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Public notice of NTA NET 2019 December👆👆

🌹🌹🌹Middlemarch by George Eliot 🌹🌹🌹
What are the names of Mr. Brooke's estate and parish?
THE GRANGE, TIPTON✅
FRESHITT, MIDDLEMARCH
LOWICK, MIDDLEMARCH
STONE COURT, LOWICK
2.Dorothea's two suitors at the beginning of the novel are:
CASAUBON AND SIR JAMES✅
CASAUBON AND LYDGATE
LYDGATE AND FAREBROTHER
NED PLYMDALE AND SIR JAMES CHETTAM
3.While in Rome, Casaubon is asked to sit for a portrait of which renowned philosopher?
SIR THOMAS MORE
DAVINCI
THOMAS AQUINAS✅
VOLTAIRE
4.The name of the paper that Mr. Brooke purchases is:
THE TRUMPET
THE TRIBUNE
THE TIMES
THE PIONEER✅
5.Which historical event is not referenced in Middlemarch?
THE DEATH OF GEORGE IV
THE REFORM BILL OF 1832
THE CHOLERA OF 1832
THE RISE OF QUEEN VICTORIA✅
6.Which of these men seeks to carry out Dorothea's plans for local social improvement?
SIR JAMES✅
CASAUBON
LYDGATE
WILL LADISLAW
7.The name of Casaubon's life's work is:
KEY TO ALL MYTHOLOGIES✅
THE PROGRESS OF HISTORY
UNDERSTANDING WORLD RELIGIONS
GUIDE TO ALL KNOWLEDGE
8.Upon Mr. Featherstone's death, who receives his entire estate?
CALEB GARTH
MRS. WAULE, NEE FEATHERSTONE
MR. RIGG✅
FRED VINCY
9Mr. Vincy, Rosamond's father, holds the position of:
TOWN MAYOR✅
COURT JUDGE
TOWN DEPUTY
PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATIVE
10What happens when Fred cannot pay his 160 pound gambling debt?
FEATHERSTONE PAYS THE FULL AMOUNT OF THE DEBT
HE LOSES HIS HORSE
HIS FATHER IS FORCED TO PAY
CALEB GARTH AND HIS FAMILY PAY IT✅
11In the contest for Hospital chaplain under Bulstrode, who wins the position?
MR. TYKE✅
MR. FAREBROTHER
FRED VINCY
MR. CASAUBON'S PARISH PASTOR
12Who does Dorothea meet on her honeymoon to Rome?
WILL LADISLAW✅
SIR JAMES
MR. TYKE
LYDGATE
13The first person that Lydgate cures in Middlemarch is:
MR. CASAUBON
FRED VINCY✅
FEATHERSTONE
DOROTHEA
14What is the name of the local gambling den that Fred and Lydgate visit?
THE ROYAL ARMS
THE MONEY POT
THE GREEN DRAGON✅
THE LUCKY CLOVER
15Dorothea's favorite portrait in her sitting room at Lowick is of:
WILL'S GRANDMOTHER JULIA✅
CASAUBON'S MOTHER
WILL LADISLAW
HER SISTER CELIA
16What does Featherstone tell Mary to do before he dies?
READ TO HIM
BURN ONE OF HIS WILLS✅
TELL FRED HIS LAST WORDS
TAKE A GIFT OF MONEY
17Which occupation does Fred fear that he will have to pursue?
THE CLERGY✅
THE LAW
BUSINESS
MEDICINE
18Which of these is NOT a reason why Rosamond decides to marry Lydgate?
HE HAS WEALTHY, INFLUENTIAL RELATIVES
HE IS VERY ATTENTIVE AND FLATTERING TO HER
HIS MEDICAL PRACTICE INTERESTS HER✅
HE IS NOT A MIDDLEMARCH NATIVE
19Most wealthy residents of Middlemarch support which political party?
THE CONSERVATIVE PARTY✅
THE WHIG PARTY
THE INDEPENDENT PARTY
THE LIBERAL PARTY
20The editor of Mr. Brooke's newspaper is:
NAUMANN
FRED VINCY
WILL LADISLAW✅
FAREBROTHER

21.Which of these estates does Caleb Garth NOT manage in the course of the novel?
STONE COURT
FRESHITT
THE GRANGE
THE SHRUBS✅

22
Who buys Stone Court from Mr. Rigg?
MR. BULSTRODE✅
DOROTHEA
THE VINCYS
SIR JAMES

23.Lydgate becomes closely associated with which influential Middlemarch public figure?
MR. VINCY
MR. BROOKE
MR. FAREBROTHER
MR. BULSTRODE✅

24.Which upper-class Middlemarcher fails in his attempt to win public office?
BULSTRODE✅
MR. VINCY
CASAUBON
MR. BROOKE

25.Who are the two preachers at Lowick during the course of the book?
FAREBROTHER AND TYKE
CASAUBON AND FAREBROTHER✅
FRED VINCY AND TYKE
BULSTRODE AND FAREBROTHER

1. When was "Jude the Obscure" first published?
(a) 2006.
(b) 1936.
(c) 1896.✅
(d) 1996.

2. What job does Mr. Phillotson have when he is first introduced into the text?
(a) Butcher.
(b) Banker.
(c) Mayor.
(d) Schoolmaster.✅

3. Where does the novel first take place when it begins?
(a) Paris.
(b) Marygreen.✅
(c) Christminster.
(d) London.

4. What is Jude's full name?
(a) Jude Funton.
(b) Jude Phillotson.
(c) Jude Fawley.✅
(d) No one knows; he is always referred to as "Jude the Obscure."

5. When is Jude going to school when the novel first begins?
(a) In the morning.✅
(b) At night.
(c) All of these answers are correct.
(d) All day.

6. What kind of business does Jude's aunt run?
(a) A hospital.
(b) A bakery.✅
(c) A pub.
(d) A library.

7. Where do Jude and his aunt live when he is young?
(a) They drift from place to place.
(b) In the bakery.✅
(c) In the church basement.
(d) In the backhouse of someone's farm.

8. What is Jude's first job when he is younger?
(a) To beg for food and money.
(b) To scare away the birds from a farmer's field.✅
(c) To shine shoes.
(d) To simply stay out of trouble.

🌹🌹🌹 The Spanish Tragedy Quiz🌹🌹🌹 1.Who was Don Andrea?
A PORTUGUESE NOBLEMAN
A PORTUGUESE COURTIER
A SPANISH COURTIER✅
A SPANISH GENERAL
2.Who killed Don Andrea?
ALEXANDRO
BALTHAZAR✅
HORATIO
THE PORTUGUESE VICEROY
3.Who performed Andrea's last rites?
BELLIMPERIA
BALTHAZAR
LORENZO
HORATIO✅
4.Which of the judges of Hades sends Andrea to see Pluto?
MINOS✅
RHADAMANTH
AECUS
PROSERPINE
5.Who passes Andrea's final judgment?
MINOS
REVENGE
PROSERPINE✅
PLUTO
6.Through which gate do Andrea and Revenge pass to leave the underworld?
THE GATES OF GOLD
THE GATES OF IVORY
THE GATES OF IRON
THE GATES OF HORN✅
7.What does Revenge predict in the induction to the play?
HORATIO WILL BE KILLED BY LORENZO
THE DUKE OF CASTILE WILL DIE
HIERONIMO WILL KILL BALTHAZAR
BELLIMPERIA WILL KILL BALTHAZAR✅
8.What does the King reward the Spanish General with?
NOTHING
TEN DUCATS
HIS CHAIN✅
HIS SWORD
9.What is the official status between Portugal and Spain, according to the Spanish General?
NO OFFICIAL STATUS
CONTINUED BELLIGERENCE
PEACE CONDITIONAL✅
PEACE
10.What is the reward that the King grants each soldier?
TEN DUCATS
TWO DUCATS✅
A GRAM OF GOLD
A CHAIN
11.Who brings Balthazar to see the King?
THE SPANISH GENERAL
HORATIO ALONE
LORENZO ALONE
LORENZO AND BALTHAZAR✅
12.Who is Balthazar?
LORENZO'S BROTHER
THE PORTUGUESE VICEROY'S SON✅
A PORTUGUESE NOBLEMAN
A FORMER SPANISH COURTIER
13.Who gets custody of Balthazar?
LORENZO✅
THE DUKE OF CASTILE
HIERONIMO
HORATIO
14.What official title does Hieronimo hold?
GENERAL
NONE
CAPTAIN
MARSHALL✅
15.Who receives the reward for capturing Balthazar?
LORENZO ONLY
HORATIO ONLY
THE REWARD IS BURIED WITH ANDREA'S BODY
BOTH HORATIO AND LORENZO✅
16.What does the Viceroy lament above all when he first appears on stage?
HIS SON'S DEATH✅
PORTUGAL'S DEFEAT
THE DEATH OF HIS GENERAL
THE LOSS OF PORTUGAL'S FORTUNES
17.What does Villuppo claim that Alexandro did?
HE ATTEMPTED TO FLEE THE BATTLEFIELD
HE SHOT ANDREA IN BATTLE
HE STABBED BALTAZAR IN THE BACK
HE SHOT BALTHAZAR IN THE BACK✅
18.On what basis does Viceroy confirm Villuppo's accusation against Alexandro?
BASED ON HIS IMAGINATION
BASED ON HIS DREAM✅
BASED ON WHAT HE SAW IN BATTLE
BASED ON A SOLDIER'S CLAIM
19.What gesture does the Viceroy make when he accuses Alexandro of treachery?
HE SLAMS HIS SCEPTER ON THE GROUND
HE THRUSTS HIS SWORD IN THE AIR
HE TAKES OFF HIS CROWN AND PUTS IT BACK ON✅
HE THROWS HIS CHAIN AT ALEXANDRO
20.For what does Villuppo betray Alexandro?
FOR A REWARD✅
FOR REVENGE
FOR THE SAKE OF PURE VILLAINY
FOR FAME
21.What does Horatio retrieve from Andrea's corpse?
A SWORD
A CHAIN
A PORTRAIT
A SCARF✅
22.To what does Horatio attribute Andrea's fall in battle?
BALTHAZAR'S STRENGTH
PURE CIRCUMSTANCE
ANDREA'S WEAKNESS
THE GODDESS NEMESIS'S INTERVENTION✅
23.What does Bellimperia drop that Horatio picks up?
A GLOVE✅
A SCARF
A RING
A DIAMOND
24.Who orchestrates the first masque?
A CLOWN
HIERONIMO✅
THE DUKE
LORENZO
25.What does the first masque represent?
THREE KNIGHTS CONQUERING THREE KINGS✅
THREE KINGS EXCHANGING THEIR COAT OF ARMS
THREE KNIGHTS SUBMITTING TO THREE KINGS
THREE KNIGHTS FIGHTING EACH OTHER

NTA-NET SET English
This group has been created for lover of literature and those candidate who are preparing UGC Net and Set Examination.
https://t.me/UGCNETSET

"To His Coy Mistress" by Andrew Marvell
Analysis & CRITICAL APPRECIATION:
Analysis:
To His Coy Mistress has been rightly lauded as a small masterpiece of a poem, primarily because it packs so much into a relatively small space. It manages to carry along on simple rhyming couplets the complex passions of a male speaker, hungry for sexual liason with a lady, before all devouring time swallows them up.
Lines 1 - 20
The argument begins with an appeal to the coy mistress based on the idea that, if time and space were limitless, they could spend their days in leisure, she by the exotic Ganges river for instance, he by the ebb and flow of the Humber.
Sex needn't be a priority in this fantasy world. The speaker's ironic tone even allows for his love of the lady a decade before the old testament flood, and she could say no to his advances up to the time when the Jews convert to Christianity - which would never ever happen of course.
· This tongue-in-cheek allusion to religious notions of the end of the world, plus the underlying urges for physical intimacy, have been too much for certain Christian groups and others in more modern times. They would like the poem to be banned from being taught in school, claiming that it would negatively influence their children and that it condones predatory male behaviour.
Years he would spend growing his love, like a vegetable grows slowly, rooted and strong, in the earth. And he could bide his time admiring her physical beauty - her eyes, forehead, breasts and other parts.
This imaginary scenario is a clever and slightly ludicrous set up. He is clearly in awe of her body and totally wants her heart but because she refuses to comply he introduces this idea of a timeless, boundless love. Time becomes a metaphor for love but is little more than a limitless resource.
Lines 21 - 32
But all of the previous means nothing because the reality is that the clock is ticking louder and louder. Time is flying. And then one day you find ten years have got behind you, no one told you when to run, you missed the starting gun. Don't look over your shoulder. Don't look ahead either because there is a vast desert - eternity.
The speaker's tone starts to alter, becoming more serious. The future isn't that bright - her beauty will be lost in the sands of time - even worse, when she's dead and buried only the worms will experience what he presently longs for. What a challenging image.
And there are some who think quaint honour is an obscure reference to the female private parts (quaint was used as a noun in pre-Elizabethan times). He too will perish, consumed by his own passion, nothing but a pile of ash.
The last couplet of this section is perhaps the most quoted and puts a seal on the message: Let's make love while we're still alive.
Lines 33 - 46
The final part of this poem concentrates on the rational summing up of what's gone before. Note the first two words: Now therefore,..it's as if the speaker is saying, Look I've given you two quite valid reasons for you to succumb, consequently this final effort will make you see sense.
Never has an adverb carried so much weight.
And the speaker has clearly thrown out the fantasies and wishes of the previous scenes. Gone are space and time and death, in their place is the all-consuming present. Just look at the use of the word now (3 times in lines 33-38), suggesting that the speaker cannot wait a second longer for his postponed fulfilment.
The emphasis is on the physical - skin, sport, roll and tear - the language being tinged with aggression and forceful energy.
· Line 34 is controversial as many later versions change the word glew for dew whereas in the original it is definitely glew. So the poet used this word to further the image of youthfulness, as line 33 imparts. The word glew, now archaic, could be the old fashioned word for today's glue but this wouldn't make sense in the context of the couplet: Sits on thy skin like morning glue,; what makes better sense is to look for variants of either glow or glee - we still say the skin glows but do not often say the skin is

happy. Her skin has a morning glow.
· As the lines progress the intensity increases, the passion starts to burn, and when the images of two birds of prey emerge, devouring time (instead of the other way round) the reader is surely taken beyond mere pleasures of the flesh.
Some think the poet is using the symbols of alchemy to express the deep lying sexual chemistry implied in the second unusual image, that of a ball of sweetness to signify the union of male and female.
The iron gates could well be the barrier, the threshold, through which the speaker wishes to emerge. He sets the imperative. If they come together then who knows what will happen? Common sense and the logic of time will no longer dictate their lives.
===========================================
Metre (Meter in USA)
This poem has a dominant 8 syllable, four beat rhythm to the majority of lines - iambic tetrameter - but there are lines that deviate from this familiar, steady constant.
· First, the iambic tetrameter, for example, line 2 :
This coyness, lady, were no crime. (regular da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM)
· Then there is the three stressed ending to line 4:
To walk, and pass our long Love's day. (spondee at the end DUM-DUM)
· And the altered beat of lines 1 and 3:
Had we but world enough, and time (first foot is a trochee DUM-da)
We would sit down and think which way
And there are varied beats in lines 21/22 and 23/24.
These varied beats in certain lines tend to alter the pace and emphasis, and together with a mix of punctuation, colons, semi-colons, commas and full stops, not forgetting enjambment and repetition, makes the syntax particularly suitable for conveying a sense of momentum and familiarity.
To His Coy Mistress is a 46 line single stanza, split into three sections. Some modern versions available online show 3 distinct stanzas but the original is indeed one stanza with indented lines at 21 and 33.
Rhyme Scheme
The rhyming couplets are mostly full end rhyme, aabbccdd and so on, which shows a tight knit relationship. Only lines 23/24 and 27/28 are imperfect - with slant rhyme, lie/eternity and try/virginity.
Alliteration
There are several examples: we would, long Love's, An age at, love at lower, while thy willing, Thus, though, Stand still, we will. Alliteration brings texture and altered phonics to the line and challenges the reader.
===========================================================================
CRITICAL APPRECIATION:
To His Coy Mistress is Andrew Marvell's best known poem. It focuses on the lustful desires of a man attempting to entice a female virgin, the mistress, into sexual intimacy.
The poem is a tour de force, and has come to be known as a seduction poem or carpe diem (seize or pluck the day) poem. Wit, allusion and metaphor are all employed in what is a syllogism - a logical argument - that can be summed up in a short phrase: Life is too short, let's get it on before you and I decay.
It was first published in 1681, in Miscellaneous Poems, three years after the death of the author.
Marvell is known today as one of the metaphysical poets (alongside such names as John Donne, Henry Vaughan, George Herbert and Richard Crashaw) because he wrote on subjects such as man's place in the universe, existence, love and religion.
To His Coy Mistress is a clever, well structured poem, a dramatic monologue in effect, the speaker progressing logically through the stages of persuasion in an effort to turn the lady's head and heart.
He wants to deflower her before it's too late. Basically his argument goes like this:
· If they had all the time in the world at their disposal then everything would be fine and he needn't have to press her for a sexual liason. But, hey, has she noted that there's no time to lose?
· Before them is eternity, a vast desert where they'll both turn to dust and ashes in the grave. Beauty will die. Not a very pleasant prospect. Lust turns to disgust. And Time flies.
· Let's devour time before it devours us. The instinct drives birds of prey, why not us; let's strike while the iron's hot, create a ball of passion and tak

e on the sun.
As you can see, the argument builds up through the three sections of the poem, starting off with the speaker's assertion that the lady's coyness (shyness, modesty) wouldn't be deemed a moral crime if they had all the world in which to spend time together.
There then follows a series of potential scenarios laid out by the speaker to illustrate exactly what he means. There is a relaxed tone to these lines, spiced with hyperbole and allusion.
She, being of Indian descent perhaps, could go walking by the river Ganges in search of rubies (in legend the river originates from a huge jujube tree near a hermitage where stands some stairs made of rubies and corals).
Likewise, he, being from Hull in East Yorkshire, England, could go walking by the tidal river Humber. Only he wouldn't be looking for precious stones, he'd be complaining - perhaps unhappy with the distance between him and his lady.
And there would also be time, thousands of years, for him to admire her physical beauty, her eyes, her breasts and so on.
Keeping regular rhyme and rhythm throughout, the poem culminates in what many think is an alchemical climax of sorts, a coming together of male and female elements, with the emphasis on a passionate fusion, strong enough to affect even the sun.
· In conclusion, To His Coy Mistress explores the realm of human mortality, approaching the seriousness of this finite reality with humour, logic and ironic reflection. Why let time get the upperhand when being pro-active could bring fulfilment?

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🌹🌹🌹THE SCHOLAR GYPSY – ARNOLD🌹🌹🌹
• It is a poem by Arnold, based on a 17th century Oxford story found in Joseph Glanvill’s The Vanity of Dogmatizing (1661), which he read often.
• It begins in pastoral mode, invoking a shepherd and describing the beauties of a rural scene, with Oxford in the distance.
• It is an attack on scholasticism.
• The various places and landmarks mentioned in the poem are all actual ones situated around oxford.
• It is written in a modern style.
• Scholar gypsy left the university because of poverty.
• He left the university in a morning of a summer.
• Arnold describes the story of an Oxford student Glanvill.
• He left his university and joined a band of gypsies.
• He came from them many of the secrets about the trade.
• Many were not certain about his whereabouts.
• But some time he was discovered and recognized by two of his former Oxford associates, who learned from him that the gypsies “had a traditional kind of learning among them, and could do wonders by the power of imagination, their fancy binding that of others”.
• When he had learned everything that the gypsies could teach him, he said, he would leave them and give an account of these secrets to the world.
• The flower mentioned in the poem is Convolvulus.
• The punt or ferry boat is pulled across the stream by a rope and the boat moves in a kind of curve.
• Why did scholar join the gypsies? To learn their knowledge.
• With whom contacts the poet bids him avoid while addressing the scholar? Moderns.
• In “the just pausing genius”, we have an allusion to? Indian mythology.
• Arnold says that the scholar is waiting for? The spark of the heaven
• When did the scholar return oxford? He returned no more.
• When did the scholar want to impart the secret of the art of Gypsies? After learning the art fully.
• What did the scholar give to the woman he met? Flowers.
• Maidens from distant helmets have seen the scholar in the fields in the month? May.
• The scholar Gypsy is compared to? Tyrian trader.
• “the young light hearted masters of wave” – this phrase refers to? Greek.
• The Scholar Gypsy was born when? Wits were fresh and clear.
• The scholar gypsy is a pastoral elegy. What are the pastoral landscape described in the poem? Oxford country side, Thames and Cummer Hills.
• Whose life ran as sparkling Thames? The Scholar Gypsy.
• Arnold attacked the life of? Moderns.
• Arnold wants us through the poem? Follow the path of scholar Gypsy.
• In which line we can find Homeric simile? Averse as Dido did with gesture stern.
• It is written in the metre of Iambic penta metre.
• This poetry is the criticism of life. 🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹

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🇮🇳Saroj Naidu🇮🇳

Quiz Questions and Answers


1. What was Sarojini Naidu’s original name?
🎓b) Sarojini Chattopadhyay

2. When was Sarojini Naidu born?
🎓a) 13 February 1879

3. Where was Sarojini Naidu born?
🎓c) Hyderabad

4. Which university did Sarojini Naidu attend?
🎓d) Madras

5. Which college in Cambridge did Sarojini Naidu attend?
🎓c) Horton College

6. When was The Golden Threshold published?
🎓d) 1905

7. Which of the following is true of Sarojini Naidu?
b) First Indian woman president of Indian
🎓a)National Congress

8. Where was Sarojini Naidu governor?
🎓a) United Provinces

9. When did Sarojini Naidu die?
🎓a) 2 March 1949

10. Where did Sarojini Naidu die?
🎓d) Lucknow


🏮🏮🏮🏮🏮🏮🏮

*History of English Literature*

450-1066 : Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period
1066-1500 : Middle English Period
1500-1660 : The Renaissance
1558-1603 : Elizabethan Age
1603-1625 : Jacobean Age
1625-1649 : Caroline Age
1649-1660 : Commonwealth Period (or Puritan Interregnum)
1660-1785 : The Neoclassical Period
1660-1700 : The Restoration
1700-1745 : The Augustan Age (or Age of Pope)
1745-1785 : The Age of Sensibility (or Age of Johnson)
1785-1830 : The Romantic Period
1832-1901 : The Victorian Period
1848-1860 : The Pre-Raphaelites
1880-1901 : Aestheticism and Decadence
1901-1914 : The Edwardian Period
1910-1936 : The Georgian Period
1914-1945 : The Modern Period
1945-present : Postmodern Period

The Old English Period or the Anglo-Saxon Period refers to the literature produced from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror.

During the Old English Period, written literature began to develop from oral tradition, and in the eighth century poetry written in the vernacular Anglo-Saxon (also known as Old English) appeared. One of the most well-known eighth century Old English pieces of literature is Beowulf, a great Germanic epic poem. Two poets of the Old English Period who wrote on biblical and religious themes were Caedmon and Cynewulf.

The Middle English Period consists of the literature produced in the four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest of 1066 and about 1500, when the standard literary language, derived from the dialect of the London area, became recognizable as "modern English."
Prior to the second half of the fourteenth century, vernacular literature consisted primarily of religious writings. The second half of the fourteenth century produced the first great age of secular literature. The most widely known of these writings are Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, the anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur.

While the English Renaissance began with the ascent of the House of Tudor to the English throne in 1485, the English Literary Renaissance began with English humanists such as Sir Thomas More and Sir Thomas Wyatt.
In addition, the English Literary Renaissance consists of four subsets: The Elizabethan Age, the Jacobean Age, the Caroline Age, and the Commonwealth Period (which is also known as the Puritan Interregnum).

The Elizabethan Age of English Literature coincides with the reign of Elizabeth I, 1558 - 1603. During this time, medieval tradition was blended with Renaissance optimism. Lyric poetry, prose, and drama were the major styles of literature that flowered during the Elizabethan Age. Some important writers of the Elizabethan Age include William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Ben Jonson.

The Jacobean Age of English Literature coincides with the reign of James I, 1603 - 1625. During this time the literature became sophisticated, sombre, and conscious of social abuse and rivalry. The Jacobean Age produced rich prose and drama as well as the King James translation of the Bible. Shakespeare and Jonson wrote during the Jacobean Age, as well as John Donne, Francis Bacon, and Thomas Middleton.

The Caroline Age of English Literature coincides with the reign of Charles I, 1625 - 1649. The writers of this age wrote with refinement and elegance. This era produced a circle of poets known as the "Cavalier Poets" and the dramatists of this age were the last to write in the Elizabethan tradition.

The Commonwealth Period, also known as the Puritan Interregnum, of English Literature includes the literature produced during the time of Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell. This period produced the political writings of John Milton, Thomas Hobbes' political treatise Leviathan, and the prose of Andrew Marvell. In September of 1642, the Puritans closed theatres on moral and religious grounds. For the next eighteen years the theatres remained closed, accounting for the lack of drama produced during this t

ime period.

The Neoclassical Period of English literature (1660 - 1785) was much influenced by contemporary French literature, which was in the midst of its greatest age. The literature of this time is known for its use of philosophy, reason, skepticism, wit, and refinement. The Neoclassical Period also marks the first great age of English literary criticism.

Much like the English Literary Renaissance, the Neoclassical Period can be divided into three subsets: the Restoration, the Augustan Age, and the Age of Sensibility.
The Restoration, 1660 - 1700, is marked by the restoration of the monarchy and the triumph of reason and tolerance over religious and political passion. The Restoration produced an abundance of prose and poetry and the distinctive comedy of manners known as Restoration comedy. It was during the Restoration that John Milton published Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained.
Other major writers of the era include John Dryden, John Wilmot 2nd Earl of Rochester, and John Locke.

The English Augustan Age derives its name from the brilliant literary period of Vergil and Ovid under the Roman emperor Augustus (27 B.C. - A.D. 14). In English literature, the Augustan Age, 1700 - 1745, refers to literature with the predominant characteristics of refinement, clarity, elegance, and balance of judgment. Well-known writers of the Augustan Age include Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, and Daniel Defoe. A significant contribution of this time period included the release of the first English novels by Defoe, and the "novel of character," Pamela, by Samuel Richardson in 1740.

During the Age of Sensibility, literature reflected the worldview of Enlightenment and began to emphasize instinct and feeling, rather than judgment and restraint. A growing sympathy for the Middle Ages during the Age of Sensibility sparked an interest in medieval ballads and folk literature. Another name for this period is the Age of Johnson because the dominant authors of this period were Samuel Johnson and his literary and intellectual circle. This period also produced some of the greatest early novels of the English language, including Richardson's Clarissa (1748) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1749).

The Romantic Period of English literature began in the late 18th century and lasted until approximately 1832. In general, Romantic literature can be characterized by its personal nature, its strong use of feeling, its abundant use of symbolism, and its exploration of nature and the supernatural. In addition, the writings of the Romantics were considered innovative based on their belief that literature should be spontaneous, imaginative, personal, and free. The Romantic Period produced a wealth of authors including Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Jane Austen, and Lord Byron.

It was during the Romantic Period that Gothic literature was born. Traits of Gothic literature are dark and gloomy settings and characters and situations that are fantastic, grotesque, wild, savage, mysterious, and often melodramatic. Two of the most famous Gothic novelists are Anne Radcliffe and Mary Shelley.

The Victorian Period of English literature began with the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne in 1837, and lasted until her death in 1901. Because the Victorian Period of English literature spans over six decades, the year 1870 is often used to divide the era into "early Victorian" and "late Victorian." In general, Victorian literature deals with the issues and problems of the day. Some contemporary issues that the Victorians dealt with include the social, economic, religious, and intellectual issues and problems surrounding the Industrial Revolution, growing class tensions, the early feminist movement, pressures toward political and social reform, and the impact of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution on philosophy and religion. Some of the most recognized authors of the Victorian era include Alfred Lord Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, her husband Robert, Matthew Arnold, Charles Dickens, Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy.

Within the Victorian Period, two other literary movements, that of The Pre-Raphaelites (1848-1860) and the movement of Aestheticism and Decadence (1880-1900), gained prominence.
In 1848, a group of English artists, including Dante Gabriel Rossetti, formed the "Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood." It was the aim of this group to return painting to a style of truthfulness, simplicity, and religious devotion that had reigned prior to Raphael and the high Italian Renaissance. Rossetti and his literary circle, which included his sister Christina, incorporated these ideals into their literature, and the result was that of the literary Pre-Raphaelites.

The Aestheticism and Decadence movement of English literature grew out of the French movement of the same name. The authors of this movement encouraged experimentation and held the view that art is totally opposed "natural" norms of morality. This style of literature opposed the dominance of scientific thinking and defied the hostility of society to any art that was not useful or did not teach moral values. It was from the movement of Aestheticism and Decadence that the phrase art for art's sake emerged. A well-known author of the English Aestheticism and Decadence movement is Oscar Wilde.

The Edwardian Period is named for King Edward VII and spans the time from Queen Victoria's death (1901) to the beginning of World War I (1914). During this time, the British Empire was at its height and the wealthy lived lives of materialistic luxury. However, four fifths of the English population lived in squalor. The writings of the Edwardian Period reflect and comment on these social conditions. For example, writers such as George Bernard Shaw and H.G. Wells attacked social injustice and the selfishness of the upper classes. Other writers of the time include William Butler Yeats, Joseph Conrad, Rudyard Kipling, Henry James, and E.M. Forster.

The Georgian Period refers to the period of British Literature that is named for the reign of George V (1910-36). Many writers of the Edwardian Period continued to write during the Georgian Period. This era also produced a group of poets known as the Georgian poets. These writers, now regarded as minor poets, were published in four anthologies entitled Georgian Poetry, published by Edward Marsh between 1912 and 1922. Georgian poetry tends to focus on rural subject matter and is traditional in technique and form.

The Modern Period applies to British literature written since the beginning of World War I in 1914. The authors of the Modern Period have experimented with subject matter, form, and style and have produced achievements in all literary genres. Poets of the period include Yeats, T.S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, and Seamus Heaney. Novelists include James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, and Virginia Woolf. Dramatists include Noel Coward and Samuel Beckett.

Last Date of Net Exam Form Filling
09/10/2019

1. Which character is the Duchess's twin brother?
(a) The Cardinal
(b) Ferdinand✅
(c) Bosola
(d) Antonio

2. In Act 1, Scene 1, which of the following men is described as very honest?
(a) The Cardinal
(b) Antonio✅
(c) Ferdinand
(d) Bosola

3. Before the play begins, the Cardinal and Bosola knew each other because:
(a) They both worked together for the church.
(b) The Cardinal hired Bosola to murder someone.✅
(c) They are brothers.
(d) They didn't know each other before.

4. Antonio and Delio are:
(a) Good friends✅
(b) Father and son
(c) Brothers
(d) Enemies

5. Who does the Cardinal hire to spy on the Duchess?
(a) Delio
(b) No one
(c) Ferdinand
(d) Bosola✅

6. At the beginning of the play, we learn that the Duchess:
(a) Is married with 3 children
(b) Is too old to ever get married
(c) Is a young widow✅
(d) Is engaged to be married

7. The Duchess hires Bosola as:
(a) Her guard
(b) Her personal assistant
(c) Her horseman/stable keeper✅
(d) Her chef

8. The Duchess hires Bosola because:
(a) Ferdinand recommends him.✅
(b) They are related.
(c) She has known him for a long time.
(d) He seems trustworthy.