction
in “Rabbi Ben Ezra”:
Grow old along with me
The best is yet to be.
John Updike’s Rabbit tetralogy, Rabbit, Run (1960), Rabbit Redux, Rabbit is Rich, and
Rabbit at Rest (1990). Rabbit, Run depicts three months in the life of a 26 year-old
former high school basketball player Harry’Rabbit’ Angstrom.
Clifford Odets’s waiting for Lefty (1935), a passionate prolabor union drama
focusing on a taxi drivers’ strike.
Kubla Khan of Coleridge is an opium dream. (Xanadu is a place in this poem).
Shelley used Terza rima stanza form in his famous poem ‘Ode to the West Wind’.
The phrase ‘Pathetic fallacy’ is coined by John Ruskin.
Five soliloquies are spoken by Hamlet in the play Hamlet.
“The best lack all conviction, while the worst are full of passionate intensity.” These
lines are from “The Second Coming” by W. B Yeats.
Sensuousnessisthe most notable characteristic of Keats’ poetry.
Optimismisthe key-note of Browning’s philosophy of life.
The title of Carlyle’s ‘Sartor Resartus’ meansTailor Repatched.
“Epipsychidion” is composed by Shelley.
“The better part of valour is discretion” occurs in Shakespeare’s Henry IV, Part I.
Graham Greeneused a pseudonym, Michael Angelo Titmarsh, for much of his early
work.
Pride and Prejudice was originally a youthful work entitled‘First Impressions’.
There’s a special providence in the fall of a sparrow.” The line given above occurs
in Hamlet.
Sir John Falstaff is one of Shakespeare’s greatest comic figures. (The character
appears both in Henry IV Part 1 and The Merry Wives of Windsor
Samuel Pepys began his diary in New Year’s Day 1660 and wrote till 1669.
Blakesaid “That Milton was of the Devil’s party without knowing it”.
Women’s Education and Rights isthe theme of Tennyson’s Poem ‘The Princess’.
Oedipus complex and Electra complex are the terms used by Carl Jung.
D. H. Lawrence wrote“My own great religion is a belief in the blood, the flesh as
being wiser than the intellect.”
Shakespeare makes fun of the Puritans in his playTwelfth Night.
“The rarer action is in virtue that in vengeance.” This line occurs inThe Tempest.
‘Heaven lies about us in our infancy’. This line occurs in the poemImmortality Ode
by Wordworth.
Wordsworth calls himself ‘a Worshipper of Nature’ in his poemTintern Abbey.
Direct or epic methodof narration has been employed by Dickens in his novel Great
Expectations.
Coleridge said ‘Keats was a G
New Critical perspective, of analyzing a work of literature in terms of its impact upon a reader. William Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley coined the term to call
attention to the distinction between the text of a work and “its results in the mind of its audience.” “The Affective Fallacy” is included in Wimsatt’s The Verbal Icon
(1954).
Harriet Wilson’s Our Nig; or, Sketches from the Life of a Free Black was the first
novel by an African American writer to be published in the United States.
African-American literature was dominated by three novelists: Richard Wright,
Ralph Ellison, and James Baldwin. Wright’s Native Son (1940), Ellison’s The Invisible
Man (1952), and Baldwin’s Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953).
Major African-American Writers : Maya Angelou (I Know Why the Caged Bird
Sings,1969), Ishmael Reed ( Mumbo Jumbo,1972), Alice Walker ( The Color
Purple,1982), the playwright August Wilson (Fences,1987), and the Nobel laureate
Toni Morrison (Beloved,1987).
Dr. Samuel Johnson was a poet, critic, editor, and lexicographer.
Gibbon wrote Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–87)
Boswell wrote Life of Johnson (1791).
Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s The School for Scandal (1777), and Oliver Goldsmith’s
She Stoops to Conquer (1773) , William Congreve’s A Way of the World– are the
examples for Comedy of Manners.
Tobias Smollett wrote the novel Humphrey Clinker (1771).
Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy (1760–67), is one of the great comic novels in
English.
At the polar opposite of the view of age in King Lear is Robert Browning’s depiction
in “Rabbi Ben Ezra”:
Grow old along with me
The best is yet to be.
John Updike’s Rabbit tetralogy, Rabbit, Run (1960), Rabbit Redux, Rabbit is Rich, and
Rabbit at Rest (1990). Rabbit, Run depicts three months in the life of a 26 year-old
former high school basketball player Harry’Rabbit’ Angstrom.
Clifford Odets’s waiting for Lefty (1935), a passionate prolabor union drama
focusing on a taxi drivers’ strike.
Kubla Khan of Coleridge is an opium dream. (Xanadu is a place in this poem).
Shelley used Terza rima stanza form in his famous poem ‘Ode to the West Wind’.
The phrase ‘Pathetic fallacy’ is coined by John Ruskin.
Five soliloquies are spoken by Hamlet in the play Hamlet.
“The best lack all conviction, while the worst are full of passionate intensity.” These
lines are from “The Second Coming” by W. B Yeats.
Sensuousnessisthe most notable characteristic of Keats’ poetry.
Optimismisthe key-note of Browning’s philosophy of life.
The title of Carlyle’s ‘Sartor Resartus’ meansTailor Repatched.
“Epipsychidion” is composed by Shelley.
“The better part of valour is discretion” occurs in Shakespeare’s Henry IV, Part I.
Graham Greeneused a pseudonym, Michael Angelo Titmarsh, for much of his early
work.
Pride and Prejudice was originally a youthful work entitled‘First Impressions’.
There’s a special providence in the fall of a sparrow.” The line given above occurs
in Hamlet.
Sir John Falstaff is one of Shakespeare’s greatest comic figures. (The character
appears both in Henry IV Part 1 and The Merry Wives of Windsor
Samuel Pepys began his diary in New Year’s Day 1660 and wrote till 1669.
Blakesaid “That Milton was of the Devil’s party without knowing it”.
Women’s Education and Rights isthe theme of Tennyson’s Poem ‘The Princess’.
Oedipus complex and Electra complex are the terms used by Carl Jung.
D. H. Lawrence wrote“My own great religion is a belief in the blood, the flesh as
being wiser than the intellect.”
Shakespeare makes fun of the Puritans in his playTwelfth Night.
“The rarer action is in virtue that in vengeance.” This line occurs inThe Tempest.
‘Heaven lies about us in our infancy’. This line occurs in the poemImmortality Ode
by Wordworth.
Wordsworth calls himself ‘a Worshipper of Nature’ in his poemTintern Abbey.
Direct or epic methodof narration has been employed by Dickens in his novel Great
Expectations.
Coleridge said ‘Keats was a G
reek’.
D. G. Rossetti was a true literary descendant ofKeats.
Browning’s famous poem ‘Rabbi Ben Ezra’ is included inDramatis Personae.
(Browning has used Italian styles in his poetry)
Sandition is the unfinished novel by Jane Austen.
Miss Havisham was arrogant in Great Expectation and she remained a spinster
throughout her life.
The Romantic Revival in English Poetry was influenced by theFrench Revolution.
‘O, you are sick of self-love’ . Malvoliois referred to in these words in Twelfth Night.
Mirandaexclaims; ‘Brave, new, world!’ in Shakespeare’s play The Tempest.
Paradise Lost shows an influence ofChristianity and the Renaissance.
Poloniusin Hamlet suggests that one should neither be a lender nor a borrower.
How do I love thee poem ends 'I shall but love thee better after death' by Elizabeth
Barrett.
Lord Byronis considered a national hero in Greece.
The three gallants weregoing to a wedding in the poem 'The rime of the Ancient
Mariner' by Coleridge.
Sidney Smith, Henry Brougham, Francis Jeffrey are associated with the 'Edinburgh
Review'.
"A lady's imagination is very rapid; it jumps from admiration to love, from love to
matrimony in a moment." These lines are said by Darcy in Pride and Prejudice
( Jane Austen’s novel)
His sonnet was rejected by a magazine “Gem”, on the plea that it would "shock
mothers". At this he wrote to a friend, "I am born out of time .... When my sonnet
was rejected, I exclaimed 'Hang the age, I will write for antiquity.' He is Charles
Lamb.
This patriotic song is often prescribed for school anthologies in India: "Breathes
there the man, with soul so dead who never to himself hath said, this is my own, my
native land." The Poet is Walter Scott.
Bingley is a character in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen.
"About thirty years age, Miss Maria Ward of Huntingdon, with only seven thousand
pounds, had the good luck to captivate Sir Thomas Bertram ". This is the beginning
of the novel Mansfield Park by Jane Austen.
Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice begins with: "It is a truth universally
acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of
a wife."
America's Age of Reason took place in 1750-1800.
Genres and styles of the Age of Reason were typically political pamphlets, essays,
travel writing, speeches, and highly ornate writing.
Romantic author Mary Robinson wrote the lines:
"Pavement slipp'ry, people sneezing,
Lords in ermine, beggars freezing;
Title gluttons dainties carving,
Genius in a garret starving"
Unto This Lost was written by John Ruskin. This work of Ruskin influenced
Mahatma Gandhi.
R.L.Stevenson is the author of Dr . Jakyll and Mr. Hyde.
Charles Dickens's characters are generally : Flat
The theme of Tennyson's Idylls of the King is The story of King Arthur and His
Round Table.
"Others abide our question. Thou art free
We ask and ask : Thou smilest and art still,
Out - topping knowledge."
In these lines from a poem written by Matthew Arnold, 'Thou' refers to
Shakespeare.
Some Elizabethan Puritan critics denounced poets as 'fathers of lies' and
'caterpillars of a commonwealth'. Stephen Gosson used these offensives terms in
his The School of Abuse.
"The tragi-comedy , which is the product of the English theatre, is one of the most
monstrous inventions that ever entered into a poet's thoughts." - Joseph Addison.
"Be Homer's works your study and delight. Read them by day, and meditate by
night." This advice was given to the poets by Pope.
"The end of writing is to instruct ; the end of poetry is to instruct by pleasing." –
Dr.Johnson.
"There neither is, nor can be, any essential difference between the language of
prose and metrical composition." – William Wordsworth.
D. G. Rossetti was a true literary descendant ofKeats.
Browning’s famous poem ‘Rabbi Ben Ezra’ is included inDramatis Personae.
(Browning has used Italian styles in his poetry)
Sandition is the unfinished novel by Jane Austen.
Miss Havisham was arrogant in Great Expectation and she remained a spinster
throughout her life.
The Romantic Revival in English Poetry was influenced by theFrench Revolution.
‘O, you are sick of self-love’ . Malvoliois referred to in these words in Twelfth Night.
Mirandaexclaims; ‘Brave, new, world!’ in Shakespeare’s play The Tempest.
Paradise Lost shows an influence ofChristianity and the Renaissance.
Poloniusin Hamlet suggests that one should neither be a lender nor a borrower.
How do I love thee poem ends 'I shall but love thee better after death' by Elizabeth
Barrett.
Lord Byronis considered a national hero in Greece.
The three gallants weregoing to a wedding in the poem 'The rime of the Ancient
Mariner' by Coleridge.
Sidney Smith, Henry Brougham, Francis Jeffrey are associated with the 'Edinburgh
Review'.
"A lady's imagination is very rapid; it jumps from admiration to love, from love to
matrimony in a moment." These lines are said by Darcy in Pride and Prejudice
( Jane Austen’s novel)
His sonnet was rejected by a magazine “Gem”, on the plea that it would "shock
mothers". At this he wrote to a friend, "I am born out of time .... When my sonnet
was rejected, I exclaimed 'Hang the age, I will write for antiquity.' He is Charles
Lamb.
This patriotic song is often prescribed for school anthologies in India: "Breathes
there the man, with soul so dead who never to himself hath said, this is my own, my
native land." The Poet is Walter Scott.
Bingley is a character in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen.
"About thirty years age, Miss Maria Ward of Huntingdon, with only seven thousand
pounds, had the good luck to captivate Sir Thomas Bertram ". This is the beginning
of the novel Mansfield Park by Jane Austen.
Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice begins with: "It is a truth universally
acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of
a wife."
America's Age of Reason took place in 1750-1800.
Genres and styles of the Age of Reason were typically political pamphlets, essays,
travel writing, speeches, and highly ornate writing.
Romantic author Mary Robinson wrote the lines:
"Pavement slipp'ry, people sneezing,
Lords in ermine, beggars freezing;
Title gluttons dainties carving,
Genius in a garret starving"
Unto This Lost was written by John Ruskin. This work of Ruskin influenced
Mahatma Gandhi.
R.L.Stevenson is the author of Dr . Jakyll and Mr. Hyde.
Charles Dickens's characters are generally : Flat
The theme of Tennyson's Idylls of the King is The story of King Arthur and His
Round Table.
"Others abide our question. Thou art free
We ask and ask : Thou smilest and art still,
Out - topping knowledge."
In these lines from a poem written by Matthew Arnold, 'Thou' refers to
Shakespeare.
Some Elizabethan Puritan critics denounced poets as 'fathers of lies' and
'caterpillars of a commonwealth'. Stephen Gosson used these offensives terms in
his The School of Abuse.
"The tragi-comedy , which is the product of the English theatre, is one of the most
monstrous inventions that ever entered into a poet's thoughts." - Joseph Addison.
"Be Homer's works your study and delight. Read them by day, and meditate by
night." This advice was given to the poets by Pope.
"The end of writing is to instruct ; the end of poetry is to instruct by pleasing." –
Dr.Johnson.
"There neither is, nor can be, any essential difference between the language of
prose and metrical composition." – William Wordsworth.
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Structuralism in literary criticism is a movement that began in early 1900’s and affected a number of fields like Sociology, Linguistics, Anthropology, Literature, Psychology, Semiotics, and so on. Structuralism is based on the belief that each of human constructions must have an underlying structure. In case of literary criticism, for instance, a critic believing in structuralism will try to locate a structure in every text. Being experienced in identifying and understanding such structures would make interpretation of a text easier.
However, some scholars like Catherine Belsey believe that depending entirely on the tenets of structuralism for analysis of different texts may force to overlook some basic difference between two texts. Some texts having similar interrelationships between characters or similar beginning and ending, for instance, could be compared on the basis of this similarity ignoring the differences between the two. Structuralism prefers to analyse one text in terms of its similarity or contrast with another rather than analysing it in an independent manner.
Structuralism considers even human experience and behaviour to be based on certain fixed structures. Structuralism became a strong movement in France during 1960’s and got spread throughout the world following its popularity in France.
Some of the major names in the field of structuralism include Vladmir Propp, Claude Levi-Strauss, Roman Jacobson, Jacques Lacan.
Multiple Choice Questions
The linguist generally associated with the initiation of ‘Structuralism’ as a movement is:
Ferdinand de Saussure
Simon Blackburn,
Noam Chomsky
Levi-Strauss
2. Structuralism originated in:
1890’s
1900’s
1960’s
1970’s
3. The observation that Structuralism is “the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations” was made by:
Jacques Derrida
Simon Blackburn
Vladmir Propp
Claude Levi-Strauss
4. France saw a particular rise in structuralism in:
1960’s
1900’s
1970’s
1930’s
5. Consider the following statements about structuralism:
Structuralism got spread all over the world following a rise in its importance in France.
Structuralism is related mainly to criticism in the fields of literature and painting.
Structuralism began in 1960’s.
Structuralism tries to identify some already known structures in all new creations.
I, II, III and IV are correct
I, III and IV are correct
III and IV are correct
Only I and IV are correct
6. Which of the following critics is not considered to have dealt basically with Structuralism?
Jacques Derrida
Vladmir Propp
Claude Levi-Strauss
Roman Jacobson
7. The literary movement that began in response to structuralism was :
Romanticism
Colonialism
Post structuralism
Post-colonialism
8. Post structuralism particularly observes the following shortcoming in structuralism:
The structures it considered were not credible
The structures it includes are not self-sufficient
It overlooked a number of basic structures
The theory of structures itself was not credible
9. Which of the following critics is associated with post-structuralism rather than structuralism?
Michel Foucault
Vladmir Propp
Roman Jacobson
Jacques Lacan
10. Consider the following statements about structuralism:
It was a movement concerned to intellect
It believed in identifying the structures in products like texts
It was used in a number of fields like linguistics, psychology, anthropology, etc.
It came into prominence with the works of Jacques Derrida
I, II and III are correct
I, II, III and IV are correct
III and IV are correct
II, III and IV are correct
11. The ‘Gang of Four’ regarding structuralism did not include:
Lévi-Strauss
Lacan
Barthes
Propp
Answer keysof MCQ
a
c
b
a
d
a
c
b
a
a
d
However, some scholars like Catherine Belsey believe that depending entirely on the tenets of structuralism for analysis of different texts may force to overlook some basic difference between two texts. Some texts having similar interrelationships between characters or similar beginning and ending, for instance, could be compared on the basis of this similarity ignoring the differences between the two. Structuralism prefers to analyse one text in terms of its similarity or contrast with another rather than analysing it in an independent manner.
Structuralism considers even human experience and behaviour to be based on certain fixed structures. Structuralism became a strong movement in France during 1960’s and got spread throughout the world following its popularity in France.
Some of the major names in the field of structuralism include Vladmir Propp, Claude Levi-Strauss, Roman Jacobson, Jacques Lacan.
Multiple Choice Questions
The linguist generally associated with the initiation of ‘Structuralism’ as a movement is:
Ferdinand de Saussure
Simon Blackburn,
Noam Chomsky
Levi-Strauss
2. Structuralism originated in:
1890’s
1900’s
1960’s
1970’s
3. The observation that Structuralism is “the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations” was made by:
Jacques Derrida
Simon Blackburn
Vladmir Propp
Claude Levi-Strauss
4. France saw a particular rise in structuralism in:
1960’s
1900’s
1970’s
1930’s
5. Consider the following statements about structuralism:
Structuralism got spread all over the world following a rise in its importance in France.
Structuralism is related mainly to criticism in the fields of literature and painting.
Structuralism began in 1960’s.
Structuralism tries to identify some already known structures in all new creations.
I, II, III and IV are correct
I, III and IV are correct
III and IV are correct
Only I and IV are correct
6. Which of the following critics is not considered to have dealt basically with Structuralism?
Jacques Derrida
Vladmir Propp
Claude Levi-Strauss
Roman Jacobson
7. The literary movement that began in response to structuralism was :
Romanticism
Colonialism
Post structuralism
Post-colonialism
8. Post structuralism particularly observes the following shortcoming in structuralism:
The structures it considered were not credible
The structures it includes are not self-sufficient
It overlooked a number of basic structures
The theory of structures itself was not credible
9. Which of the following critics is associated with post-structuralism rather than structuralism?
Michel Foucault
Vladmir Propp
Roman Jacobson
Jacques Lacan
10. Consider the following statements about structuralism:
It was a movement concerned to intellect
It believed in identifying the structures in products like texts
It was used in a number of fields like linguistics, psychology, anthropology, etc.
It came into prominence with the works of Jacques Derrida
I, II and III are correct
I, II, III and IV are correct
III and IV are correct
II, III and IV are correct
11. The ‘Gang of Four’ regarding structuralism did not include:
Lévi-Strauss
Lacan
Barthes
Propp
Answer keysof MCQ
a
c
b
a
d
a
c
b
a
a
d
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