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#जेन_ऑस्टेन
नॉवेल की दुनिया के सबसे बड़े नामों में से एक.!
👇👇👇👇
https://m.facebook.com/English.Literature.NET.SET.PGT/
जेन ऑस्टेन ब्रिटेन से आती थीं. ये जब लिख रही थीं, यानी आज से लगभग 250 साल पहले, उस समय इंगलैंड में मर्दों का बोलबाला था. भाईसाब, वर्ड्सवर्थ, बायरन और कोलरिज जैसे बड़े-बड़े कवियों का दौर था वो. स्कूल में अगर थोड़ी-बहुत अंग्रेजी भी पढ़ी है, तो इन कवियों को जरूर पढ़ा होगा.
ये वो समय था जब गद्य लिखने का इतना चलन नहीं था. कविताओं को ही साहित्य माना जाता था. कविताओं के पहले प्ले लिखे गए थे. शेक्सपियर वगैरह तो पता होगा न? और प्ले के भी बहुत, बहुत-बहुत पहले एपिक लिखे जाते थे. यानी महाकाव्य. अपने महाभारत और रामायण की तरह. एपिक हों, या प्ले. इनके हीरो कोई फेमस लोग होते थे. राजा-रानी और भगवानों की कहानियां लिखी जाती थीं. या बाइबल की कहानियों को लोग सरल भाषा में पढ़ते. कोई भी ऐसा साहित्य नहीं था, जो आम लोगों पर लिखा गया हो. उनके जीवन, उनकी छोटी-बड़ी खुशियों, उनकी मोहब्बत, शादियां, बच्चे, नौकरी, कंगाली जैसी चीजों के लिए साहित्य में कोई जगह नहीं थी.
फिर आया नॉवेल का दौर. हालांकि दुनिया की सबसे पुराने नॉवेल 17वीं शताब्दी में ही लिखे जा चुके थे. पर खुद को मेनस्ट्रीम साहित्य की तरह एस्टेब्लिश नहीं कर पाए थे. जब जेन ऑस्टेन ने लिखना शुरू किया, नॉवेल कम ही लोग लिखते थे. और औरतें लिखें, ये तो भूल ही जाओ. इंगलैंड के सख्त समाज में भला औरतों को इतनी छूट कहां थी. तो जेन ऑस्टेन और इनके बाद आने वाली कई औरत राइटर्स ने नकली नामों के साथ लिखना शुरू किया. कभी औरत, तो कभी पुरुष का नाम. जेन ऑस्टेन बिना किसी नाम के लिखती थीं.
ये वही समय था, जब प्रिंट नया-नया आया था. किताबें अब छप सकती थीं. पहले जेन की किताबें उनके परिवार, दोस्तों तक गईं. फिर कुछ बड़े लोगों के बीच चर्चा का मैटर बनीं. और आने वाले समय में जेन के नॉवेल्स घर-घर पहुंच गए. और इन्हें पढ़ने वाले चश्मा चढ़ाए, बड़ी-बड़ी डिग्री पाए पुरुष कम ही थे. औरतें थीं. घरेलू, सीधी-साधी औरतें. जो इन नॉवेल्स में लिखे शब्दों को अपनी जिंदगी से जोड़कर देख पाती थीं. उन्हें ऐसा लगता, जैसे उनकी संवेदनाओं को आवाज मिल रही हो.
उस वक़्त के लोग नॉवेल पढ़ने वालों को देख मुंह बनाते. ठीक उसी तरह जैसे रुश्दी को पढ़ने वाले चेतन भगत को पढ़ने वालों को देख बनाते हैं. और चेतन भगत को पढ़ने वाले मनोहर कहानियों को पढ़ने वालों को देखकर बनाते हैं. ऐसा माना जाता कि नॉवेल एक आसान सा साहित्य है. तो घर बैठी औरतें इसे पढ़कर अपना समय बिता लें. अकादमिक लिहाज से नॉवेल को कोई पूछता भी नहीं था.
जेन के पापा ऊन के व्यापारी थे. मतलब किसी राजे-महाराजों के खानदान से नहीं आते थे. जेन ने भी बचपन से कोई राजसी ठाठ नहीं देखे. पिता जो कुछ भी बने, अपनी मेहनत से बने.
और वैसे भी कविता कहना तो अमीर लोगों का काम हुआ करता था. जैसे हमारे यहां होते थे राजकवि, उसी तरह. गरीब आदमी तो मेहनत करता, रोटी जुगाड़ता. इसलिए नॉवेल मिडिल और लोअर क्लास के लोगों का साहित्य बना. घर-घर पहुंचा, क्लासरूम तक भले ही न पहुंच पाया.
जेन के खूब भाई-बहन थे. उनकी सबसे अच्छी सहेली उनकी बहन कसांड्रा थीं. दोनों बहनें एक उम्र के बाद पढ़ नहीं पाईं. घर वालों के पास इतने पैसे ही नहीं थे कि सभी बच्चों को पढ़ा सकें. जेन ने जो भी पढ़ा, पापा की लाइब्रेरी से पढ़ा. और ऐसा पढ़ा, कि खुद लिखने लग गईं. पापा का बड़ा सपोर्ट रहता था. बेटियों को लिखने के लिए महंगे कागज़ लाकर दिया करते थे.
ऑस्टेन जब 20 साल की थीं, उनके पड़ोसी के भतीजे टॉम से उन्हें प्यार हुआ. कसांड्रा को लिखी चिट्ठियों में जेन जिक्र भी करती हैं, किस तरह दोनों एक दूसरे को लेकर पगलाए रहते थे. लेकिन न जेन के परिवार के पैसे थे, न टॉम के. और शादी का मतलब तो बस अमीर घरों में रिश्ता जोड़ना था. इसलिए टॉम और जेन को घरवालों ने दूर कर दिया. और जेन ताउम्र कुंवारी रहीं.
उनकी नॉवेल्स उनकी जिंदगी के बहुत करीब रहीं. प्राइड एंड प्रेज्यूडिस पढ़ी है? अबे वही वाली जिस पर ऐश्वर्या राय वाली फिल्म भी आई थी. ब्राइड एंड प्रेज्यूडिस के नाम से. लोगों ने इसे खूब पढ़ा. खूब सराहा. आज अगर आप उस किताब को पढ़ें, तो शायद बॉलीवुड रोमैंस जैसी लगे. पर उस दौर में किसी लड़की का शादी जैसे मुद्दों पर लिखना बड़ी बात थी. प्राइड एंड प्रेज्यूडिस में जेन ने लिखा है कि उससे ही शादी करो जिससे प्यार हो. इसलिए नहीं कि लड़का अमीर है.
आने वाले उपन्यासकारों ने जेन से खूब प्रेरणा ली. और खूब फिल्में बनाईं. इसके अलावा इनके सबसे पढ़े जाने वाले नॉवेल्स रहे हैं: सेंस एंड सेंसिबिलिटी, मैन्सफील्ड पार्क और एमा.!
जेन के जीवन पर ऐन हैथवे की एक बहुत सही पिक्चर भी है– बिकमिंग जेन, न देखी हो, तो देख लो, और जेन के नॉवेल्स पर, या उससे इंस्पायर होते हुए 50 से भी ज्यादा फिल्में और टीवी सीरीज बनी हैं, अब आया समझ में कि ह
नॉवेल की दुनिया के सबसे बड़े नामों में से एक.!
👇👇👇👇
https://m.facebook.com/English.Literature.NET.SET.PGT/
जेन ऑस्टेन ब्रिटेन से आती थीं. ये जब लिख रही थीं, यानी आज से लगभग 250 साल पहले, उस समय इंगलैंड में मर्दों का बोलबाला था. भाईसाब, वर्ड्सवर्थ, बायरन और कोलरिज जैसे बड़े-बड़े कवियों का दौर था वो. स्कूल में अगर थोड़ी-बहुत अंग्रेजी भी पढ़ी है, तो इन कवियों को जरूर पढ़ा होगा.
ये वो समय था जब गद्य लिखने का इतना चलन नहीं था. कविताओं को ही साहित्य माना जाता था. कविताओं के पहले प्ले लिखे गए थे. शेक्सपियर वगैरह तो पता होगा न? और प्ले के भी बहुत, बहुत-बहुत पहले एपिक लिखे जाते थे. यानी महाकाव्य. अपने महाभारत और रामायण की तरह. एपिक हों, या प्ले. इनके हीरो कोई फेमस लोग होते थे. राजा-रानी और भगवानों की कहानियां लिखी जाती थीं. या बाइबल की कहानियों को लोग सरल भाषा में पढ़ते. कोई भी ऐसा साहित्य नहीं था, जो आम लोगों पर लिखा गया हो. उनके जीवन, उनकी छोटी-बड़ी खुशियों, उनकी मोहब्बत, शादियां, बच्चे, नौकरी, कंगाली जैसी चीजों के लिए साहित्य में कोई जगह नहीं थी.
फिर आया नॉवेल का दौर. हालांकि दुनिया की सबसे पुराने नॉवेल 17वीं शताब्दी में ही लिखे जा चुके थे. पर खुद को मेनस्ट्रीम साहित्य की तरह एस्टेब्लिश नहीं कर पाए थे. जब जेन ऑस्टेन ने लिखना शुरू किया, नॉवेल कम ही लोग लिखते थे. और औरतें लिखें, ये तो भूल ही जाओ. इंगलैंड के सख्त समाज में भला औरतों को इतनी छूट कहां थी. तो जेन ऑस्टेन और इनके बाद आने वाली कई औरत राइटर्स ने नकली नामों के साथ लिखना शुरू किया. कभी औरत, तो कभी पुरुष का नाम. जेन ऑस्टेन बिना किसी नाम के लिखती थीं.
ये वही समय था, जब प्रिंट नया-नया आया था. किताबें अब छप सकती थीं. पहले जेन की किताबें उनके परिवार, दोस्तों तक गईं. फिर कुछ बड़े लोगों के बीच चर्चा का मैटर बनीं. और आने वाले समय में जेन के नॉवेल्स घर-घर पहुंच गए. और इन्हें पढ़ने वाले चश्मा चढ़ाए, बड़ी-बड़ी डिग्री पाए पुरुष कम ही थे. औरतें थीं. घरेलू, सीधी-साधी औरतें. जो इन नॉवेल्स में लिखे शब्दों को अपनी जिंदगी से जोड़कर देख पाती थीं. उन्हें ऐसा लगता, जैसे उनकी संवेदनाओं को आवाज मिल रही हो.
उस वक़्त के लोग नॉवेल पढ़ने वालों को देख मुंह बनाते. ठीक उसी तरह जैसे रुश्दी को पढ़ने वाले चेतन भगत को पढ़ने वालों को देख बनाते हैं. और चेतन भगत को पढ़ने वाले मनोहर कहानियों को पढ़ने वालों को देखकर बनाते हैं. ऐसा माना जाता कि नॉवेल एक आसान सा साहित्य है. तो घर बैठी औरतें इसे पढ़कर अपना समय बिता लें. अकादमिक लिहाज से नॉवेल को कोई पूछता भी नहीं था.
जेन के पापा ऊन के व्यापारी थे. मतलब किसी राजे-महाराजों के खानदान से नहीं आते थे. जेन ने भी बचपन से कोई राजसी ठाठ नहीं देखे. पिता जो कुछ भी बने, अपनी मेहनत से बने.
और वैसे भी कविता कहना तो अमीर लोगों का काम हुआ करता था. जैसे हमारे यहां होते थे राजकवि, उसी तरह. गरीब आदमी तो मेहनत करता, रोटी जुगाड़ता. इसलिए नॉवेल मिडिल और लोअर क्लास के लोगों का साहित्य बना. घर-घर पहुंचा, क्लासरूम तक भले ही न पहुंच पाया.
जेन के खूब भाई-बहन थे. उनकी सबसे अच्छी सहेली उनकी बहन कसांड्रा थीं. दोनों बहनें एक उम्र के बाद पढ़ नहीं पाईं. घर वालों के पास इतने पैसे ही नहीं थे कि सभी बच्चों को पढ़ा सकें. जेन ने जो भी पढ़ा, पापा की लाइब्रेरी से पढ़ा. और ऐसा पढ़ा, कि खुद लिखने लग गईं. पापा का बड़ा सपोर्ट रहता था. बेटियों को लिखने के लिए महंगे कागज़ लाकर दिया करते थे.
ऑस्टेन जब 20 साल की थीं, उनके पड़ोसी के भतीजे टॉम से उन्हें प्यार हुआ. कसांड्रा को लिखी चिट्ठियों में जेन जिक्र भी करती हैं, किस तरह दोनों एक दूसरे को लेकर पगलाए रहते थे. लेकिन न जेन के परिवार के पैसे थे, न टॉम के. और शादी का मतलब तो बस अमीर घरों में रिश्ता जोड़ना था. इसलिए टॉम और जेन को घरवालों ने दूर कर दिया. और जेन ताउम्र कुंवारी रहीं.
उनकी नॉवेल्स उनकी जिंदगी के बहुत करीब रहीं. प्राइड एंड प्रेज्यूडिस पढ़ी है? अबे वही वाली जिस पर ऐश्वर्या राय वाली फिल्म भी आई थी. ब्राइड एंड प्रेज्यूडिस के नाम से. लोगों ने इसे खूब पढ़ा. खूब सराहा. आज अगर आप उस किताब को पढ़ें, तो शायद बॉलीवुड रोमैंस जैसी लगे. पर उस दौर में किसी लड़की का शादी जैसे मुद्दों पर लिखना बड़ी बात थी. प्राइड एंड प्रेज्यूडिस में जेन ने लिखा है कि उससे ही शादी करो जिससे प्यार हो. इसलिए नहीं कि लड़का अमीर है.
आने वाले उपन्यासकारों ने जेन से खूब प्रेरणा ली. और खूब फिल्में बनाईं. इसके अलावा इनके सबसे पढ़े जाने वाले नॉवेल्स रहे हैं: सेंस एंड सेंसिबिलिटी, मैन्सफील्ड पार्क और एमा.!
जेन के जीवन पर ऐन हैथवे की एक बहुत सही पिक्चर भी है– बिकमिंग जेन, न देखी हो, तो देख लो, और जेन के नॉवेल्स पर, या उससे इंस्पायर होते हुए 50 से भी ज्यादा फिल्में और टीवी सीरीज बनी हैं, अब आया समझ में कि ह
म इतना बड़ा आर्टिकल क्यों लिख गए.!
जाओ पास की लाइब्रेरी में मेंबरशिप ले लो..!!
🙏🙏🙏🙏
जाओ पास की लाइब्रेरी में मेंबरशिप ले लो..!!
🙏🙏🙏🙏
Q.1Who, among the following, is not connected with the Oxford Movement ?
a) Robert Browning✅
b) John Keble
c) E. B. Pusey
d) J. H. Newman
Q.2 W. B. Yeats used the phrase ‘the artifice of eternity’ in his poem .
a) Sailing to Byzantium ✅
b) Byzantium
c) The Second Coming
d) Leda and the Swan
Q.3 Shakespeare’s Henry IV, Pt I contains his
a) senecan attitude
b) patriotism ✅
c) love of nature
d) platonic ideals
Q.144 Which of the following is an unfinished novel by Jane Austen ?
a) Sense and Sensibility
b) Mansfield Park
c) Sandition ✅
d) Persuasion
Q.4 Why did Miss Havisham remain a spinster throughout her life in Great Expectations ?
a) She was poor
b) She was arrogant
c) Because she was betrayed by the bridegroom ✅
d) She was unwilling to marry
Q.5 Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is a
a) Picaresque novel
b) Gothic novel
c) Domestic novel ✅
d) Historical novel
Q.6 Who is Pip’s friend in London ?
a) Pumblechook
b) Herbert Pocket ✅
c) Bentley Drummle
d) Jaggers
Q.7 The Pre-Raphaelite poets were mostly indebted to the poets of the
a) Puritan movement
b) Romantic revival ✅
c) Neo-classical age
d) Metaphysical school
Q.8 The theme of Tennyson’s Poem ‘The Princess’ is
a) Queen Victoria’s coronation
b) Industrial Revolution
c) Women’s Education and Rights ✅
d) Rise of Democracy
Q.9 Which stanza form did Shelley use in his famous poem ‘Ode to theWest Wind’ ?
a) Rime royal
b) Ottava rima
c) Terza rima ✅
d) Spenserian Stanza
Q.10 What is the sub-title of the play Twelfth Night ?
a) Or, What is you Will
b) Or, What you Will ✅
c) Or, What you Like It
d) Or, What you Think
Q.11 ‘O, you are sick of self-love.’ Who is referred to in these words in Twelfth Night ?
a) Orsino
b) Sir Andrew
c) Sir Toby
d) Malvolio ✅
Q.12 Identify the rhetorical figure used in the following line of Tennyson : ‘‘Faith unfaithful kept him falsely true.’’
a) Oxymoron ✅
b) Metaphor
c) Simile
d) Synecdoche
Q.13 Identify the writer who was expelled from Oxford for circulating a pamphlet
a) P. B. Shelley ✅
b) Charles Lamb
c) Hazlitt
d) Coleridge
Q.14 Who is commonly known as ‘Pip’ in Great Expectations ?
a) Philip Pirrip ✅
b) Filip Pirip
c) Philip Pip
d) Philips Pirip
Q.15 Shelley’s Adonais is an elegy on the death of
a) Milton
b) Coleridge
c) Keats ✅
d) Johnson
Q.16 ‘Brevity is the soul of wit’ is a quotation from
a) Milton
b) William Shakespeare✅
c) T. S. Eliot
d) Ruskin
Q.17 The novel The Power and the Glory is set in
a) Mexico ✅
b) Italy
c) France
d) Germany
Q.18. In ‘Leda and the Swan’, who wooes Leda in guise of a swan ?
a) Mars
b) Hercules
c) Zeus
d) Bacchus ✅
Q.19 Mr. Jaggers, in Great Expectations, is a
a) lawyer✅
b) postman
c) judge
d) school teacher
Q.20 Keats’s Endymion is dedicated to
a) Leigh Hunt ✅
b) Milton
c) Shakespeare
d) Thomas Chatterton
Q.21 Estella is the daughter of
a) Joe Gargery
b) Abel Magwitch ✅
c) Miss Havisham
d) Bentley Drummle
Q.22 D. G. Rossetti was a true literary descendant of .
a) Keats ✅
b) Byron
c) Shelley
d) Wordsworth
Q.23 Which of the following poets does not belong to the ‘Lake School’ ?
a) Keats ✅
b) Coleridge
c) Southey
d) Wordsworth
Q.24. Which one of the following is not correctly matched ?
a) Kimberley — Diamond
b) Havana — Meat packing
c) Milan — Silk ✅
d) Sheffield — Cutlery
Q.25. Which poem of Coleridge is an opium dream ?
a) Kubla Khan ✅
b) Christabel
c) The Ancient Mariner
d) Ode on the Departing Year
Q.26. ‘The rarer action is in virtue that in vengeance.’ This line occurs in
a) Hamlet
b) Henry IV, Pt I
c) The Tempest✅✅
d) Twelfth Night
Q.27 ‘Heaven lies about us in our infancy’. This line occurs in the poem
a) Immortality Ode✅
b) Tintern Abbey
c) The Second Coming
d) Leda and the Swan
Q.28 Wordsworth calls himself ‘a Worshipper of Nature’ in his poem
a) Immortality Ode
b) Tintern Abbey ✅
c) The Prelude
d) The Solitary Reaper
Q.29. Vanity Fair is a novel by
a) Jane Austen
b) Charles Dickens
c) W. M. Thackeray ✅
d) Thomas Hardy
Q.30 The Romantic Revival in English Poetry was influenced by the
a) French Revolution
b) Glorious ✅ Revolution of 1688
c) Reformation
d) Oxford Movement
Q.31. Essays
a) Robert Browning✅
b) John Keble
c) E. B. Pusey
d) J. H. Newman
Q.2 W. B. Yeats used the phrase ‘the artifice of eternity’ in his poem .
a) Sailing to Byzantium ✅
b) Byzantium
c) The Second Coming
d) Leda and the Swan
Q.3 Shakespeare’s Henry IV, Pt I contains his
a) senecan attitude
b) patriotism ✅
c) love of nature
d) platonic ideals
Q.144 Which of the following is an unfinished novel by Jane Austen ?
a) Sense and Sensibility
b) Mansfield Park
c) Sandition ✅
d) Persuasion
Q.4 Why did Miss Havisham remain a spinster throughout her life in Great Expectations ?
a) She was poor
b) She was arrogant
c) Because she was betrayed by the bridegroom ✅
d) She was unwilling to marry
Q.5 Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is a
a) Picaresque novel
b) Gothic novel
c) Domestic novel ✅
d) Historical novel
Q.6 Who is Pip’s friend in London ?
a) Pumblechook
b) Herbert Pocket ✅
c) Bentley Drummle
d) Jaggers
Q.7 The Pre-Raphaelite poets were mostly indebted to the poets of the
a) Puritan movement
b) Romantic revival ✅
c) Neo-classical age
d) Metaphysical school
Q.8 The theme of Tennyson’s Poem ‘The Princess’ is
a) Queen Victoria’s coronation
b) Industrial Revolution
c) Women’s Education and Rights ✅
d) Rise of Democracy
Q.9 Which stanza form did Shelley use in his famous poem ‘Ode to theWest Wind’ ?
a) Rime royal
b) Ottava rima
c) Terza rima ✅
d) Spenserian Stanza
Q.10 What is the sub-title of the play Twelfth Night ?
a) Or, What is you Will
b) Or, What you Will ✅
c) Or, What you Like It
d) Or, What you Think
Q.11 ‘O, you are sick of self-love.’ Who is referred to in these words in Twelfth Night ?
a) Orsino
b) Sir Andrew
c) Sir Toby
d) Malvolio ✅
Q.12 Identify the rhetorical figure used in the following line of Tennyson : ‘‘Faith unfaithful kept him falsely true.’’
a) Oxymoron ✅
b) Metaphor
c) Simile
d) Synecdoche
Q.13 Identify the writer who was expelled from Oxford for circulating a pamphlet
a) P. B. Shelley ✅
b) Charles Lamb
c) Hazlitt
d) Coleridge
Q.14 Who is commonly known as ‘Pip’ in Great Expectations ?
a) Philip Pirrip ✅
b) Filip Pirip
c) Philip Pip
d) Philips Pirip
Q.15 Shelley’s Adonais is an elegy on the death of
a) Milton
b) Coleridge
c) Keats ✅
d) Johnson
Q.16 ‘Brevity is the soul of wit’ is a quotation from
a) Milton
b) William Shakespeare✅
c) T. S. Eliot
d) Ruskin
Q.17 The novel The Power and the Glory is set in
a) Mexico ✅
b) Italy
c) France
d) Germany
Q.18. In ‘Leda and the Swan’, who wooes Leda in guise of a swan ?
a) Mars
b) Hercules
c) Zeus
d) Bacchus ✅
Q.19 Mr. Jaggers, in Great Expectations, is a
a) lawyer✅
b) postman
c) judge
d) school teacher
Q.20 Keats’s Endymion is dedicated to
a) Leigh Hunt ✅
b) Milton
c) Shakespeare
d) Thomas Chatterton
Q.21 Estella is the daughter of
a) Joe Gargery
b) Abel Magwitch ✅
c) Miss Havisham
d) Bentley Drummle
Q.22 D. G. Rossetti was a true literary descendant of .
a) Keats ✅
b) Byron
c) Shelley
d) Wordsworth
Q.23 Which of the following poets does not belong to the ‘Lake School’ ?
a) Keats ✅
b) Coleridge
c) Southey
d) Wordsworth
Q.24. Which one of the following is not correctly matched ?
a) Kimberley — Diamond
b) Havana — Meat packing
c) Milan — Silk ✅
d) Sheffield — Cutlery
Q.25. Which poem of Coleridge is an opium dream ?
a) Kubla Khan ✅
b) Christabel
c) The Ancient Mariner
d) Ode on the Departing Year
Q.26. ‘The rarer action is in virtue that in vengeance.’ This line occurs in
a) Hamlet
b) Henry IV, Pt I
c) The Tempest✅✅
d) Twelfth Night
Q.27 ‘Heaven lies about us in our infancy’. This line occurs in the poem
a) Immortality Ode✅
b) Tintern Abbey
c) The Second Coming
d) Leda and the Swan
Q.28 Wordsworth calls himself ‘a Worshipper of Nature’ in his poem
a) Immortality Ode
b) Tintern Abbey ✅
c) The Prelude
d) The Solitary Reaper
Q.29. Vanity Fair is a novel by
a) Jane Austen
b) Charles Dickens
c) W. M. Thackeray ✅
d) Thomas Hardy
Q.30 The Romantic Revival in English Poetry was influenced by the
a) French Revolution
b) Glorious ✅ Revolution of 1688
c) Reformation
d) Oxford Movement
Q.31. Essays
of Elia are
a) full of didactic sermonising
b) practically autobiographical fragments ✅
c) remarkable for their aphoristic style
d) satirical and critical
Q.32. ‘My own great religion is a belief in the blood, the flesh as being wiser than the intellect.’’ Who wrote this ?
a) Graham Greene
b) D. H. Lawrence ✅
c) Charles Dickens
d) Jane Austen
Q.33. Identify the novel in which the character of Charlotte Lucas figures
a) Great Expectations
b) The Power and the Glory
c) Lord of the Flies
d) Pride and Prejudice ✅
Q.34. ‘The better part of valour is discretion’ occurs in Shakespeare’s
a) Hamlet
b) Twelfth Night
c) The Tempest
d) Henry IV, Pt I ✅
Q.35. Which method of narration has been employed by Dickens in his novel Great Expectations ?
a) Direct or epic method ✅
b) Documentary method
c) Stream of Consciousness technique
d) Autobiographical method
Q.36 Browning’s famous poem ‘Rabbi Ben Ezra’ is included in
a) Dramatis Personae ✅
b) Dramatic Idyls
c) Asolando
d) Red Cotton Night-Cap Country
Q.37. ‘Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous, there shall be no more cakes and ale’. Who speaks the lines given above in Twelfth Night ?
a) Duke Orsino
b) Malvolio
c) Sir Andrew Aguecheek
d) Sir Toby Belch ✅
Q.38. Who is Thomas Percy in Henry IV, Pt I ?
a) Earl of Northumberland
b) Earl of March
c) Earl of Douglas
d) Earl of Worcester ✅
Q.39. Which of Shakespeare’s characters exclaims, ‘Brave, new, world !’ ?
a) Ferdinand
b) Antonio
c) Miranda ✅
d) Prospero
Q.40. Identify the writer who used a pseudonym, Michael Angelo Titmarsh, for much of his early work—
a) Charles Dickens
b) W. M. Thackeray
c) Graham Greene ✅
d) D. H. Lawrence
Q.41. Who, among the following writers, was not educated at Christ’s Hospital School, London ?
a) Charles Lamb ✅
b) William Wordsworth
c) Leigh Hunt
d) S. T. Coleridge
Q.42. Who was Fortinbras ?
a) Claudius’s son
b) Son to the king of Norway ✅
c) Ophelia’s lover
d) Hamlet’s friend
Q.43. Epipsychidion is composed by
a) Coleridge
b) Wordsworth
c) Keats
d) Shelley ✅
Q.44. In Pride and Prejudice, Lydia elopes with
a) Darcy
b) Wickham ✅
c) William Collins
d) Charles Bingley
Q.45. Who wrote Biographia Literaria ?
a) Byron
b) Shelley
c) Coleridge ✅
d) Lamb
Q.46. Graham Greene’s novels are marked by
a) Catholicism ✅
b) Protestantism
c) Paganism
d) Buddhism
a) full of didactic sermonising
b) practically autobiographical fragments ✅
c) remarkable for their aphoristic style
d) satirical and critical
Q.32. ‘My own great religion is a belief in the blood, the flesh as being wiser than the intellect.’’ Who wrote this ?
a) Graham Greene
b) D. H. Lawrence ✅
c) Charles Dickens
d) Jane Austen
Q.33. Identify the novel in which the character of Charlotte Lucas figures
a) Great Expectations
b) The Power and the Glory
c) Lord of the Flies
d) Pride and Prejudice ✅
Q.34. ‘The better part of valour is discretion’ occurs in Shakespeare’s
a) Hamlet
b) Twelfth Night
c) The Tempest
d) Henry IV, Pt I ✅
Q.35. Which method of narration has been employed by Dickens in his novel Great Expectations ?
a) Direct or epic method ✅
b) Documentary method
c) Stream of Consciousness technique
d) Autobiographical method
Q.36 Browning’s famous poem ‘Rabbi Ben Ezra’ is included in
a) Dramatis Personae ✅
b) Dramatic Idyls
c) Asolando
d) Red Cotton Night-Cap Country
Q.37. ‘Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous, there shall be no more cakes and ale’. Who speaks the lines given above in Twelfth Night ?
a) Duke Orsino
b) Malvolio
c) Sir Andrew Aguecheek
d) Sir Toby Belch ✅
Q.38. Who is Thomas Percy in Henry IV, Pt I ?
a) Earl of Northumberland
b) Earl of March
c) Earl of Douglas
d) Earl of Worcester ✅
Q.39. Which of Shakespeare’s characters exclaims, ‘Brave, new, world !’ ?
a) Ferdinand
b) Antonio
c) Miranda ✅
d) Prospero
Q.40. Identify the writer who used a pseudonym, Michael Angelo Titmarsh, for much of his early work—
a) Charles Dickens
b) W. M. Thackeray
c) Graham Greene ✅
d) D. H. Lawrence
Q.41. Who, among the following writers, was not educated at Christ’s Hospital School, London ?
a) Charles Lamb ✅
b) William Wordsworth
c) Leigh Hunt
d) S. T. Coleridge
Q.42. Who was Fortinbras ?
a) Claudius’s son
b) Son to the king of Norway ✅
c) Ophelia’s lover
d) Hamlet’s friend
Q.43. Epipsychidion is composed by
a) Coleridge
b) Wordsworth
c) Keats
d) Shelley ✅
Q.44. In Pride and Prejudice, Lydia elopes with
a) Darcy
b) Wickham ✅
c) William Collins
d) Charles Bingley
Q.45. Who wrote Biographia Literaria ?
a) Byron
b) Shelley
c) Coleridge ✅
d) Lamb
Q.46. Graham Greene’s novels are marked by
a) Catholicism ✅
b) Protestantism
c) Paganism
d) Buddhism
Wood's despatch
*Sir Charles Wood* , the President of the Board of Control, had an important effect on spreading English learning and female education in India. When in 1854 he sent a dispatch to *Lord Dalhousie,* the then Governor-General of India. *Wood suggested that primary schools must adopt vernacular languages, high schools must adopt Anglo vernacular language and on college-level English medium for education.* This is known as Wood's dispatch. Vocational and women's education were also stressed upon. One of the most favourable steps taken by EIC was to create an English class among Indian people to be used as workforce in company's administration. The British had done best developmental activities during this phase as it was the final phase where the British brought social reforms. After this period their policies tended to become reactionaries.
*Wood’s Dispatch is called Magna Carta of English Education in India* .
It came in July 1854, when Sir Charles Wood was the President of the Board.
*Sir Charles Wood* , the President of the Board of Control, had an important effect on spreading English learning and female education in India. When in 1854 he sent a dispatch to *Lord Dalhousie,* the then Governor-General of India. *Wood suggested that primary schools must adopt vernacular languages, high schools must adopt Anglo vernacular language and on college-level English medium for education.* This is known as Wood's dispatch. Vocational and women's education were also stressed upon. One of the most favourable steps taken by EIC was to create an English class among Indian people to be used as workforce in company's administration. The British had done best developmental activities during this phase as it was the final phase where the British brought social reforms. After this period their policies tended to become reactionaries.
*Wood’s Dispatch is called Magna Carta of English Education in India* .
It came in July 1854, when Sir Charles Wood was the President of the Board.
NTA-NET SET English
This group has been created for lover of literature and those candidate who are preparing UGC Net and Set Examination.
https://t.me/UGCNETSET
This group has been created for lover of literature and those candidate who are preparing UGC Net and Set Examination.
https://t.me/UGCNETSET
Telegram
NTA-NET SET English
This group has been created for lover of literature and those candidate who are preparing UGC Net and Set Examination.
_*आर्टिकल 370 का संक्षिप्त इतिहास*_
_भारत को आजादी मिलने के बाद *20 अक्टूबर, 1947* को पाकिस्तान समर्थित ‘आजाद कश्मीर सेना’ ने पाकिस्तानी सेना के साथ मिलकर कश्मीर पर आक्रमण कर दिया और काफी हिस्सा हथिया लिया था. इस हिस्से को आज पाकिस्तान अधिकृत कश्मीर (POK) कहा जाता है._
_इस परिस्थिति में महाराजा हरि सिंह ने जम्मू&कश्मीर की रक्षा के लिए उस समय कश्मीर के प्रधानमंत्री शेख़ अब्दुल्ला की सहमति से जवाहर लाल नेहरु के साथ मिलकर *26 अक्टूबर 1947 को भारत के साथ जम्मू&कश्मीर के अस्थायी विलय की घोषणा कर दी और "Instruments of Accession of Jammu & Kashmir to India" पर अपने हस्ताक्षर कर दिये थे.* इस नये समझौते के तहत जम्मू & कश्मीर ने भारत के साथ सिर्फ *तीन विषयों: रक्षा, विदेशी मामले और संचार को भारत के हवाले कर दिया था.*_
_समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर करने के बाद भारत सरकार ने वादा किया कि “'इस राज्य के लोग अपने स्वयं की संविधान सभा के माध्यम से राज्य के आंतरिक संविधान का निर्माण करेंगे और जब तक राज्य की संविधान सभा शासन व्यवस्था और अधिकार क्षेत्र की सीमा का निर्धारण नहीं कर लेती हैं तब तक भारत का संविधान केवल राज्य के बारे में एक अंतरिम व्यवस्था प्रदान कर सकता है._
_संविधान सभा के अध्यक्ष _डॉ. भीमराव आंबेडकर कश्मीर को विशेष राज्य का दर्जा देने के पक्ष में नहीं थे._ मगर *पंडित नेहरू के कहने पर गोपाल स्वामी आयंगर ने अनुच्छेद 370 का प्रस्ताव संविधान सभा में प्रस्तुत किया था* और यह *17 नवंबर 1952* से लागू है._
_*आर्टिकल 370 के हटने से निम्न परिवर्तन होंगे;*_
_*1.* आर्टिकल 370 के अनुसार रक्षा, विदेशी मामले और संचार को छोड़कर बाकी सभी कानून को लागू करने के लिए केंद्र सरकार को राज्य सरकार से मंजूरी लेनी पड़ती है लेकिन आर्टिकल 370 के हटते ही कोई भी कानून राष्ट्रपति की मंजूरी के बाद लागू हो जायेगा._
_*2.* आर्टिकल 370 के कारण जम्मू & कश्मीर का अपना संविधान है और इसका प्रशासन इसी के अनुसार चलाया जाता है ना कि भारत के संविधान के अनुसार.यदि आर्टिकल 370 को हटा दिया जाता है तो कश्मीर का प्रशासन भी भारत के संविधान के अनुसार चलेगा._
_*3.* जम्मू & कश्मीर के पास 2 झन्डे हैं. एक कश्मीर का अपना राष्ट्रीय झंडा है और भारत का तिरंगा झंडा भी यहाँ का राष्ट्रीय ध्वज है._
_*यदि आर्टिकल 370 को हटा दिया जाता है तो कश्मीर का झंडा ख़त्म हो जायेगा.*_
_*4.* देश के दूसरे राज्यों के नागरिक इस राज्य में किसी भी तरीके की संपत्ति नहीं खरीद सकते हैं. अर्थात इस राज्य में संपत्ति का मूलभूत अधिकार अभी भी लागू है लेकिन_ _आर्टिकल 370 के हटने के साथ ही अन्य भारतीय लोगों को कश्मीर में जमीन और अन्य संपत्तियां खरीदने की अनुमति मिल जाएगी और रहने/बसने का अधिकार भी मिल जायेगा._
_*5.* कश्मीर के लोगों को 2 प्रकार की नागरिकता मिली हुई है; जो कि ख़त्म हो जाएगी और सबको केवल भारत का नागरिक माना जायेगा._
_*6.* अभी *यदि कोई कश्मीरी महिला किसी भारतीय से शादी कर लेती है तो उसकी कश्मीरी नागरिकता ख़त्म हो जाती है लेकिन आर्टिकल 370 के हटने के बाद ऐसा नहीं होगा क्योंकि दोनों ही भारत के नागरिक हो जायेंगे.*_
_*7.* यदि कोई पाकिस्तानी लड़का किसी कश्मीरी लड़की से शादी कर लेता है तो उसको भारतीय नागरिकता भी मिल जाती है लेकिन आर्टिकल 370 के हटते ही कोई भी पाकिस्तानी शादी करके मान्यता प्राप्त नहीं कर पायेगा._
_*8.* भारतीय संविधान के भाग 4 (राज्य के नीति निर्देशक तत्व) और भाग 4 A (मूल कर्तव्य) इस राज्य पर लागू नहीं होते हैं. अर्थात आर्टिकल 370 के हटते ही कश्मीर के लोगों को भारत के संविधान में लिखे गये मूल कर्तव्यों को मानना अनिवार्य हो जायेगा और उनको महिलाओं की अस्मिता, गायों की रक्षा करनी पड़ेगी._
_*9.* जम्मू एंड कश्मीर में भारत के राष्ट्रीय प्रतीकों (राष्ट्रगान, राष्ट्रीय ध्वज इत्यादि) का अपमान करना अपराध की श्रेणी में आ जायेगा._
_*10.* जम्मू कश्मीर में आर्थिक आपातकाल (अनुच्छेद 360) लगाया जा सकेगा._
_*11.* सम्पूर्ण भारत में राष्ट्रीय आपातकाल लगते ही यह पूरे कश्मीर में भी लागू हो जायेगा. राष्ट्रपति के विशेष आदेश की जरूरत नहीं पड़ेगी._
_*12.* सूचना का अधिकार और शिक्षा का अधिकार जैसे कानून कश्मीर में भी लागू होने लगेंगे._
_*13.* राज्य सरकार की नौकरियों में अन्य राज्यों के लोग भी सेलेक्ट हो सकेंगे._
_*क्या 370 को हटाना संभव है?*_
_भाजपा नेता सुब्रमण्यम स्वामी कहते हैं कि अनुच्छेद 370 हटाने के लिए संसद में कानून बनाने की जरूरत नहीं है. राष्ट्रपति एक अधिसूचना जारी कर इस धारा को खत्म कर सकते हैं._
_अप्रैल 2018 में सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने अनुच्छेद 370 को लेकर कहा था कि सालों से बने रहने के चलते अब यह धारा एक स्थायी प्रावधान बन चुकी है, जिससे इसको खत्म करना असंभव हो गया है. हालाँकि अब सुप्रीम कोर्ट इस मुद्दे पर सुनव
_भारत को आजादी मिलने के बाद *20 अक्टूबर, 1947* को पाकिस्तान समर्थित ‘आजाद कश्मीर सेना’ ने पाकिस्तानी सेना के साथ मिलकर कश्मीर पर आक्रमण कर दिया और काफी हिस्सा हथिया लिया था. इस हिस्से को आज पाकिस्तान अधिकृत कश्मीर (POK) कहा जाता है._
_इस परिस्थिति में महाराजा हरि सिंह ने जम्मू&कश्मीर की रक्षा के लिए उस समय कश्मीर के प्रधानमंत्री शेख़ अब्दुल्ला की सहमति से जवाहर लाल नेहरु के साथ मिलकर *26 अक्टूबर 1947 को भारत के साथ जम्मू&कश्मीर के अस्थायी विलय की घोषणा कर दी और "Instruments of Accession of Jammu & Kashmir to India" पर अपने हस्ताक्षर कर दिये थे.* इस नये समझौते के तहत जम्मू & कश्मीर ने भारत के साथ सिर्फ *तीन विषयों: रक्षा, विदेशी मामले और संचार को भारत के हवाले कर दिया था.*_
_समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर करने के बाद भारत सरकार ने वादा किया कि “'इस राज्य के लोग अपने स्वयं की संविधान सभा के माध्यम से राज्य के आंतरिक संविधान का निर्माण करेंगे और जब तक राज्य की संविधान सभा शासन व्यवस्था और अधिकार क्षेत्र की सीमा का निर्धारण नहीं कर लेती हैं तब तक भारत का संविधान केवल राज्य के बारे में एक अंतरिम व्यवस्था प्रदान कर सकता है._
_संविधान सभा के अध्यक्ष _डॉ. भीमराव आंबेडकर कश्मीर को विशेष राज्य का दर्जा देने के पक्ष में नहीं थे._ मगर *पंडित नेहरू के कहने पर गोपाल स्वामी आयंगर ने अनुच्छेद 370 का प्रस्ताव संविधान सभा में प्रस्तुत किया था* और यह *17 नवंबर 1952* से लागू है._
_*आर्टिकल 370 के हटने से निम्न परिवर्तन होंगे;*_
_*1.* आर्टिकल 370 के अनुसार रक्षा, विदेशी मामले और संचार को छोड़कर बाकी सभी कानून को लागू करने के लिए केंद्र सरकार को राज्य सरकार से मंजूरी लेनी पड़ती है लेकिन आर्टिकल 370 के हटते ही कोई भी कानून राष्ट्रपति की मंजूरी के बाद लागू हो जायेगा._
_*2.* आर्टिकल 370 के कारण जम्मू & कश्मीर का अपना संविधान है और इसका प्रशासन इसी के अनुसार चलाया जाता है ना कि भारत के संविधान के अनुसार.यदि आर्टिकल 370 को हटा दिया जाता है तो कश्मीर का प्रशासन भी भारत के संविधान के अनुसार चलेगा._
_*3.* जम्मू & कश्मीर के पास 2 झन्डे हैं. एक कश्मीर का अपना राष्ट्रीय झंडा है और भारत का तिरंगा झंडा भी यहाँ का राष्ट्रीय ध्वज है._
_*यदि आर्टिकल 370 को हटा दिया जाता है तो कश्मीर का झंडा ख़त्म हो जायेगा.*_
_*4.* देश के दूसरे राज्यों के नागरिक इस राज्य में किसी भी तरीके की संपत्ति नहीं खरीद सकते हैं. अर्थात इस राज्य में संपत्ति का मूलभूत अधिकार अभी भी लागू है लेकिन_ _आर्टिकल 370 के हटने के साथ ही अन्य भारतीय लोगों को कश्मीर में जमीन और अन्य संपत्तियां खरीदने की अनुमति मिल जाएगी और रहने/बसने का अधिकार भी मिल जायेगा._
_*5.* कश्मीर के लोगों को 2 प्रकार की नागरिकता मिली हुई है; जो कि ख़त्म हो जाएगी और सबको केवल भारत का नागरिक माना जायेगा._
_*6.* अभी *यदि कोई कश्मीरी महिला किसी भारतीय से शादी कर लेती है तो उसकी कश्मीरी नागरिकता ख़त्म हो जाती है लेकिन आर्टिकल 370 के हटने के बाद ऐसा नहीं होगा क्योंकि दोनों ही भारत के नागरिक हो जायेंगे.*_
_*7.* यदि कोई पाकिस्तानी लड़का किसी कश्मीरी लड़की से शादी कर लेता है तो उसको भारतीय नागरिकता भी मिल जाती है लेकिन आर्टिकल 370 के हटते ही कोई भी पाकिस्तानी शादी करके मान्यता प्राप्त नहीं कर पायेगा._
_*8.* भारतीय संविधान के भाग 4 (राज्य के नीति निर्देशक तत्व) और भाग 4 A (मूल कर्तव्य) इस राज्य पर लागू नहीं होते हैं. अर्थात आर्टिकल 370 के हटते ही कश्मीर के लोगों को भारत के संविधान में लिखे गये मूल कर्तव्यों को मानना अनिवार्य हो जायेगा और उनको महिलाओं की अस्मिता, गायों की रक्षा करनी पड़ेगी._
_*9.* जम्मू एंड कश्मीर में भारत के राष्ट्रीय प्रतीकों (राष्ट्रगान, राष्ट्रीय ध्वज इत्यादि) का अपमान करना अपराध की श्रेणी में आ जायेगा._
_*10.* जम्मू कश्मीर में आर्थिक आपातकाल (अनुच्छेद 360) लगाया जा सकेगा._
_*11.* सम्पूर्ण भारत में राष्ट्रीय आपातकाल लगते ही यह पूरे कश्मीर में भी लागू हो जायेगा. राष्ट्रपति के विशेष आदेश की जरूरत नहीं पड़ेगी._
_*12.* सूचना का अधिकार और शिक्षा का अधिकार जैसे कानून कश्मीर में भी लागू होने लगेंगे._
_*13.* राज्य सरकार की नौकरियों में अन्य राज्यों के लोग भी सेलेक्ट हो सकेंगे._
_*क्या 370 को हटाना संभव है?*_
_भाजपा नेता सुब्रमण्यम स्वामी कहते हैं कि अनुच्छेद 370 हटाने के लिए संसद में कानून बनाने की जरूरत नहीं है. राष्ट्रपति एक अधिसूचना जारी कर इस धारा को खत्म कर सकते हैं._
_अप्रैल 2018 में सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने अनुच्छेद 370 को लेकर कहा था कि सालों से बने रहने के चलते अब यह धारा एक स्थायी प्रावधान बन चुकी है, जिससे इसको खत्म करना असंभव हो गया है. हालाँकि अब सुप्रीम कोर्ट इस मुद्दे पर सुनव
ाई के लिए तैयार है._
_सुप्रीम कोर्ट जिस याचिका पर सुनवाई करेगा, उसमें तर्क दिया गया है कि यह धारा संविधान के भाग 21 के तहत एक प्रावधान है. इसके शीर्षक में ही अस्थायी प्रावधान होना लिखा था. यह स्थायी नहीं है._
_ज्ञातव्य है कि जम्मू और कश्मीर उच्च न्यायालय भी आर्टिकल 370 को स्थायी मान चुका है._
_ध्यान रहे कि भारतीय संविधान के अनेक कानून जम्मू-कश्मीर में लागू हो गए हैं और अब संविधान के *अनुच्छेद-356 के तहत कश्मीर में 6 महीने राज्यपाल शासन के बाद राष्ट्रपति शासन भी लगाया जा सकता है.* सीएजी, चुनाव आयोग समेत कई संवैधानिक संस्थाओं का जम्मू-कश्मीर में बराबर का अधिकार है._
_*अनुच्छेद 370 हटाने की अड़चनें क्या हैं?*_
_नेशनल कॉन्फ्रेंस नेता उमर अब्दुल्ला और महबूबा मुफ्ती का मानना है कि अनुच्छेद 370 ने ही जम्मू-कश्मीर और शेष भारत को जोड़ रखा है. यह दोनों के बीच एकमात्र संवैधानिक कड़ी है._
_इस बात की भी संभावना है कि आर्टिकल 370 के हटते ही_ _*अलगाववादी जनमत संग्रह के मुद्दे को तूल देंगे और जम्मू-कश्मीर विवाद के अंतरराष्ट्रीयकरण का प्रयास करेंगे जिससे भारत सरकार के ऊपर इंटरनेशनल प्रेशर बढेगा.*_
_एक्चुअली में यदि राजनीतिक इच्छा शक्ति हो तो इस मुद्दे का समाधान निकाला जा सकता है लेकिन वर्तमान सरकार के साथ अन्य सरकारें भी इस मुद्दे को लटकाकर अपने राजनीतिक हितों को साधना चाहती हैं._
_जम्मू & कश्मीर में आतंक की मुख्य वजह वहां के कुछ अलगाववादी नेताओं के स्वार्थी हित हैं. ये अलगाववादी नेता पाकिस्तान के इशारों पर जम्मू & कश्मीर के गरीब लड़कों को भडकाते हैं और आतंक का रास्ता चुनने को मजबूर करते हैं हालाँकि ये नेता अपने लड़कों को विदेशों में पढ़ाते हैं._
_अब समय की जरूरत यह है कि कश्मीर के लोग इन अलगाववादी नेताओं के स्वार्थी हितों को समझें और इस प्रदेश में मौजूद पर्यटन की संभावनाओ को बढ़ावा देकर इस प्रदेश को सही मायने में भारत का स्विट्ज़रलैंड बनायें._
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_*www.missiongovtexam.com*_
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_सुप्रीम कोर्ट जिस याचिका पर सुनवाई करेगा, उसमें तर्क दिया गया है कि यह धारा संविधान के भाग 21 के तहत एक प्रावधान है. इसके शीर्षक में ही अस्थायी प्रावधान होना लिखा था. यह स्थायी नहीं है._
_ज्ञातव्य है कि जम्मू और कश्मीर उच्च न्यायालय भी आर्टिकल 370 को स्थायी मान चुका है._
_ध्यान रहे कि भारतीय संविधान के अनेक कानून जम्मू-कश्मीर में लागू हो गए हैं और अब संविधान के *अनुच्छेद-356 के तहत कश्मीर में 6 महीने राज्यपाल शासन के बाद राष्ट्रपति शासन भी लगाया जा सकता है.* सीएजी, चुनाव आयोग समेत कई संवैधानिक संस्थाओं का जम्मू-कश्मीर में बराबर का अधिकार है._
_*अनुच्छेद 370 हटाने की अड़चनें क्या हैं?*_
_नेशनल कॉन्फ्रेंस नेता उमर अब्दुल्ला और महबूबा मुफ्ती का मानना है कि अनुच्छेद 370 ने ही जम्मू-कश्मीर और शेष भारत को जोड़ रखा है. यह दोनों के बीच एकमात्र संवैधानिक कड़ी है._
_इस बात की भी संभावना है कि आर्टिकल 370 के हटते ही_ _*अलगाववादी जनमत संग्रह के मुद्दे को तूल देंगे और जम्मू-कश्मीर विवाद के अंतरराष्ट्रीयकरण का प्रयास करेंगे जिससे भारत सरकार के ऊपर इंटरनेशनल प्रेशर बढेगा.*_
_एक्चुअली में यदि राजनीतिक इच्छा शक्ति हो तो इस मुद्दे का समाधान निकाला जा सकता है लेकिन वर्तमान सरकार के साथ अन्य सरकारें भी इस मुद्दे को लटकाकर अपने राजनीतिक हितों को साधना चाहती हैं._
_जम्मू & कश्मीर में आतंक की मुख्य वजह वहां के कुछ अलगाववादी नेताओं के स्वार्थी हित हैं. ये अलगाववादी नेता पाकिस्तान के इशारों पर जम्मू & कश्मीर के गरीब लड़कों को भडकाते हैं और आतंक का रास्ता चुनने को मजबूर करते हैं हालाँकि ये नेता अपने लड़कों को विदेशों में पढ़ाते हैं._
_अब समय की जरूरत यह है कि कश्मीर के लोग इन अलगाववादी नेताओं के स्वार्थी हितों को समझें और इस प्रदेश में मौजूद पर्यटन की संभावनाओ को बढ़ावा देकर इस प्रदेश को सही मायने में भारत का स्विट्ज़रलैंड बनायें._
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📚♻Anita Desai Biography♻📚
🌼Born on 24th June 1937, in Mussoorie this eminent novelist and short story writer is a Professor of Humanities, Emeritus at the Massachusatts Institute of Technology. Born as Anita Mazumdar,the daughter of D.N. Mazumdar, a Bengali businessman and Toni Nime,who was a German, Anita received her earlier education at Delhi's Queen Mary's Higher Secondary School. Anita was a precocious child, she started writing short stories at a very young. Her first short story was published when she was mere nine.She joined 'Miranda House' for her bachelor's degree and completed her graduation in English literature in 1957 at the age of 20.
🌼In 1958 Anita tied the nuptial knot with Ashvin Desai, a businessman. She ventured into the field of novel writing with her novel 'Cry, The Peacock', followed by 'The Voices of the City' and 'The Fire on the Mountain'. The Fire on the Mountain is based on the lives of three women residing in Kasauli and their different experiences of life.
🌼In 1980 came her famous novel, The Clear Light of Day, which bears impressions of Anita Desai's own life. This novel set in Old Delhi, is a story of a middle-class Hindu family around the time of partition of India . The story revolves around the central character, Bim (Bimla). She lives in her house with her mentally retarded brother Baba. Her sister Tara and her elder brother go away with their respective families leaving her to bear all the problems and responsibilities of the household alone. The novel is partially a trip down memory lane.
🌼Her another important works include Where Shall We Go This Summer?, Games at Twilight and Other Stories, Village by the Sea, In Custody, Baumgartner's Bombay, In Journey to Ithaca , Diamond Dust and her booker prize nominated novel, Fasting Feasting. The Zig Zag Way published in 2004 is her most recent novel. Anita desai has been honored with many literary awards including The Guardian Award for Children's Fiction, for the novel The Village by the Sea and the 1978 National Academy of Letter Award for her novel Fire on the Mountain.
🌼Anita Desai is a Fellow of many prominent literary organizations such as The Royal Society of Literature,London and the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Her daughter Kiran Desai has won the 2006 Man Booker Prize for her novel the 'Inheritance of Loss'.📖
🌼Born on 24th June 1937, in Mussoorie this eminent novelist and short story writer is a Professor of Humanities, Emeritus at the Massachusatts Institute of Technology. Born as Anita Mazumdar,the daughter of D.N. Mazumdar, a Bengali businessman and Toni Nime,who was a German, Anita received her earlier education at Delhi's Queen Mary's Higher Secondary School. Anita was a precocious child, she started writing short stories at a very young. Her first short story was published when she was mere nine.She joined 'Miranda House' for her bachelor's degree and completed her graduation in English literature in 1957 at the age of 20.
🌼In 1958 Anita tied the nuptial knot with Ashvin Desai, a businessman. She ventured into the field of novel writing with her novel 'Cry, The Peacock', followed by 'The Voices of the City' and 'The Fire on the Mountain'. The Fire on the Mountain is based on the lives of three women residing in Kasauli and their different experiences of life.
🌼In 1980 came her famous novel, The Clear Light of Day, which bears impressions of Anita Desai's own life. This novel set in Old Delhi, is a story of a middle-class Hindu family around the time of partition of India . The story revolves around the central character, Bim (Bimla). She lives in her house with her mentally retarded brother Baba. Her sister Tara and her elder brother go away with their respective families leaving her to bear all the problems and responsibilities of the household alone. The novel is partially a trip down memory lane.
🌼Her another important works include Where Shall We Go This Summer?, Games at Twilight and Other Stories, Village by the Sea, In Custody, Baumgartner's Bombay, In Journey to Ithaca , Diamond Dust and her booker prize nominated novel, Fasting Feasting. The Zig Zag Way published in 2004 is her most recent novel. Anita desai has been honored with many literary awards including The Guardian Award for Children's Fiction, for the novel The Village by the Sea and the 1978 National Academy of Letter Award for her novel Fire on the Mountain.
🌼Anita Desai is a Fellow of many prominent literary organizations such as The Royal Society of Literature,London and the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Her daughter Kiran Desai has won the 2006 Man Booker Prize for her novel the 'Inheritance of Loss'.📖
Different types of irony
Irony is when something happens against what one have expected.
There are different types of irony :
1 verbal irony
When one say something but means differently.
E.g. you are so horrible. When you mean to say you are so intelligent.
" yes, you are very much intelligent " means that you are a fool.
2 dramatic irony
In a drama when a character is ignorant of the coming situation but the audience know that what's going to happen.
E.g. in Julius Caesar, Caesar is going to the Senate, he is unaware of the plot of his murder, but the audience know that. Writer use dramatic irony to develop audience interest in the action.
3 situational irony
It is that irony, when a person has intended to do something but suddenly happens something else. E.g.
A person who has prepared himself sited booted to attend an interview, but in the way he fell in a ditch of water due to dogs barking.
4 Socratic irony
It is said that Socrates would used to show himself an ignorant in front of the youth of his time and would ask them questions like what is virtue, what is morality etc. In order to gain knowledge.
So when a person feign ignorance and act like an ignorant is called Socratic irony. We can see it in hamlet by Shakespeare when hamlet feigns madness in order to know about the death of his father.
Thanks! By Usman Khan
Irony is when something happens against what one have expected.
There are different types of irony :
1 verbal irony
When one say something but means differently.
E.g. you are so horrible. When you mean to say you are so intelligent.
" yes, you are very much intelligent " means that you are a fool.
2 dramatic irony
In a drama when a character is ignorant of the coming situation but the audience know that what's going to happen.
E.g. in Julius Caesar, Caesar is going to the Senate, he is unaware of the plot of his murder, but the audience know that. Writer use dramatic irony to develop audience interest in the action.
3 situational irony
It is that irony, when a person has intended to do something but suddenly happens something else. E.g.
A person who has prepared himself sited booted to attend an interview, but in the way he fell in a ditch of water due to dogs barking.
4 Socratic irony
It is said that Socrates would used to show himself an ignorant in front of the youth of his time and would ask them questions like what is virtue, what is morality etc. In order to gain knowledge.
So when a person feign ignorance and act like an ignorant is called Socratic irony. We can see it in hamlet by Shakespeare when hamlet feigns madness in order to know about the death of his father.
Thanks! By Usman Khan
Ten of the Best Canadian Literary Voices
Michael Ondaatje (b. 1943)
Best known for his Booker Prize winning novel turned Academy Award winning film, The English Patient (1992),Sri Lankan born writer Michael Ondaatje gained Canadian citizenship following his move to the country in 1962. His broad range of work, which covers the territories of fiction, autobiography, poetry and film, has found its way into school curricula across Canada. Other notable offerings include In the Skin of a Lion (1987), a fictional account of immigrants who played a profound role in the construction of Toronto but were subsequently blown over in records of the time period, and The Collected Works of Billy the Kid (1970), a book of poetry speculating on various events in the life of William Bonney, otherwise known as Billy the Kid.
Eden Robinson (b. 1968)
As a member of the Haisla and Heiltsuk First Nations, novelist and short story writer Eden Robinson demonstrates a consistent preoccupation with Haisla culture. Her highly regarded literary debut, Trampoline (1995) is a bleak depiction of the upbringing of four adolescents growing up on the Haisla Nation Kitamaat reserve. Divided into four parts, each section is dedicated to the perspective of one youth, as they navigate the shaky and often oppressive terrain of their own home. Other books include Monkey Beach (2000) for which she received the Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize and was shortlisted for the Giller Prize and the Governor General’s Literary Award, and Blood Sports (2006) in which she revisits several themes and characters introduced in Trampoline.
Joy Kogawa (b. 1953)
Vancouver born novelist and poet Joy Kogawa is known for her imagined accounts of the internment of Japanese Canadians and her involvement in the Redress Movement to seek justice for her people. Her critically acclaimed novel OBASAN (1981) uses powerful prose to reveal the suffering and strife endured by Japanese Canadians during the Second World War. Written from the perspective of a middle aged woman by the name of Naomi Nakane, Kogawa expands upon the story in her 1992 novel Itsuka. OBASAN is listed as one of the 100 Most Important Canadian Books by the Literary Review of Canada. Other works include The Rain Ascends (1995), in which a woman must face the reality that her father, an Anglican minister, is a pedophile, and her collection of poetry, Splintered Moon (1967).
Joseph Boyden (b. 1966)
For his highly acclaimed first novel, Three Day Road (2005), Joseph Boyden borrows from his own family anecdotes to create the story of two young Cree men who work as snipers during the First World War. The novel helped set the stage for Boyden’s subsequent work when it won the Amazon/Books in Canada First Novel Award and the Rogers Writers’ Trust Fiction Prize. His next work, Through Black Spruce (2008), secured Boyden’s reputation as a must read Canadian author when it won the Scotiabank Giller Prize of the same year. Boyden’s most recent book, The Orenda (2013), published in September, has already been received with great praise. The book revisits the events surrounding the Huron, Jesuits, and the Iroquois Indian wars which shaped the formation of the Canadian Nation. A highly moving and profound read, Boyden brings the history of his country to life through this work of exhilarating tragedy.
Margaret Laurence (1926-1987)
A founding member of the Writers Trust of Canada, Margaret Laurence is known for her progressive feminist stance and fervent endorsement of peace. Although the writer spent much of her adult life in England and Africa, her upbringing in rural Neepawa, Manitoba is apparent in many of her most important works. One such example is her 1974 novel The Diviners, which is evidently inspired by the author’s own story. The central character Morag Gunn is born in Manitoba, works for a local newspaper, marries an accomplished man, lives for periods in Vancouver and Britain, divorces and then immerses herself in her writing. As her last major novel, the book won her the coveted Governor-General’s Award. Lau
Michael Ondaatje (b. 1943)
Best known for his Booker Prize winning novel turned Academy Award winning film, The English Patient (1992),Sri Lankan born writer Michael Ondaatje gained Canadian citizenship following his move to the country in 1962. His broad range of work, which covers the territories of fiction, autobiography, poetry and film, has found its way into school curricula across Canada. Other notable offerings include In the Skin of a Lion (1987), a fictional account of immigrants who played a profound role in the construction of Toronto but were subsequently blown over in records of the time period, and The Collected Works of Billy the Kid (1970), a book of poetry speculating on various events in the life of William Bonney, otherwise known as Billy the Kid.
Eden Robinson (b. 1968)
As a member of the Haisla and Heiltsuk First Nations, novelist and short story writer Eden Robinson demonstrates a consistent preoccupation with Haisla culture. Her highly regarded literary debut, Trampoline (1995) is a bleak depiction of the upbringing of four adolescents growing up on the Haisla Nation Kitamaat reserve. Divided into four parts, each section is dedicated to the perspective of one youth, as they navigate the shaky and often oppressive terrain of their own home. Other books include Monkey Beach (2000) for which she received the Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize and was shortlisted for the Giller Prize and the Governor General’s Literary Award, and Blood Sports (2006) in which she revisits several themes and characters introduced in Trampoline.
Joy Kogawa (b. 1953)
Vancouver born novelist and poet Joy Kogawa is known for her imagined accounts of the internment of Japanese Canadians and her involvement in the Redress Movement to seek justice for her people. Her critically acclaimed novel OBASAN (1981) uses powerful prose to reveal the suffering and strife endured by Japanese Canadians during the Second World War. Written from the perspective of a middle aged woman by the name of Naomi Nakane, Kogawa expands upon the story in her 1992 novel Itsuka. OBASAN is listed as one of the 100 Most Important Canadian Books by the Literary Review of Canada. Other works include The Rain Ascends (1995), in which a woman must face the reality that her father, an Anglican minister, is a pedophile, and her collection of poetry, Splintered Moon (1967).
Joseph Boyden (b. 1966)
For his highly acclaimed first novel, Three Day Road (2005), Joseph Boyden borrows from his own family anecdotes to create the story of two young Cree men who work as snipers during the First World War. The novel helped set the stage for Boyden’s subsequent work when it won the Amazon/Books in Canada First Novel Award and the Rogers Writers’ Trust Fiction Prize. His next work, Through Black Spruce (2008), secured Boyden’s reputation as a must read Canadian author when it won the Scotiabank Giller Prize of the same year. Boyden’s most recent book, The Orenda (2013), published in September, has already been received with great praise. The book revisits the events surrounding the Huron, Jesuits, and the Iroquois Indian wars which shaped the formation of the Canadian Nation. A highly moving and profound read, Boyden brings the history of his country to life through this work of exhilarating tragedy.
Margaret Laurence (1926-1987)
A founding member of the Writers Trust of Canada, Margaret Laurence is known for her progressive feminist stance and fervent endorsement of peace. Although the writer spent much of her adult life in England and Africa, her upbringing in rural Neepawa, Manitoba is apparent in many of her most important works. One such example is her 1974 novel The Diviners, which is evidently inspired by the author’s own story. The central character Morag Gunn is born in Manitoba, works for a local newspaper, marries an accomplished man, lives for periods in Vancouver and Britain, divorces and then immerses herself in her writing. As her last major novel, the book won her the coveted Governor-General’s Award. Lau
rence helped to usher in a new era Canadian literature through her universal appeal, allowing her work, and Canadian literature as a whole, to be considered for the first time within a wider, international context.
Margaret Atwood (b. 1939)
Ottawa born Margaret Atwood has been showered with literary accolades from The Man Booker Prize for The Blind Assassin (2000), to the Governor General’s Award for both Circle Game (1966) and The Handmaid’s Tale (1986). Although she is best known for her work as a novelist, she is also an active writer of poetry and short stories. The Edible Woman (1969) was her first published novel and one of her most significant works. The story is a controversial depiction of a young engaged woman who begins to feel devoured by her future husband to the point where it destroys her ability to eat. Described by the author as a protofeminist work, The Edible Woman anticipated the feminist preoccupations that shook the world in the coming years.
Mordecai Richler (1931-2001)
The son of a Jewish scrap yard worker, Mordecai Richler spent his early life surrounded by the Jewish community of Montreal. The setting of his childhood would prove a popular subject matter for his writing, appearing in several of his novels. Though he spent a large portion of his career in London he was eventually compelled to return to Montreal for the powerful effect it had had on his development. In 1954 he married a French-Canadian divorcee nearly a decade older than himself, but met and fell in love with Florence Mann, a younger married woman on his wedding night. Richler and Mann eventually divorced their respective spouses and married each other. This personal experience became the basis for one of the author’s most famous novels, Barney’s Version (1997). Richler was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize in 1990 for Solomon Gursky Was Here (1989) which was awarded the Commonwealth Writers Prize that same year.
Alice Munro (b. 1931)
Winner of the Man Booker International Prize for her lifetime body of work, three time recipient of the Governor General’s Award for fiction and a long time contender for the Nobel Prize, Alice Munro is an icon of Canadian literature. An expert writer of short stories, Munro’s skill lies in her truthful examination of human relationships viewed against the mundane backdrop of ordinary life. Well known works include Dance of the Happy Shades (1968) and The Progress of Love (1986). In 2013 Munro’s book of short stories Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage (2002) was the inspiration for a motion picture directed by Liza Johnson.
Yann Martel (b. 1963)
Although a Quebecian with French as his first language, Spanish born writer Yann Martel chooses to write in English for the emotional distance it affords him when composing his prose. A life spent in Alaska, British Columbia, Costa Rica, France, Ontario and Mexico and extensive travels to Iran, Turkey and India no doubt influenced the multicultural focus of his works. Martel received little mention outside of Canada until the release of his wildly popular Life of Pi (2001) the story of a young Tamil boy who survives 227 days on a lifeboat in the middle of the Pacific Ocean accompanied by a Bengal Tiger. The book won Martel the Man Booker Prize, the Exclusive Books Boeke Prize and nominated him for the Governor General’s Literary Awards.
Gabrielle Roy (1909-1983)
French Canadian author Gabrielle Roy secured her position as one of the most important figures of Canadian literature with the publishing of The Tin Flute in 1947. As one of the few significant works of Canadian fiction to gain importance in both English and French, the book tells the story of the young pregnant Florentine, who struggles with poverty against the backdrop of pre-war Montreal. The novel won both the Royal Society of Canada’s Lorne Peace Medal and the Governor General’s Award for Fiction. In 2004, the Bank of Canada printed a $20 banknote featuring a short passage from Roy’s 1961 book The Hidden Mountain.
Margaret Atwood (b. 1939)
Ottawa born Margaret Atwood has been showered with literary accolades from The Man Booker Prize for The Blind Assassin (2000), to the Governor General’s Award for both Circle Game (1966) and The Handmaid’s Tale (1986). Although she is best known for her work as a novelist, she is also an active writer of poetry and short stories. The Edible Woman (1969) was her first published novel and one of her most significant works. The story is a controversial depiction of a young engaged woman who begins to feel devoured by her future husband to the point where it destroys her ability to eat. Described by the author as a protofeminist work, The Edible Woman anticipated the feminist preoccupations that shook the world in the coming years.
Mordecai Richler (1931-2001)
The son of a Jewish scrap yard worker, Mordecai Richler spent his early life surrounded by the Jewish community of Montreal. The setting of his childhood would prove a popular subject matter for his writing, appearing in several of his novels. Though he spent a large portion of his career in London he was eventually compelled to return to Montreal for the powerful effect it had had on his development. In 1954 he married a French-Canadian divorcee nearly a decade older than himself, but met and fell in love with Florence Mann, a younger married woman on his wedding night. Richler and Mann eventually divorced their respective spouses and married each other. This personal experience became the basis for one of the author’s most famous novels, Barney’s Version (1997). Richler was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize in 1990 for Solomon Gursky Was Here (1989) which was awarded the Commonwealth Writers Prize that same year.
Alice Munro (b. 1931)
Winner of the Man Booker International Prize for her lifetime body of work, three time recipient of the Governor General’s Award for fiction and a long time contender for the Nobel Prize, Alice Munro is an icon of Canadian literature. An expert writer of short stories, Munro’s skill lies in her truthful examination of human relationships viewed against the mundane backdrop of ordinary life. Well known works include Dance of the Happy Shades (1968) and The Progress of Love (1986). In 2013 Munro’s book of short stories Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage (2002) was the inspiration for a motion picture directed by Liza Johnson.
Yann Martel (b. 1963)
Although a Quebecian with French as his first language, Spanish born writer Yann Martel chooses to write in English for the emotional distance it affords him when composing his prose. A life spent in Alaska, British Columbia, Costa Rica, France, Ontario and Mexico and extensive travels to Iran, Turkey and India no doubt influenced the multicultural focus of his works. Martel received little mention outside of Canada until the release of his wildly popular Life of Pi (2001) the story of a young Tamil boy who survives 227 days on a lifeboat in the middle of the Pacific Ocean accompanied by a Bengal Tiger. The book won Martel the Man Booker Prize, the Exclusive Books Boeke Prize and nominated him for the Governor General’s Literary Awards.
Gabrielle Roy (1909-1983)
French Canadian author Gabrielle Roy secured her position as one of the most important figures of Canadian literature with the publishing of The Tin Flute in 1947. As one of the few significant works of Canadian fiction to gain importance in both English and French, the book tells the story of the young pregnant Florentine, who struggles with poverty against the backdrop of pre-war Montreal. The novel won both the Royal Society of Canada’s Lorne Peace Medal and the Governor General’s Award for Fiction. In 2004, the Bank of Canada printed a $20 banknote featuring a short passage from Roy’s 1961 book The Hidden Mountain.
Toni Morrison.!!
😥😥😢😢😥😥
• Toni Morrison was born in Lorain, Ohio on 18February1931.
• She learned English and classics at Howard University and completed master’s program in literature at Cornell University.
• She was an American novelist, essayist, editor, teacher and professor at Princeton University.
• Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993.
• She is the first African-American woman to win a Nobel Prize
• She got the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award in 1988 for her novel “Beloved”.
• She was honored with the 1996 National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.
• President Barack Obama presented Morrison with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
• She received the PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction IN 2016.
• Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye was published in 1970.
• In 1975, Morrison's second novel “Sula” (1973) was published.
• “Sula” is about a friendship between two black women.
• The novel Sula was nominated for the National Book Award.
• Her third novel, “Song of Solomon” (1977), brought her national acclaim.
• Morrison's first play was “Dreaming Emmett”.
• Her novel, “Beloved” was inspired by the true story of Margaret Garner, an enslaved African-American woman.
• Morrison wrote 11 novels.
• Her first book of literary criticism was “Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination” (1992), it is an examination of the African-American presence in white American literature.
• Morrison wrote books for children with her younger son, Slade Morrison.
• Morrison's novel Home was half-completed when her son Slade Morrison died.
• She completed Home and dedicated it to her son Slade Morrison.
• In 2011, she received an Honorary Doctor of Letters Degree from Rutgers University.
• Morrison focused on the experience of women within the black community in her works.
• Her books were both critical and commercial successes.
• Her novels appeared regularly on The New York Times best-seller list
• Morrison died after a short illness on 5August 2019 at Montefiore Medical Center.
• She died at the age of 88.
• Her different accomplishments have placed her in an enduring place in literary history.
🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏
😥😥😢😢😥😥
• Toni Morrison was born in Lorain, Ohio on 18February1931.
• She learned English and classics at Howard University and completed master’s program in literature at Cornell University.
• She was an American novelist, essayist, editor, teacher and professor at Princeton University.
• Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993.
• She is the first African-American woman to win a Nobel Prize
• She got the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award in 1988 for her novel “Beloved”.
• She was honored with the 1996 National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.
• President Barack Obama presented Morrison with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
• She received the PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction IN 2016.
• Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye was published in 1970.
• In 1975, Morrison's second novel “Sula” (1973) was published.
• “Sula” is about a friendship between two black women.
• The novel Sula was nominated for the National Book Award.
• Her third novel, “Song of Solomon” (1977), brought her national acclaim.
• Morrison's first play was “Dreaming Emmett”.
• Her novel, “Beloved” was inspired by the true story of Margaret Garner, an enslaved African-American woman.
• Morrison wrote 11 novels.
• Her first book of literary criticism was “Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination” (1992), it is an examination of the African-American presence in white American literature.
• Morrison wrote books for children with her younger son, Slade Morrison.
• Morrison's novel Home was half-completed when her son Slade Morrison died.
• She completed Home and dedicated it to her son Slade Morrison.
• In 2011, she received an Honorary Doctor of Letters Degree from Rutgers University.
• Morrison focused on the experience of women within the black community in her works.
• Her books were both critical and commercial successes.
• Her novels appeared regularly on The New York Times best-seller list
• Morrison died after a short illness on 5August 2019 at Montefiore Medical Center.
• She died at the age of 88.
• Her different accomplishments have placed her in an enduring place in literary history.
🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏
Net exam arranged in December and application date released