Wood's despatch
*Sir Charles Wood* , the President of the Board of Control, had an important effect on spreading English learning and female education in India. When in 1854 he sent a dispatch to *Lord Dalhousie,* the then Governor-General of India. *Wood suggested that primary schools must adopt vernacular languages, high schools must adopt Anglo vernacular language and on college-level English medium for education.* This is known as Wood's dispatch. Vocational and women's education were also stressed upon. One of the most favourable steps taken by EIC was to create an English class among Indian people to be used as workforce in company's administration. The British had done best developmental activities during this phase as it was the final phase where the British brought social reforms. After this period their policies tended to become reactionaries.
*Wood’s Dispatch is called Magna Carta of English Education in India* .
It came in July 1854, when Sir Charles Wood was the President of the Board.
*Sir Charles Wood* , the President of the Board of Control, had an important effect on spreading English learning and female education in India. When in 1854 he sent a dispatch to *Lord Dalhousie,* the then Governor-General of India. *Wood suggested that primary schools must adopt vernacular languages, high schools must adopt Anglo vernacular language and on college-level English medium for education.* This is known as Wood's dispatch. Vocational and women's education were also stressed upon. One of the most favourable steps taken by EIC was to create an English class among Indian people to be used as workforce in company's administration. The British had done best developmental activities during this phase as it was the final phase where the British brought social reforms. After this period their policies tended to become reactionaries.
*Wood’s Dispatch is called Magna Carta of English Education in India* .
It came in July 1854, when Sir Charles Wood was the President of the Board.
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This group has been created for lover of literature and those candidate who are preparing UGC Net and Set Examination.
_*आर्टिकल 370 का संक्षिप्त इतिहास*_
_भारत को आजादी मिलने के बाद *20 अक्टूबर, 1947* को पाकिस्तान समर्थित ‘आजाद कश्मीर सेना’ ने पाकिस्तानी सेना के साथ मिलकर कश्मीर पर आक्रमण कर दिया और काफी हिस्सा हथिया लिया था. इस हिस्से को आज पाकिस्तान अधिकृत कश्मीर (POK) कहा जाता है._
_इस परिस्थिति में महाराजा हरि सिंह ने जम्मू&कश्मीर की रक्षा के लिए उस समय कश्मीर के प्रधानमंत्री शेख़ अब्दुल्ला की सहमति से जवाहर लाल नेहरु के साथ मिलकर *26 अक्टूबर 1947 को भारत के साथ जम्मू&कश्मीर के अस्थायी विलय की घोषणा कर दी और "Instruments of Accession of Jammu & Kashmir to India" पर अपने हस्ताक्षर कर दिये थे.* इस नये समझौते के तहत जम्मू & कश्मीर ने भारत के साथ सिर्फ *तीन विषयों: रक्षा, विदेशी मामले और संचार को भारत के हवाले कर दिया था.*_
_समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर करने के बाद भारत सरकार ने वादा किया कि “'इस राज्य के लोग अपने स्वयं की संविधान सभा के माध्यम से राज्य के आंतरिक संविधान का निर्माण करेंगे और जब तक राज्य की संविधान सभा शासन व्यवस्था और अधिकार क्षेत्र की सीमा का निर्धारण नहीं कर लेती हैं तब तक भारत का संविधान केवल राज्य के बारे में एक अंतरिम व्यवस्था प्रदान कर सकता है._
_संविधान सभा के अध्यक्ष _डॉ. भीमराव आंबेडकर कश्मीर को विशेष राज्य का दर्जा देने के पक्ष में नहीं थे._ मगर *पंडित नेहरू के कहने पर गोपाल स्वामी आयंगर ने अनुच्छेद 370 का प्रस्ताव संविधान सभा में प्रस्तुत किया था* और यह *17 नवंबर 1952* से लागू है._
_*आर्टिकल 370 के हटने से निम्न परिवर्तन होंगे;*_
_*1.* आर्टिकल 370 के अनुसार रक्षा, विदेशी मामले और संचार को छोड़कर बाकी सभी कानून को लागू करने के लिए केंद्र सरकार को राज्य सरकार से मंजूरी लेनी पड़ती है लेकिन आर्टिकल 370 के हटते ही कोई भी कानून राष्ट्रपति की मंजूरी के बाद लागू हो जायेगा._
_*2.* आर्टिकल 370 के कारण जम्मू & कश्मीर का अपना संविधान है और इसका प्रशासन इसी के अनुसार चलाया जाता है ना कि भारत के संविधान के अनुसार.यदि आर्टिकल 370 को हटा दिया जाता है तो कश्मीर का प्रशासन भी भारत के संविधान के अनुसार चलेगा._
_*3.* जम्मू & कश्मीर के पास 2 झन्डे हैं. एक कश्मीर का अपना राष्ट्रीय झंडा है और भारत का तिरंगा झंडा भी यहाँ का राष्ट्रीय ध्वज है._
_*यदि आर्टिकल 370 को हटा दिया जाता है तो कश्मीर का झंडा ख़त्म हो जायेगा.*_
_*4.* देश के दूसरे राज्यों के नागरिक इस राज्य में किसी भी तरीके की संपत्ति नहीं खरीद सकते हैं. अर्थात इस राज्य में संपत्ति का मूलभूत अधिकार अभी भी लागू है लेकिन_ _आर्टिकल 370 के हटने के साथ ही अन्य भारतीय लोगों को कश्मीर में जमीन और अन्य संपत्तियां खरीदने की अनुमति मिल जाएगी और रहने/बसने का अधिकार भी मिल जायेगा._
_*5.* कश्मीर के लोगों को 2 प्रकार की नागरिकता मिली हुई है; जो कि ख़त्म हो जाएगी और सबको केवल भारत का नागरिक माना जायेगा._
_*6.* अभी *यदि कोई कश्मीरी महिला किसी भारतीय से शादी कर लेती है तो उसकी कश्मीरी नागरिकता ख़त्म हो जाती है लेकिन आर्टिकल 370 के हटने के बाद ऐसा नहीं होगा क्योंकि दोनों ही भारत के नागरिक हो जायेंगे.*_
_*7.* यदि कोई पाकिस्तानी लड़का किसी कश्मीरी लड़की से शादी कर लेता है तो उसको भारतीय नागरिकता भी मिल जाती है लेकिन आर्टिकल 370 के हटते ही कोई भी पाकिस्तानी शादी करके मान्यता प्राप्त नहीं कर पायेगा._
_*8.* भारतीय संविधान के भाग 4 (राज्य के नीति निर्देशक तत्व) और भाग 4 A (मूल कर्तव्य) इस राज्य पर लागू नहीं होते हैं. अर्थात आर्टिकल 370 के हटते ही कश्मीर के लोगों को भारत के संविधान में लिखे गये मूल कर्तव्यों को मानना अनिवार्य हो जायेगा और उनको महिलाओं की अस्मिता, गायों की रक्षा करनी पड़ेगी._
_*9.* जम्मू एंड कश्मीर में भारत के राष्ट्रीय प्रतीकों (राष्ट्रगान, राष्ट्रीय ध्वज इत्यादि) का अपमान करना अपराध की श्रेणी में आ जायेगा._
_*10.* जम्मू कश्मीर में आर्थिक आपातकाल (अनुच्छेद 360) लगाया जा सकेगा._
_*11.* सम्पूर्ण भारत में राष्ट्रीय आपातकाल लगते ही यह पूरे कश्मीर में भी लागू हो जायेगा. राष्ट्रपति के विशेष आदेश की जरूरत नहीं पड़ेगी._
_*12.* सूचना का अधिकार और शिक्षा का अधिकार जैसे कानून कश्मीर में भी लागू होने लगेंगे._
_*13.* राज्य सरकार की नौकरियों में अन्य राज्यों के लोग भी सेलेक्ट हो सकेंगे._
_*क्या 370 को हटाना संभव है?*_
_भाजपा नेता सुब्रमण्यम स्वामी कहते हैं कि अनुच्छेद 370 हटाने के लिए संसद में कानून बनाने की जरूरत नहीं है. राष्ट्रपति एक अधिसूचना जारी कर इस धारा को खत्म कर सकते हैं._
_अप्रैल 2018 में सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने अनुच्छेद 370 को लेकर कहा था कि सालों से बने रहने के चलते अब यह धारा एक स्थायी प्रावधान बन चुकी है, जिससे इसको खत्म करना असंभव हो गया है. हालाँकि अब सुप्रीम कोर्ट इस मुद्दे पर सुनव
_भारत को आजादी मिलने के बाद *20 अक्टूबर, 1947* को पाकिस्तान समर्थित ‘आजाद कश्मीर सेना’ ने पाकिस्तानी सेना के साथ मिलकर कश्मीर पर आक्रमण कर दिया और काफी हिस्सा हथिया लिया था. इस हिस्से को आज पाकिस्तान अधिकृत कश्मीर (POK) कहा जाता है._
_इस परिस्थिति में महाराजा हरि सिंह ने जम्मू&कश्मीर की रक्षा के लिए उस समय कश्मीर के प्रधानमंत्री शेख़ अब्दुल्ला की सहमति से जवाहर लाल नेहरु के साथ मिलकर *26 अक्टूबर 1947 को भारत के साथ जम्मू&कश्मीर के अस्थायी विलय की घोषणा कर दी और "Instruments of Accession of Jammu & Kashmir to India" पर अपने हस्ताक्षर कर दिये थे.* इस नये समझौते के तहत जम्मू & कश्मीर ने भारत के साथ सिर्फ *तीन विषयों: रक्षा, विदेशी मामले और संचार को भारत के हवाले कर दिया था.*_
_समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर करने के बाद भारत सरकार ने वादा किया कि “'इस राज्य के लोग अपने स्वयं की संविधान सभा के माध्यम से राज्य के आंतरिक संविधान का निर्माण करेंगे और जब तक राज्य की संविधान सभा शासन व्यवस्था और अधिकार क्षेत्र की सीमा का निर्धारण नहीं कर लेती हैं तब तक भारत का संविधान केवल राज्य के बारे में एक अंतरिम व्यवस्था प्रदान कर सकता है._
_संविधान सभा के अध्यक्ष _डॉ. भीमराव आंबेडकर कश्मीर को विशेष राज्य का दर्जा देने के पक्ष में नहीं थे._ मगर *पंडित नेहरू के कहने पर गोपाल स्वामी आयंगर ने अनुच्छेद 370 का प्रस्ताव संविधान सभा में प्रस्तुत किया था* और यह *17 नवंबर 1952* से लागू है._
_*आर्टिकल 370 के हटने से निम्न परिवर्तन होंगे;*_
_*1.* आर्टिकल 370 के अनुसार रक्षा, विदेशी मामले और संचार को छोड़कर बाकी सभी कानून को लागू करने के लिए केंद्र सरकार को राज्य सरकार से मंजूरी लेनी पड़ती है लेकिन आर्टिकल 370 के हटते ही कोई भी कानून राष्ट्रपति की मंजूरी के बाद लागू हो जायेगा._
_*2.* आर्टिकल 370 के कारण जम्मू & कश्मीर का अपना संविधान है और इसका प्रशासन इसी के अनुसार चलाया जाता है ना कि भारत के संविधान के अनुसार.यदि आर्टिकल 370 को हटा दिया जाता है तो कश्मीर का प्रशासन भी भारत के संविधान के अनुसार चलेगा._
_*3.* जम्मू & कश्मीर के पास 2 झन्डे हैं. एक कश्मीर का अपना राष्ट्रीय झंडा है और भारत का तिरंगा झंडा भी यहाँ का राष्ट्रीय ध्वज है._
_*यदि आर्टिकल 370 को हटा दिया जाता है तो कश्मीर का झंडा ख़त्म हो जायेगा.*_
_*4.* देश के दूसरे राज्यों के नागरिक इस राज्य में किसी भी तरीके की संपत्ति नहीं खरीद सकते हैं. अर्थात इस राज्य में संपत्ति का मूलभूत अधिकार अभी भी लागू है लेकिन_ _आर्टिकल 370 के हटने के साथ ही अन्य भारतीय लोगों को कश्मीर में जमीन और अन्य संपत्तियां खरीदने की अनुमति मिल जाएगी और रहने/बसने का अधिकार भी मिल जायेगा._
_*5.* कश्मीर के लोगों को 2 प्रकार की नागरिकता मिली हुई है; जो कि ख़त्म हो जाएगी और सबको केवल भारत का नागरिक माना जायेगा._
_*6.* अभी *यदि कोई कश्मीरी महिला किसी भारतीय से शादी कर लेती है तो उसकी कश्मीरी नागरिकता ख़त्म हो जाती है लेकिन आर्टिकल 370 के हटने के बाद ऐसा नहीं होगा क्योंकि दोनों ही भारत के नागरिक हो जायेंगे.*_
_*7.* यदि कोई पाकिस्तानी लड़का किसी कश्मीरी लड़की से शादी कर लेता है तो उसको भारतीय नागरिकता भी मिल जाती है लेकिन आर्टिकल 370 के हटते ही कोई भी पाकिस्तानी शादी करके मान्यता प्राप्त नहीं कर पायेगा._
_*8.* भारतीय संविधान के भाग 4 (राज्य के नीति निर्देशक तत्व) और भाग 4 A (मूल कर्तव्य) इस राज्य पर लागू नहीं होते हैं. अर्थात आर्टिकल 370 के हटते ही कश्मीर के लोगों को भारत के संविधान में लिखे गये मूल कर्तव्यों को मानना अनिवार्य हो जायेगा और उनको महिलाओं की अस्मिता, गायों की रक्षा करनी पड़ेगी._
_*9.* जम्मू एंड कश्मीर में भारत के राष्ट्रीय प्रतीकों (राष्ट्रगान, राष्ट्रीय ध्वज इत्यादि) का अपमान करना अपराध की श्रेणी में आ जायेगा._
_*10.* जम्मू कश्मीर में आर्थिक आपातकाल (अनुच्छेद 360) लगाया जा सकेगा._
_*11.* सम्पूर्ण भारत में राष्ट्रीय आपातकाल लगते ही यह पूरे कश्मीर में भी लागू हो जायेगा. राष्ट्रपति के विशेष आदेश की जरूरत नहीं पड़ेगी._
_*12.* सूचना का अधिकार और शिक्षा का अधिकार जैसे कानून कश्मीर में भी लागू होने लगेंगे._
_*13.* राज्य सरकार की नौकरियों में अन्य राज्यों के लोग भी सेलेक्ट हो सकेंगे._
_*क्या 370 को हटाना संभव है?*_
_भाजपा नेता सुब्रमण्यम स्वामी कहते हैं कि अनुच्छेद 370 हटाने के लिए संसद में कानून बनाने की जरूरत नहीं है. राष्ट्रपति एक अधिसूचना जारी कर इस धारा को खत्म कर सकते हैं._
_अप्रैल 2018 में सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने अनुच्छेद 370 को लेकर कहा था कि सालों से बने रहने के चलते अब यह धारा एक स्थायी प्रावधान बन चुकी है, जिससे इसको खत्म करना असंभव हो गया है. हालाँकि अब सुप्रीम कोर्ट इस मुद्दे पर सुनव
ाई के लिए तैयार है._
_सुप्रीम कोर्ट जिस याचिका पर सुनवाई करेगा, उसमें तर्क दिया गया है कि यह धारा संविधान के भाग 21 के तहत एक प्रावधान है. इसके शीर्षक में ही अस्थायी प्रावधान होना लिखा था. यह स्थायी नहीं है._
_ज्ञातव्य है कि जम्मू और कश्मीर उच्च न्यायालय भी आर्टिकल 370 को स्थायी मान चुका है._
_ध्यान रहे कि भारतीय संविधान के अनेक कानून जम्मू-कश्मीर में लागू हो गए हैं और अब संविधान के *अनुच्छेद-356 के तहत कश्मीर में 6 महीने राज्यपाल शासन के बाद राष्ट्रपति शासन भी लगाया जा सकता है.* सीएजी, चुनाव आयोग समेत कई संवैधानिक संस्थाओं का जम्मू-कश्मीर में बराबर का अधिकार है._
_*अनुच्छेद 370 हटाने की अड़चनें क्या हैं?*_
_नेशनल कॉन्फ्रेंस नेता उमर अब्दुल्ला और महबूबा मुफ्ती का मानना है कि अनुच्छेद 370 ने ही जम्मू-कश्मीर और शेष भारत को जोड़ रखा है. यह दोनों के बीच एकमात्र संवैधानिक कड़ी है._
_इस बात की भी संभावना है कि आर्टिकल 370 के हटते ही_ _*अलगाववादी जनमत संग्रह के मुद्दे को तूल देंगे और जम्मू-कश्मीर विवाद के अंतरराष्ट्रीयकरण का प्रयास करेंगे जिससे भारत सरकार के ऊपर इंटरनेशनल प्रेशर बढेगा.*_
_एक्चुअली में यदि राजनीतिक इच्छा शक्ति हो तो इस मुद्दे का समाधान निकाला जा सकता है लेकिन वर्तमान सरकार के साथ अन्य सरकारें भी इस मुद्दे को लटकाकर अपने राजनीतिक हितों को साधना चाहती हैं._
_जम्मू & कश्मीर में आतंक की मुख्य वजह वहां के कुछ अलगाववादी नेताओं के स्वार्थी हित हैं. ये अलगाववादी नेता पाकिस्तान के इशारों पर जम्मू & कश्मीर के गरीब लड़कों को भडकाते हैं और आतंक का रास्ता चुनने को मजबूर करते हैं हालाँकि ये नेता अपने लड़कों को विदेशों में पढ़ाते हैं._
_अब समय की जरूरत यह है कि कश्मीर के लोग इन अलगाववादी नेताओं के स्वार्थी हितों को समझें और इस प्रदेश में मौजूद पर्यटन की संभावनाओ को बढ़ावा देकर इस प्रदेश को सही मायने में भारत का स्विट्ज़रलैंड बनायें._
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_*www.missiongovtexam.com*_
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_सुप्रीम कोर्ट जिस याचिका पर सुनवाई करेगा, उसमें तर्क दिया गया है कि यह धारा संविधान के भाग 21 के तहत एक प्रावधान है. इसके शीर्षक में ही अस्थायी प्रावधान होना लिखा था. यह स्थायी नहीं है._
_ज्ञातव्य है कि जम्मू और कश्मीर उच्च न्यायालय भी आर्टिकल 370 को स्थायी मान चुका है._
_ध्यान रहे कि भारतीय संविधान के अनेक कानून जम्मू-कश्मीर में लागू हो गए हैं और अब संविधान के *अनुच्छेद-356 के तहत कश्मीर में 6 महीने राज्यपाल शासन के बाद राष्ट्रपति शासन भी लगाया जा सकता है.* सीएजी, चुनाव आयोग समेत कई संवैधानिक संस्थाओं का जम्मू-कश्मीर में बराबर का अधिकार है._
_*अनुच्छेद 370 हटाने की अड़चनें क्या हैं?*_
_नेशनल कॉन्फ्रेंस नेता उमर अब्दुल्ला और महबूबा मुफ्ती का मानना है कि अनुच्छेद 370 ने ही जम्मू-कश्मीर और शेष भारत को जोड़ रखा है. यह दोनों के बीच एकमात्र संवैधानिक कड़ी है._
_इस बात की भी संभावना है कि आर्टिकल 370 के हटते ही_ _*अलगाववादी जनमत संग्रह के मुद्दे को तूल देंगे और जम्मू-कश्मीर विवाद के अंतरराष्ट्रीयकरण का प्रयास करेंगे जिससे भारत सरकार के ऊपर इंटरनेशनल प्रेशर बढेगा.*_
_एक्चुअली में यदि राजनीतिक इच्छा शक्ति हो तो इस मुद्दे का समाधान निकाला जा सकता है लेकिन वर्तमान सरकार के साथ अन्य सरकारें भी इस मुद्दे को लटकाकर अपने राजनीतिक हितों को साधना चाहती हैं._
_जम्मू & कश्मीर में आतंक की मुख्य वजह वहां के कुछ अलगाववादी नेताओं के स्वार्थी हित हैं. ये अलगाववादी नेता पाकिस्तान के इशारों पर जम्मू & कश्मीर के गरीब लड़कों को भडकाते हैं और आतंक का रास्ता चुनने को मजबूर करते हैं हालाँकि ये नेता अपने लड़कों को विदेशों में पढ़ाते हैं._
_अब समय की जरूरत यह है कि कश्मीर के लोग इन अलगाववादी नेताओं के स्वार्थी हितों को समझें और इस प्रदेश में मौजूद पर्यटन की संभावनाओ को बढ़ावा देकर इस प्रदेश को सही मायने में भारत का स्विट्ज़रलैंड बनायें._
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_*www.missiongovtexam.com*_
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📚♻Anita Desai Biography♻📚
🌼Born on 24th June 1937, in Mussoorie this eminent novelist and short story writer is a Professor of Humanities, Emeritus at the Massachusatts Institute of Technology. Born as Anita Mazumdar,the daughter of D.N. Mazumdar, a Bengali businessman and Toni Nime,who was a German, Anita received her earlier education at Delhi's Queen Mary's Higher Secondary School. Anita was a precocious child, she started writing short stories at a very young. Her first short story was published when she was mere nine.She joined 'Miranda House' for her bachelor's degree and completed her graduation in English literature in 1957 at the age of 20.
🌼In 1958 Anita tied the nuptial knot with Ashvin Desai, a businessman. She ventured into the field of novel writing with her novel 'Cry, The Peacock', followed by 'The Voices of the City' and 'The Fire on the Mountain'. The Fire on the Mountain is based on the lives of three women residing in Kasauli and their different experiences of life.
🌼In 1980 came her famous novel, The Clear Light of Day, which bears impressions of Anita Desai's own life. This novel set in Old Delhi, is a story of a middle-class Hindu family around the time of partition of India . The story revolves around the central character, Bim (Bimla). She lives in her house with her mentally retarded brother Baba. Her sister Tara and her elder brother go away with their respective families leaving her to bear all the problems and responsibilities of the household alone. The novel is partially a trip down memory lane.
🌼Her another important works include Where Shall We Go This Summer?, Games at Twilight and Other Stories, Village by the Sea, In Custody, Baumgartner's Bombay, In Journey to Ithaca , Diamond Dust and her booker prize nominated novel, Fasting Feasting. The Zig Zag Way published in 2004 is her most recent novel. Anita desai has been honored with many literary awards including The Guardian Award for Children's Fiction, for the novel The Village by the Sea and the 1978 National Academy of Letter Award for her novel Fire on the Mountain.
🌼Anita Desai is a Fellow of many prominent literary organizations such as The Royal Society of Literature,London and the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Her daughter Kiran Desai has won the 2006 Man Booker Prize for her novel the 'Inheritance of Loss'.📖
🌼Born on 24th June 1937, in Mussoorie this eminent novelist and short story writer is a Professor of Humanities, Emeritus at the Massachusatts Institute of Technology. Born as Anita Mazumdar,the daughter of D.N. Mazumdar, a Bengali businessman and Toni Nime,who was a German, Anita received her earlier education at Delhi's Queen Mary's Higher Secondary School. Anita was a precocious child, she started writing short stories at a very young. Her first short story was published when she was mere nine.She joined 'Miranda House' for her bachelor's degree and completed her graduation in English literature in 1957 at the age of 20.
🌼In 1958 Anita tied the nuptial knot with Ashvin Desai, a businessman. She ventured into the field of novel writing with her novel 'Cry, The Peacock', followed by 'The Voices of the City' and 'The Fire on the Mountain'. The Fire on the Mountain is based on the lives of three women residing in Kasauli and their different experiences of life.
🌼In 1980 came her famous novel, The Clear Light of Day, which bears impressions of Anita Desai's own life. This novel set in Old Delhi, is a story of a middle-class Hindu family around the time of partition of India . The story revolves around the central character, Bim (Bimla). She lives in her house with her mentally retarded brother Baba. Her sister Tara and her elder brother go away with their respective families leaving her to bear all the problems and responsibilities of the household alone. The novel is partially a trip down memory lane.
🌼Her another important works include Where Shall We Go This Summer?, Games at Twilight and Other Stories, Village by the Sea, In Custody, Baumgartner's Bombay, In Journey to Ithaca , Diamond Dust and her booker prize nominated novel, Fasting Feasting. The Zig Zag Way published in 2004 is her most recent novel. Anita desai has been honored with many literary awards including The Guardian Award for Children's Fiction, for the novel The Village by the Sea and the 1978 National Academy of Letter Award for her novel Fire on the Mountain.
🌼Anita Desai is a Fellow of many prominent literary organizations such as The Royal Society of Literature,London and the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Her daughter Kiran Desai has won the 2006 Man Booker Prize for her novel the 'Inheritance of Loss'.📖
Different types of irony
Irony is when something happens against what one have expected.
There are different types of irony :
1 verbal irony
When one say something but means differently.
E.g. you are so horrible. When you mean to say you are so intelligent.
" yes, you are very much intelligent " means that you are a fool.
2 dramatic irony
In a drama when a character is ignorant of the coming situation but the audience know that what's going to happen.
E.g. in Julius Caesar, Caesar is going to the Senate, he is unaware of the plot of his murder, but the audience know that. Writer use dramatic irony to develop audience interest in the action.
3 situational irony
It is that irony, when a person has intended to do something but suddenly happens something else. E.g.
A person who has prepared himself sited booted to attend an interview, but in the way he fell in a ditch of water due to dogs barking.
4 Socratic irony
It is said that Socrates would used to show himself an ignorant in front of the youth of his time and would ask them questions like what is virtue, what is morality etc. In order to gain knowledge.
So when a person feign ignorance and act like an ignorant is called Socratic irony. We can see it in hamlet by Shakespeare when hamlet feigns madness in order to know about the death of his father.
Thanks! By Usman Khan
Irony is when something happens against what one have expected.
There are different types of irony :
1 verbal irony
When one say something but means differently.
E.g. you are so horrible. When you mean to say you are so intelligent.
" yes, you are very much intelligent " means that you are a fool.
2 dramatic irony
In a drama when a character is ignorant of the coming situation but the audience know that what's going to happen.
E.g. in Julius Caesar, Caesar is going to the Senate, he is unaware of the plot of his murder, but the audience know that. Writer use dramatic irony to develop audience interest in the action.
3 situational irony
It is that irony, when a person has intended to do something but suddenly happens something else. E.g.
A person who has prepared himself sited booted to attend an interview, but in the way he fell in a ditch of water due to dogs barking.
4 Socratic irony
It is said that Socrates would used to show himself an ignorant in front of the youth of his time and would ask them questions like what is virtue, what is morality etc. In order to gain knowledge.
So when a person feign ignorance and act like an ignorant is called Socratic irony. We can see it in hamlet by Shakespeare when hamlet feigns madness in order to know about the death of his father.
Thanks! By Usman Khan
Ten of the Best Canadian Literary Voices
Michael Ondaatje (b. 1943)
Best known for his Booker Prize winning novel turned Academy Award winning film, The English Patient (1992),Sri Lankan born writer Michael Ondaatje gained Canadian citizenship following his move to the country in 1962. His broad range of work, which covers the territories of fiction, autobiography, poetry and film, has found its way into school curricula across Canada. Other notable offerings include In the Skin of a Lion (1987), a fictional account of immigrants who played a profound role in the construction of Toronto but were subsequently blown over in records of the time period, and The Collected Works of Billy the Kid (1970), a book of poetry speculating on various events in the life of William Bonney, otherwise known as Billy the Kid.
Eden Robinson (b. 1968)
As a member of the Haisla and Heiltsuk First Nations, novelist and short story writer Eden Robinson demonstrates a consistent preoccupation with Haisla culture. Her highly regarded literary debut, Trampoline (1995) is a bleak depiction of the upbringing of four adolescents growing up on the Haisla Nation Kitamaat reserve. Divided into four parts, each section is dedicated to the perspective of one youth, as they navigate the shaky and often oppressive terrain of their own home. Other books include Monkey Beach (2000) for which she received the Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize and was shortlisted for the Giller Prize and the Governor General’s Literary Award, and Blood Sports (2006) in which she revisits several themes and characters introduced in Trampoline.
Joy Kogawa (b. 1953)
Vancouver born novelist and poet Joy Kogawa is known for her imagined accounts of the internment of Japanese Canadians and her involvement in the Redress Movement to seek justice for her people. Her critically acclaimed novel OBASAN (1981) uses powerful prose to reveal the suffering and strife endured by Japanese Canadians during the Second World War. Written from the perspective of a middle aged woman by the name of Naomi Nakane, Kogawa expands upon the story in her 1992 novel Itsuka. OBASAN is listed as one of the 100 Most Important Canadian Books by the Literary Review of Canada. Other works include The Rain Ascends (1995), in which a woman must face the reality that her father, an Anglican minister, is a pedophile, and her collection of poetry, Splintered Moon (1967).
Joseph Boyden (b. 1966)
For his highly acclaimed first novel, Three Day Road (2005), Joseph Boyden borrows from his own family anecdotes to create the story of two young Cree men who work as snipers during the First World War. The novel helped set the stage for Boyden’s subsequent work when it won the Amazon/Books in Canada First Novel Award and the Rogers Writers’ Trust Fiction Prize. His next work, Through Black Spruce (2008), secured Boyden’s reputation as a must read Canadian author when it won the Scotiabank Giller Prize of the same year. Boyden’s most recent book, The Orenda (2013), published in September, has already been received with great praise. The book revisits the events surrounding the Huron, Jesuits, and the Iroquois Indian wars which shaped the formation of the Canadian Nation. A highly moving and profound read, Boyden brings the history of his country to life through this work of exhilarating tragedy.
Margaret Laurence (1926-1987)
A founding member of the Writers Trust of Canada, Margaret Laurence is known for her progressive feminist stance and fervent endorsement of peace. Although the writer spent much of her adult life in England and Africa, her upbringing in rural Neepawa, Manitoba is apparent in many of her most important works. One such example is her 1974 novel The Diviners, which is evidently inspired by the author’s own story. The central character Morag Gunn is born in Manitoba, works for a local newspaper, marries an accomplished man, lives for periods in Vancouver and Britain, divorces and then immerses herself in her writing. As her last major novel, the book won her the coveted Governor-General’s Award. Lau
Michael Ondaatje (b. 1943)
Best known for his Booker Prize winning novel turned Academy Award winning film, The English Patient (1992),Sri Lankan born writer Michael Ondaatje gained Canadian citizenship following his move to the country in 1962. His broad range of work, which covers the territories of fiction, autobiography, poetry and film, has found its way into school curricula across Canada. Other notable offerings include In the Skin of a Lion (1987), a fictional account of immigrants who played a profound role in the construction of Toronto but were subsequently blown over in records of the time period, and The Collected Works of Billy the Kid (1970), a book of poetry speculating on various events in the life of William Bonney, otherwise known as Billy the Kid.
Eden Robinson (b. 1968)
As a member of the Haisla and Heiltsuk First Nations, novelist and short story writer Eden Robinson demonstrates a consistent preoccupation with Haisla culture. Her highly regarded literary debut, Trampoline (1995) is a bleak depiction of the upbringing of four adolescents growing up on the Haisla Nation Kitamaat reserve. Divided into four parts, each section is dedicated to the perspective of one youth, as they navigate the shaky and often oppressive terrain of their own home. Other books include Monkey Beach (2000) for which she received the Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize and was shortlisted for the Giller Prize and the Governor General’s Literary Award, and Blood Sports (2006) in which she revisits several themes and characters introduced in Trampoline.
Joy Kogawa (b. 1953)
Vancouver born novelist and poet Joy Kogawa is known for her imagined accounts of the internment of Japanese Canadians and her involvement in the Redress Movement to seek justice for her people. Her critically acclaimed novel OBASAN (1981) uses powerful prose to reveal the suffering and strife endured by Japanese Canadians during the Second World War. Written from the perspective of a middle aged woman by the name of Naomi Nakane, Kogawa expands upon the story in her 1992 novel Itsuka. OBASAN is listed as one of the 100 Most Important Canadian Books by the Literary Review of Canada. Other works include The Rain Ascends (1995), in which a woman must face the reality that her father, an Anglican minister, is a pedophile, and her collection of poetry, Splintered Moon (1967).
Joseph Boyden (b. 1966)
For his highly acclaimed first novel, Three Day Road (2005), Joseph Boyden borrows from his own family anecdotes to create the story of two young Cree men who work as snipers during the First World War. The novel helped set the stage for Boyden’s subsequent work when it won the Amazon/Books in Canada First Novel Award and the Rogers Writers’ Trust Fiction Prize. His next work, Through Black Spruce (2008), secured Boyden’s reputation as a must read Canadian author when it won the Scotiabank Giller Prize of the same year. Boyden’s most recent book, The Orenda (2013), published in September, has already been received with great praise. The book revisits the events surrounding the Huron, Jesuits, and the Iroquois Indian wars which shaped the formation of the Canadian Nation. A highly moving and profound read, Boyden brings the history of his country to life through this work of exhilarating tragedy.
Margaret Laurence (1926-1987)
A founding member of the Writers Trust of Canada, Margaret Laurence is known for her progressive feminist stance and fervent endorsement of peace. Although the writer spent much of her adult life in England and Africa, her upbringing in rural Neepawa, Manitoba is apparent in many of her most important works. One such example is her 1974 novel The Diviners, which is evidently inspired by the author’s own story. The central character Morag Gunn is born in Manitoba, works for a local newspaper, marries an accomplished man, lives for periods in Vancouver and Britain, divorces and then immerses herself in her writing. As her last major novel, the book won her the coveted Governor-General’s Award. Lau
rence helped to usher in a new era Canadian literature through her universal appeal, allowing her work, and Canadian literature as a whole, to be considered for the first time within a wider, international context.
Margaret Atwood (b. 1939)
Ottawa born Margaret Atwood has been showered with literary accolades from The Man Booker Prize for The Blind Assassin (2000), to the Governor General’s Award for both Circle Game (1966) and The Handmaid’s Tale (1986). Although she is best known for her work as a novelist, she is also an active writer of poetry and short stories. The Edible Woman (1969) was her first published novel and one of her most significant works. The story is a controversial depiction of a young engaged woman who begins to feel devoured by her future husband to the point where it destroys her ability to eat. Described by the author as a protofeminist work, The Edible Woman anticipated the feminist preoccupations that shook the world in the coming years.
Mordecai Richler (1931-2001)
The son of a Jewish scrap yard worker, Mordecai Richler spent his early life surrounded by the Jewish community of Montreal. The setting of his childhood would prove a popular subject matter for his writing, appearing in several of his novels. Though he spent a large portion of his career in London he was eventually compelled to return to Montreal for the powerful effect it had had on his development. In 1954 he married a French-Canadian divorcee nearly a decade older than himself, but met and fell in love with Florence Mann, a younger married woman on his wedding night. Richler and Mann eventually divorced their respective spouses and married each other. This personal experience became the basis for one of the author’s most famous novels, Barney’s Version (1997). Richler was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize in 1990 for Solomon Gursky Was Here (1989) which was awarded the Commonwealth Writers Prize that same year.
Alice Munro (b. 1931)
Winner of the Man Booker International Prize for her lifetime body of work, three time recipient of the Governor General’s Award for fiction and a long time contender for the Nobel Prize, Alice Munro is an icon of Canadian literature. An expert writer of short stories, Munro’s skill lies in her truthful examination of human relationships viewed against the mundane backdrop of ordinary life. Well known works include Dance of the Happy Shades (1968) and The Progress of Love (1986). In 2013 Munro’s book of short stories Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage (2002) was the inspiration for a motion picture directed by Liza Johnson.
Yann Martel (b. 1963)
Although a Quebecian with French as his first language, Spanish born writer Yann Martel chooses to write in English for the emotional distance it affords him when composing his prose. A life spent in Alaska, British Columbia, Costa Rica, France, Ontario and Mexico and extensive travels to Iran, Turkey and India no doubt influenced the multicultural focus of his works. Martel received little mention outside of Canada until the release of his wildly popular Life of Pi (2001) the story of a young Tamil boy who survives 227 days on a lifeboat in the middle of the Pacific Ocean accompanied by a Bengal Tiger. The book won Martel the Man Booker Prize, the Exclusive Books Boeke Prize and nominated him for the Governor General’s Literary Awards.
Gabrielle Roy (1909-1983)
French Canadian author Gabrielle Roy secured her position as one of the most important figures of Canadian literature with the publishing of The Tin Flute in 1947. As one of the few significant works of Canadian fiction to gain importance in both English and French, the book tells the story of the young pregnant Florentine, who struggles with poverty against the backdrop of pre-war Montreal. The novel won both the Royal Society of Canada’s Lorne Peace Medal and the Governor General’s Award for Fiction. In 2004, the Bank of Canada printed a $20 banknote featuring a short passage from Roy’s 1961 book The Hidden Mountain.
Margaret Atwood (b. 1939)
Ottawa born Margaret Atwood has been showered with literary accolades from The Man Booker Prize for The Blind Assassin (2000), to the Governor General’s Award for both Circle Game (1966) and The Handmaid’s Tale (1986). Although she is best known for her work as a novelist, she is also an active writer of poetry and short stories. The Edible Woman (1969) was her first published novel and one of her most significant works. The story is a controversial depiction of a young engaged woman who begins to feel devoured by her future husband to the point where it destroys her ability to eat. Described by the author as a protofeminist work, The Edible Woman anticipated the feminist preoccupations that shook the world in the coming years.
Mordecai Richler (1931-2001)
The son of a Jewish scrap yard worker, Mordecai Richler spent his early life surrounded by the Jewish community of Montreal. The setting of his childhood would prove a popular subject matter for his writing, appearing in several of his novels. Though he spent a large portion of his career in London he was eventually compelled to return to Montreal for the powerful effect it had had on his development. In 1954 he married a French-Canadian divorcee nearly a decade older than himself, but met and fell in love with Florence Mann, a younger married woman on his wedding night. Richler and Mann eventually divorced their respective spouses and married each other. This personal experience became the basis for one of the author’s most famous novels, Barney’s Version (1997). Richler was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize in 1990 for Solomon Gursky Was Here (1989) which was awarded the Commonwealth Writers Prize that same year.
Alice Munro (b. 1931)
Winner of the Man Booker International Prize for her lifetime body of work, three time recipient of the Governor General’s Award for fiction and a long time contender for the Nobel Prize, Alice Munro is an icon of Canadian literature. An expert writer of short stories, Munro’s skill lies in her truthful examination of human relationships viewed against the mundane backdrop of ordinary life. Well known works include Dance of the Happy Shades (1968) and The Progress of Love (1986). In 2013 Munro’s book of short stories Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage (2002) was the inspiration for a motion picture directed by Liza Johnson.
Yann Martel (b. 1963)
Although a Quebecian with French as his first language, Spanish born writer Yann Martel chooses to write in English for the emotional distance it affords him when composing his prose. A life spent in Alaska, British Columbia, Costa Rica, France, Ontario and Mexico and extensive travels to Iran, Turkey and India no doubt influenced the multicultural focus of his works. Martel received little mention outside of Canada until the release of his wildly popular Life of Pi (2001) the story of a young Tamil boy who survives 227 days on a lifeboat in the middle of the Pacific Ocean accompanied by a Bengal Tiger. The book won Martel the Man Booker Prize, the Exclusive Books Boeke Prize and nominated him for the Governor General’s Literary Awards.
Gabrielle Roy (1909-1983)
French Canadian author Gabrielle Roy secured her position as one of the most important figures of Canadian literature with the publishing of The Tin Flute in 1947. As one of the few significant works of Canadian fiction to gain importance in both English and French, the book tells the story of the young pregnant Florentine, who struggles with poverty against the backdrop of pre-war Montreal. The novel won both the Royal Society of Canada’s Lorne Peace Medal and the Governor General’s Award for Fiction. In 2004, the Bank of Canada printed a $20 banknote featuring a short passage from Roy’s 1961 book The Hidden Mountain.
Toni Morrison.!!
😥😥😢😢😥😥
• Toni Morrison was born in Lorain, Ohio on 18February1931.
• She learned English and classics at Howard University and completed master’s program in literature at Cornell University.
• She was an American novelist, essayist, editor, teacher and professor at Princeton University.
• Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993.
• She is the first African-American woman to win a Nobel Prize
• She got the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award in 1988 for her novel “Beloved”.
• She was honored with the 1996 National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.
• President Barack Obama presented Morrison with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
• She received the PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction IN 2016.
• Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye was published in 1970.
• In 1975, Morrison's second novel “Sula” (1973) was published.
• “Sula” is about a friendship between two black women.
• The novel Sula was nominated for the National Book Award.
• Her third novel, “Song of Solomon” (1977), brought her national acclaim.
• Morrison's first play was “Dreaming Emmett”.
• Her novel, “Beloved” was inspired by the true story of Margaret Garner, an enslaved African-American woman.
• Morrison wrote 11 novels.
• Her first book of literary criticism was “Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination” (1992), it is an examination of the African-American presence in white American literature.
• Morrison wrote books for children with her younger son, Slade Morrison.
• Morrison's novel Home was half-completed when her son Slade Morrison died.
• She completed Home and dedicated it to her son Slade Morrison.
• In 2011, she received an Honorary Doctor of Letters Degree from Rutgers University.
• Morrison focused on the experience of women within the black community in her works.
• Her books were both critical and commercial successes.
• Her novels appeared regularly on The New York Times best-seller list
• Morrison died after a short illness on 5August 2019 at Montefiore Medical Center.
• She died at the age of 88.
• Her different accomplishments have placed her in an enduring place in literary history.
🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏
😥😥😢😢😥😥
• Toni Morrison was born in Lorain, Ohio on 18February1931.
• She learned English and classics at Howard University and completed master’s program in literature at Cornell University.
• She was an American novelist, essayist, editor, teacher and professor at Princeton University.
• Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993.
• She is the first African-American woman to win a Nobel Prize
• She got the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award in 1988 for her novel “Beloved”.
• She was honored with the 1996 National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.
• President Barack Obama presented Morrison with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
• She received the PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction IN 2016.
• Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye was published in 1970.
• In 1975, Morrison's second novel “Sula” (1973) was published.
• “Sula” is about a friendship between two black women.
• The novel Sula was nominated for the National Book Award.
• Her third novel, “Song of Solomon” (1977), brought her national acclaim.
• Morrison's first play was “Dreaming Emmett”.
• Her novel, “Beloved” was inspired by the true story of Margaret Garner, an enslaved African-American woman.
• Morrison wrote 11 novels.
• Her first book of literary criticism was “Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination” (1992), it is an examination of the African-American presence in white American literature.
• Morrison wrote books for children with her younger son, Slade Morrison.
• Morrison's novel Home was half-completed when her son Slade Morrison died.
• She completed Home and dedicated it to her son Slade Morrison.
• In 2011, she received an Honorary Doctor of Letters Degree from Rutgers University.
• Morrison focused on the experience of women within the black community in her works.
• Her books were both critical and commercial successes.
• Her novels appeared regularly on The New York Times best-seller list
• Morrison died after a short illness on 5August 2019 at Montefiore Medical Center.
• She died at the age of 88.
• Her different accomplishments have placed her in an enduring place in literary history.
🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏
Net exam arranged in December and application date released
NTA will activate UGC NET application form 2019 link for December session from 9th September 2019.
The last date to apply online for UGC NET December 2019 session is 9th October 2019.
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