he penal system, while Harley Granville-Barker, whose revolutionary approach to stage direction did much to change theatrical production in the period, dissected in The Voysey Inheritance (performed 1905, published 1909) and Waste (performed 1907, published 1909) the hypocrisies and deceit of upper-class and professional life
Many Edwardian novelists were similarly eager to explore the shortcomings of English social life. Wells—in Love and Mr. Lewisham (1900); Kipps (1905); Ann Veronica (1909), his pro-suffragist novel; and The History of Mr. Polly (1910)—captured the frustrations of lower- and middle-class existence, even though he relieved his accounts with many comic touches. In Anna of the Five Towns (1902), Arnold Bennett detailed the constrictions of provincial life among the self-made business classes in the area of England known as the Potteries; in The Man of Property (1906), the first volume of The Forsyte Saga, Galsworthy described the destructive possessiveness of the professional bourgeoisie; and, in Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905) and The Longest Journey (1907), E.M. Forster portrayed with irony the insensitivity, self-repression, and philistinism of the English middle classes.
These novelists, however, wrote more memorably when they allowed themselves a larger perspective. In The Old Wives’ Tale (1908), Bennett showed the destructive effects of time on the lives of individuals and communities and evoked a quality of pathos that he never matched in his other fiction; in Tono-Bungay (1909), Wells showed the ominous consequences of the uncontrolled developments taking place within a British society still dependent upon the institutions of a long-defunct landed aristocracy; and in Howards End (1910), Forster showed how little the rootless and self-important world of contemporary commerce cared for the more rooted world of culture, although he acknowledged that commerce was a necessary evil. Nevertheless, even as they perceived the difficulties of the present, most Edwardian novelists, like their counterparts in the theatre, held firmly to the belief not only that constructive change was possible but also that this change could in some measure be advanced by their writing.
Other writers, including Thomas Hardy and Rudyard Kipling, who had established their reputations during the previous century, and Hilaire Belloc, G.K. Chesterton, and Edward Thomas, who established their reputations in the first decade of the new century, were less confident about the future and sought to revive the traditional forms—the ballad, the narrative poem, the satire, the fantasy, the topographical poem, and the essay—that in their view preserved traditional sentiments and perceptions. The revival of traditional forms in the late 19th and early 20th century was not a unique event. There were many such revivals during the 20th century, and the traditional poetry of A.E. Housman (whose book A Shropshire Lad, originally published in 1896, enjoyed huge popular success during World War I), Walter de la Mare, John Masefield, Robert Graves, and Edmund Blunden represents an important and often neglected strand of English literature in the first half of the century.
The most significant writing of the period, traditionalist or modern, was inspired by neither hope nor apprehension but by bleaker feelings that the new century would witness the collapse of a whole civilization. The new century had begun with Great Britain involved in the South African War (the Boer War; 1899–1902), and it seemed to some that the British Empire was as doomed to destruction, both from within and from without, as had been the Roman Empire. In his poems on the South African War, Hardy (whose achievement as a poet in the 20th century rivaled his achievement as a novelist in the 19th) questioned simply and sardonically the human cost of empire building and established a tone and style that many British poets were to use in the course of the century, while Kipling, who had done much to engender pride in empire, began to speak in his verse and short stories of the
Many Edwardian novelists were similarly eager to explore the shortcomings of English social life. Wells—in Love and Mr. Lewisham (1900); Kipps (1905); Ann Veronica (1909), his pro-suffragist novel; and The History of Mr. Polly (1910)—captured the frustrations of lower- and middle-class existence, even though he relieved his accounts with many comic touches. In Anna of the Five Towns (1902), Arnold Bennett detailed the constrictions of provincial life among the self-made business classes in the area of England known as the Potteries; in The Man of Property (1906), the first volume of The Forsyte Saga, Galsworthy described the destructive possessiveness of the professional bourgeoisie; and, in Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905) and The Longest Journey (1907), E.M. Forster portrayed with irony the insensitivity, self-repression, and philistinism of the English middle classes.
These novelists, however, wrote more memorably when they allowed themselves a larger perspective. In The Old Wives’ Tale (1908), Bennett showed the destructive effects of time on the lives of individuals and communities and evoked a quality of pathos that he never matched in his other fiction; in Tono-Bungay (1909), Wells showed the ominous consequences of the uncontrolled developments taking place within a British society still dependent upon the institutions of a long-defunct landed aristocracy; and in Howards End (1910), Forster showed how little the rootless and self-important world of contemporary commerce cared for the more rooted world of culture, although he acknowledged that commerce was a necessary evil. Nevertheless, even as they perceived the difficulties of the present, most Edwardian novelists, like their counterparts in the theatre, held firmly to the belief not only that constructive change was possible but also that this change could in some measure be advanced by their writing.
Other writers, including Thomas Hardy and Rudyard Kipling, who had established their reputations during the previous century, and Hilaire Belloc, G.K. Chesterton, and Edward Thomas, who established their reputations in the first decade of the new century, were less confident about the future and sought to revive the traditional forms—the ballad, the narrative poem, the satire, the fantasy, the topographical poem, and the essay—that in their view preserved traditional sentiments and perceptions. The revival of traditional forms in the late 19th and early 20th century was not a unique event. There were many such revivals during the 20th century, and the traditional poetry of A.E. Housman (whose book A Shropshire Lad, originally published in 1896, enjoyed huge popular success during World War I), Walter de la Mare, John Masefield, Robert Graves, and Edmund Blunden represents an important and often neglected strand of English literature in the first half of the century.
The most significant writing of the period, traditionalist or modern, was inspired by neither hope nor apprehension but by bleaker feelings that the new century would witness the collapse of a whole civilization. The new century had begun with Great Britain involved in the South African War (the Boer War; 1899–1902), and it seemed to some that the British Empire was as doomed to destruction, both from within and from without, as had been the Roman Empire. In his poems on the South African War, Hardy (whose achievement as a poet in the 20th century rivaled his achievement as a novelist in the 19th) questioned simply and sardonically the human cost of empire building and established a tone and style that many British poets were to use in the course of the century, while Kipling, who had done much to engender pride in empire, began to speak in his verse and short stories of the
burden of empire and the tribulations it would bring.
Boer troops lining up in battle against the British during the South African War (1899–1902).
No one captured the sense of an imperial civilization in decline more fully or subtly than the expatriate American novelist Henry James. In The Portrait of a Lady (1881), he had briefly anatomized the fatal loss of energy of the English ruling class and, in The Princess Casamassima (1886), had described more directly the various instabilities that threatened its paternalistic rule. He did so with regret: the patrician American admired in the English upper class its sense of moral obligation to the community. By the turn of the century, however, he had noted a disturbing change. In The Spoils of Poynton (1897) and What Maisie Knew (1897), members of the upper class no longer seem troubled by the means adopted to achieve their morally dubious ends. Great Britain had become indistinguishable from the other nations of the Old World, in which an ugly rapacity had never been far from the surface. James’s dismay at this condition gave to his subtle and compressed late fiction, The Wings of the Dove (1902), The Ambassadors (1903), and The Golden Bowl (1904), much of its gravity and air of disenchantment.
James’s awareness of crisis affected the very form and style of his writing, for he was no longer assured that the world about which he wrote was either coherent in itself or unambiguously intelligible to its inhabitants. His fiction still presented characters within an identifiable social world, but he found his characters and their world increasingly elusive and enigmatic and his own grasp upon them, as he made clear in The Sacred Fount (1901), the questionable consequence of artistic will.
Another expatriate novelist, Joseph Conrad (pseudonym of Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, born in the Ukraine of Polish parents), shared James’s sense of crisis but attributed it less to the decline of a specific civilization than to human failings. Man was a solitary, romantic creature of will who at any cost imposed his meaning upon the world because he could not endure a world that did not reflect his central place within it. In Almayer’s Folly (1895) and Lord Jim (1900), he had seemed to sympathize with this predicament; but in Heart of Darkness (1902), Nostromo (1904), The Secret Agent (1907), and Under Western Eyes (1911), he detailed such imposition, and the psychological pathologies he increasingly associated with it, without sympathy. He did so as a philosophical novelist whose concern with the mocking limits of human knowledge affected not only the content of his fiction but also its very structure. His writing itself is marked by gaps in the narrative, by narrators who do not fully grasp the significance of the events they are retelling, and by characters who are unable to make themselves understood. James and Conrad used many of the conventions of 19th-century realism but transformed them to express what are considered to be peculiarly 20th-century preoccupations and anxieties.
Boer troops lining up in battle against the British during the South African War (1899–1902).
No one captured the sense of an imperial civilization in decline more fully or subtly than the expatriate American novelist Henry James. In The Portrait of a Lady (1881), he had briefly anatomized the fatal loss of energy of the English ruling class and, in The Princess Casamassima (1886), had described more directly the various instabilities that threatened its paternalistic rule. He did so with regret: the patrician American admired in the English upper class its sense of moral obligation to the community. By the turn of the century, however, he had noted a disturbing change. In The Spoils of Poynton (1897) and What Maisie Knew (1897), members of the upper class no longer seem troubled by the means adopted to achieve their morally dubious ends. Great Britain had become indistinguishable from the other nations of the Old World, in which an ugly rapacity had never been far from the surface. James’s dismay at this condition gave to his subtle and compressed late fiction, The Wings of the Dove (1902), The Ambassadors (1903), and The Golden Bowl (1904), much of its gravity and air of disenchantment.
James’s awareness of crisis affected the very form and style of his writing, for he was no longer assured that the world about which he wrote was either coherent in itself or unambiguously intelligible to its inhabitants. His fiction still presented characters within an identifiable social world, but he found his characters and their world increasingly elusive and enigmatic and his own grasp upon them, as he made clear in The Sacred Fount (1901), the questionable consequence of artistic will.
Another expatriate novelist, Joseph Conrad (pseudonym of Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, born in the Ukraine of Polish parents), shared James’s sense of crisis but attributed it less to the decline of a specific civilization than to human failings. Man was a solitary, romantic creature of will who at any cost imposed his meaning upon the world because he could not endure a world that did not reflect his central place within it. In Almayer’s Folly (1895) and Lord Jim (1900), he had seemed to sympathize with this predicament; but in Heart of Darkness (1902), Nostromo (1904), The Secret Agent (1907), and Under Western Eyes (1911), he detailed such imposition, and the psychological pathologies he increasingly associated with it, without sympathy. He did so as a philosophical novelist whose concern with the mocking limits of human knowledge affected not only the content of his fiction but also its very structure. His writing itself is marked by gaps in the narrative, by narrators who do not fully grasp the significance of the events they are retelling, and by characters who are unable to make themselves understood. James and Conrad used many of the conventions of 19th-century realism but transformed them to express what are considered to be peculiarly 20th-century preoccupations and anxieties.
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Set exam maharashtra answer key declared👍👍👆👆
81. What event allowed mainstream British theatre companies to commission and performs work that was politically, socially and sexually controversial without fear of censorship?
(A) The abolition of the Lord Chamberlain‟s office in 1968.
(B) The illegal performance of works by Howard Brenton and Edward Bond.
(C) The collapse of liberal humanist consensus in the late 1960s.
(D) A combined appeal to the Queen by a group of London dramatists.
Ans: A
82. The Wife of Bath‟s philosophy ofmarriage shows that she
(A) Is a strong person with keen awareness of her own rights?
(B) Tends to say one thing and do the opposite.
(C) Cares only for pleasure, not for right and wrong.
(D) Trusts thought too much instead of feeling.
Ans: A
83. Which of the following characters is killed in Achebe‟s Things Fall Apart in conformity with an African tribal custom?
(A) Okonkwo
(B) Obierika
(C) Ikemefuna
(D) Nwoye
Ans: B
84. “We will do it, I tell you; we will do it.” The repetition of a phrase is
(A) Antiphrasis
(B) Diacope
(C) Aposiopesis
(D) Enumeratio
Ans: A
85. Find the poet who is the odd one in the group:
(A) Wallace Stevens
(B) Robert Lowell
(C) Sylvia Plath
(D) Anne Sexton
Ans: A
(A) The abolition of the Lord Chamberlain‟s office in 1968.
(B) The illegal performance of works by Howard Brenton and Edward Bond.
(C) The collapse of liberal humanist consensus in the late 1960s.
(D) A combined appeal to the Queen by a group of London dramatists.
Ans: A
82. The Wife of Bath‟s philosophy ofmarriage shows that she
(A) Is a strong person with keen awareness of her own rights?
(B) Tends to say one thing and do the opposite.
(C) Cares only for pleasure, not for right and wrong.
(D) Trusts thought too much instead of feeling.
Ans: A
83. Which of the following characters is killed in Achebe‟s Things Fall Apart in conformity with an African tribal custom?
(A) Okonkwo
(B) Obierika
(C) Ikemefuna
(D) Nwoye
Ans: B
84. “We will do it, I tell you; we will do it.” The repetition of a phrase is
(A) Antiphrasis
(B) Diacope
(C) Aposiopesis
(D) Enumeratio
Ans: A
85. Find the poet who is the odd one in the group:
(A) Wallace Stevens
(B) Robert Lowell
(C) Sylvia Plath
(D) Anne Sexton
Ans: A
Forwarded from Deleted Account
1. Chaucer served in the English army under which king ?
(a) Henry iii
(b) Edward ii
(c) Edward iii ☑
(d) Richard ii
2. Which of the tale tellers has a conspicuous hairy wart ?
(a)The coachman
(b) The miller ☑
(c) The tailor
(d) The weaver
3. How many plays did William Shakespeare write ?
(a) 36
(b) 37☑
(c) 38
(d) 39
4. The line " to be or not to be " comes from which play ?
(a) Macbeth
(b) twelfth night
(c) A midsummer Night's dream
(d) Hamlet ☑
5. Which famous Shakespearean play does the quote, " my salad days, when I was green in judgment " come from ?
(a) antony and cleopatra ☑
(b) hamlet
(c) The winter's tale
(d) The merry wives of Windsor
6. In what year was the first Folio published ?
(a) 1626
(b) 1621
(c) 1623☑
(d) 1629
7. Which river is associated with Shakespeare's birth ?
(a) The Thames
(b) The Avon ☑
(c) The Tyburn
(d) The seven
8. In 1613 The Globe theater burned down during a production of which play ?
(a) king John
(b) Richard II
(c) Henry viii☑
(d) Henry V
9. Who among these characters says this " it is no sin to deceive a Christian ?
(a) shylock
(b) Shakespeare
(c) Barabus
(d) Jew of Malta ☑
10. Pick the place where Twelfth Night has been set ?
(a) Kingdom of Denmark
(b) Kingdom of illyria ☑
(c) Venice
(d) Beach Island
11. Gratiano and Nerrissa are the characters in ?
(a) house of fame
(b) merchant of Venice ☑
(c) king Lear
(d) Othello
12. " HORATIO I AM DEAD " find the literary device employed here ?
(a) prolepsis ☑
(b) anagnorisis
(c) hamartia
(d) aporia
13. In " Tempest " who attempts to rape Miranda ?
(a) ferdinand
(b) caliban ☑
(c) trinculo
(d) alonso
14. " Ripeness is all " occurs in ?
(a) hamlet
(b) king Lear ☑
(c) Macbeth
(d) Othello
15. " Full Fathom five thy father lies " where do we find these lines ?
(a) A midsummer night's dream
(b) A winter's tale
(c) The taming of the shrew
(d) The Tempest ☑
16. " Readiness is all " occurs in ?
(a) Julius Caesar
(b) Othello
(c) Macbeth
(d) Hamlet ☑
17. Whom did Charles lamb call " a prose Shakespeare" ?
(a) Thomas heywood ☑
(b) Thomas Middleton
(c) Thomas dekker
(d) Thomas kyd
18. Who is called the dickens of Elizabethan age ?
(a) Thomas heywood
(b) John Marston
(c) Thomas dekker ☑
(d) George Chapman
19. Who coined the phrase "Marlowe's mighty line" ?
(a) Samuel Johnson
(b) Ben Johnson ☑
(c) Mathew Arnold
(d) Richard Steele
20. Which play of Shakespeare is a " conversation play " ?
(a) measure for measure
(b) much ado about nothing
(c) Twelfth night
(d) All's well that ends well ☑
21. " Life of Shakespeare " is written by ?
(a) Sidney Lee ☑
(b) Philip Sidney
(c) Marlowe
(d) spencer
22. Who completed Christopher Marlowe's " Hero and Leander " ?
(a) Ben Johnson
(b) Shakespeare
(c) Chapman ☑
(d) heywood
23. In which tale of Chaucer, a daughter is killed by her father ?
(a) The monk's tale
(b) The physician's tale ☑
(c) The friar's tale
(d) The clerk's tale
24. In whose story, the character of Griselda appear ?
(a) The clerk's tale ☑
(b) The Reeve's tale
(c) The miller's tale
(d) The friar's tale
25. Who is known as the Chaucer of Scotland ?
(a) William Dunbar ☑
(b) Robert Henryson
(c) John lydgate
(d) Gavin Douglas
26. The schoolmaster by Roger Ascham is a/an ?
(a) morality play
(b) human ideal
(c) educational treatise ☑
(d) all of the above
27. Who is known as the connecting link between Chaucer and Spenser ?
(a) Henry Howard
(b) Thomas Sackville ☑
(c) Roger Ascham
(d) Sir Thomas Wyatt
28. When did the Great fire of London take place ?
(a) 1610
(b) 1606
(c) 1640
(d) 1666☑
29. Chaucer was called " the earliest of the Great moderns" and was also called, " The morning star of the Renaissance ". Who initiated these remarks ?
(a) Kittredge
(b) Hudson
(c) Albert ☑
(d) Pope
30. Which literary form, developed in the fifteenth century, personified vices and virtues ?
(a) The short story
(b) The heroic epic
(c) The morality play ☑
31. What was the duration of hundred year's war ?
(a) 1300 to 1350
(b) 1337 to 1453☑
(c) 1302 to
(a) Henry iii
(b) Edward ii
(c) Edward iii ☑
(d) Richard ii
2. Which of the tale tellers has a conspicuous hairy wart ?
(a)The coachman
(b) The miller ☑
(c) The tailor
(d) The weaver
3. How many plays did William Shakespeare write ?
(a) 36
(b) 37☑
(c) 38
(d) 39
4. The line " to be or not to be " comes from which play ?
(a) Macbeth
(b) twelfth night
(c) A midsummer Night's dream
(d) Hamlet ☑
5. Which famous Shakespearean play does the quote, " my salad days, when I was green in judgment " come from ?
(a) antony and cleopatra ☑
(b) hamlet
(c) The winter's tale
(d) The merry wives of Windsor
6. In what year was the first Folio published ?
(a) 1626
(b) 1621
(c) 1623☑
(d) 1629
7. Which river is associated with Shakespeare's birth ?
(a) The Thames
(b) The Avon ☑
(c) The Tyburn
(d) The seven
8. In 1613 The Globe theater burned down during a production of which play ?
(a) king John
(b) Richard II
(c) Henry viii☑
(d) Henry V
9. Who among these characters says this " it is no sin to deceive a Christian ?
(a) shylock
(b) Shakespeare
(c) Barabus
(d) Jew of Malta ☑
10. Pick the place where Twelfth Night has been set ?
(a) Kingdom of Denmark
(b) Kingdom of illyria ☑
(c) Venice
(d) Beach Island
11. Gratiano and Nerrissa are the characters in ?
(a) house of fame
(b) merchant of Venice ☑
(c) king Lear
(d) Othello
12. " HORATIO I AM DEAD " find the literary device employed here ?
(a) prolepsis ☑
(b) anagnorisis
(c) hamartia
(d) aporia
13. In " Tempest " who attempts to rape Miranda ?
(a) ferdinand
(b) caliban ☑
(c) trinculo
(d) alonso
14. " Ripeness is all " occurs in ?
(a) hamlet
(b) king Lear ☑
(c) Macbeth
(d) Othello
15. " Full Fathom five thy father lies " where do we find these lines ?
(a) A midsummer night's dream
(b) A winter's tale
(c) The taming of the shrew
(d) The Tempest ☑
16. " Readiness is all " occurs in ?
(a) Julius Caesar
(b) Othello
(c) Macbeth
(d) Hamlet ☑
17. Whom did Charles lamb call " a prose Shakespeare" ?
(a) Thomas heywood ☑
(b) Thomas Middleton
(c) Thomas dekker
(d) Thomas kyd
18. Who is called the dickens of Elizabethan age ?
(a) Thomas heywood
(b) John Marston
(c) Thomas dekker ☑
(d) George Chapman
19. Who coined the phrase "Marlowe's mighty line" ?
(a) Samuel Johnson
(b) Ben Johnson ☑
(c) Mathew Arnold
(d) Richard Steele
20. Which play of Shakespeare is a " conversation play " ?
(a) measure for measure
(b) much ado about nothing
(c) Twelfth night
(d) All's well that ends well ☑
21. " Life of Shakespeare " is written by ?
(a) Sidney Lee ☑
(b) Philip Sidney
(c) Marlowe
(d) spencer
22. Who completed Christopher Marlowe's " Hero and Leander " ?
(a) Ben Johnson
(b) Shakespeare
(c) Chapman ☑
(d) heywood
23. In which tale of Chaucer, a daughter is killed by her father ?
(a) The monk's tale
(b) The physician's tale ☑
(c) The friar's tale
(d) The clerk's tale
24. In whose story, the character of Griselda appear ?
(a) The clerk's tale ☑
(b) The Reeve's tale
(c) The miller's tale
(d) The friar's tale
25. Who is known as the Chaucer of Scotland ?
(a) William Dunbar ☑
(b) Robert Henryson
(c) John lydgate
(d) Gavin Douglas
26. The schoolmaster by Roger Ascham is a/an ?
(a) morality play
(b) human ideal
(c) educational treatise ☑
(d) all of the above
27. Who is known as the connecting link between Chaucer and Spenser ?
(a) Henry Howard
(b) Thomas Sackville ☑
(c) Roger Ascham
(d) Sir Thomas Wyatt
28. When did the Great fire of London take place ?
(a) 1610
(b) 1606
(c) 1640
(d) 1666☑
29. Chaucer was called " the earliest of the Great moderns" and was also called, " The morning star of the Renaissance ". Who initiated these remarks ?
(a) Kittredge
(b) Hudson
(c) Albert ☑
(d) Pope
30. Which literary form, developed in the fifteenth century, personified vices and virtues ?
(a) The short story
(b) The heroic epic
(c) The morality play ☑
31. What was the duration of hundred year's war ?
(a) 1300 to 1350
(b) 1337 to 1453☑
(c) 1302 to
English Literary Terms
1. Auto-Biography: -is the history of one’s life written by one self.
2. Act: - is the major division of a drama.
3. Antithesis: -is contrast or polarity in meaning.
4. Allusion: -is a reference to an idea, place, person or text existing outside the literary work.
5. Allegory: - is a literary work that has an implied meaning.
6. Alliteration:-the repetition of a consonant in two or more words.
7. Ballad: -is a song which tells a story.
8. Biography: -is the history of a person’s life by one else.
9. Blank Verse: -Verses written in iambic pentameter without any rhyme pattern are called blank verse.
10. Comedy:-is a play written to entertain its audience, ends happily.
11. Classical:-means any writing that conforms to the rules and modes of old Greek and Latin writings.
12. Canto:-is a sub-division of an epic or a narrative poem comparable to a chapter in a novel.
13. Chorus:-is a group of singers who stand alongside the stage in a drama.
14. Catharsis:-is emotional release of pity and fear that the tragic incidences in a tragedy arouse to an audience.
15. Comic relief:-a humorous scene in a tragedy to eliminate the tragic effect from audience.
16. Couplet:-To lines of the same material length usually found in Shakespearean sonnets.
17. Catastrophe:-Catastrophe is the downfall of the protagonist in a tragedy.
18. Didactic:-is a literary work which aims at teaching and instructing its readers.
19. Dirge:-is a short functional term.
20. Diction:-is the selection of words in literary work.
21. Dialect:-is the language of particular district; class or a group of people.
22. Drammatical Monologue:-In a poem when a single person speaks along with or without an audience is called drammatical monologue. Example “My last Duchess”-----Br
owning.
23. Difference between drama and novel:-A drama is meant to be performed whereas a novel is meant to be read.
24. Difference between stanza and paragraph:-A stanza contains verses whereas a paragraph contains prosaic lines.
25. Epic:-is a long narrative poem composed on a grand scale and is exalted style. Example “Paradise Lost”-------Milton.
26. Epilogue:-is the concluding part of a longer poem or a novel or a drama.
27. Fable:-is a brief story illustrating a moral.
28. Farce:-A form of low comedy designed to provoke laughter.
29. Foot:-A basic unit of meter.
30. Fiction:-A fiction is an imaginative narrative in prose e.g.
Lord of the fly—by Golding.
31. Elegy:- is a poem mourning to the death of an individual or a lament for a tragic event.
32. Genre:-means category or types of literature-epic, ode, ballad etc.
33. Hyperbole:-An overstatement or exaggeration.
34. Image:-is the mental picture connected with metaphor, smile and symbol.
35. Limerick:-is a short poem of a five-line stanza rhyming aaba.
36. Lyric:-A lyric is a short poem expressing a simple mood. It is usually personal and musical e.g. Keats’s odes.
37. Linguistic:-is the scientific and systematic study of language.
38. Melodrama:-A highly sensational drama with happy ending.
Example ‘The Spanish Tragedy’ –Kyd.
39. Metaphysical Poetry:-Meta means beyond and physical is related to body . . . . . . . . .
40. Mock-epic:-It is a long satirical poem dealing with a trivial theme. Example: “The rape of the lock”-Alexander Pope.
41. Metaphor:-A metaphor is an implicit comparison between two different things.
42. Metre:-The recurrence of similar stress pattern in some lines of a poem.
43. Novel:-is a long prose narrative fiction with plot, characters, etc.
44. Novelette:-is longer than a short story and shorter than a novel.
45. Ode:-is a long narrative poem of varying, line length dealing with serious subject matter.
46. Objectivity:-We have objectivity in a literary piece when the author focuses on an object from broadened point of view.
47. Octave:-is the firs part of Italian sonnet.
48. Oxymoron:-is apparently a physical contrast which oddly makes sense on a deeper level.
49. Prologue:-is the beginning part of a novel or a play or a novel.
50. Prose:-Any material that is not written in a regular meter like a
1. Auto-Biography: -is the history of one’s life written by one self.
2. Act: - is the major division of a drama.
3. Antithesis: -is contrast or polarity in meaning.
4. Allusion: -is a reference to an idea, place, person or text existing outside the literary work.
5. Allegory: - is a literary work that has an implied meaning.
6. Alliteration:-the repetition of a consonant in two or more words.
7. Ballad: -is a song which tells a story.
8. Biography: -is the history of a person’s life by one else.
9. Blank Verse: -Verses written in iambic pentameter without any rhyme pattern are called blank verse.
10. Comedy:-is a play written to entertain its audience, ends happily.
11. Classical:-means any writing that conforms to the rules and modes of old Greek and Latin writings.
12. Canto:-is a sub-division of an epic or a narrative poem comparable to a chapter in a novel.
13. Chorus:-is a group of singers who stand alongside the stage in a drama.
14. Catharsis:-is emotional release of pity and fear that the tragic incidences in a tragedy arouse to an audience.
15. Comic relief:-a humorous scene in a tragedy to eliminate the tragic effect from audience.
16. Couplet:-To lines of the same material length usually found in Shakespearean sonnets.
17. Catastrophe:-Catastrophe is the downfall of the protagonist in a tragedy.
18. Didactic:-is a literary work which aims at teaching and instructing its readers.
19. Dirge:-is a short functional term.
20. Diction:-is the selection of words in literary work.
21. Dialect:-is the language of particular district; class or a group of people.
22. Drammatical Monologue:-In a poem when a single person speaks along with or without an audience is called drammatical monologue. Example “My last Duchess”-----Br
owning.
23. Difference between drama and novel:-A drama is meant to be performed whereas a novel is meant to be read.
24. Difference between stanza and paragraph:-A stanza contains verses whereas a paragraph contains prosaic lines.
25. Epic:-is a long narrative poem composed on a grand scale and is exalted style. Example “Paradise Lost”-------Milton.
26. Epilogue:-is the concluding part of a longer poem or a novel or a drama.
27. Fable:-is a brief story illustrating a moral.
28. Farce:-A form of low comedy designed to provoke laughter.
29. Foot:-A basic unit of meter.
30. Fiction:-A fiction is an imaginative narrative in prose e.g.
Lord of the fly—by Golding.
31. Elegy:- is a poem mourning to the death of an individual or a lament for a tragic event.
32. Genre:-means category or types of literature-epic, ode, ballad etc.
33. Hyperbole:-An overstatement or exaggeration.
34. Image:-is the mental picture connected with metaphor, smile and symbol.
35. Limerick:-is a short poem of a five-line stanza rhyming aaba.
36. Lyric:-A lyric is a short poem expressing a simple mood. It is usually personal and musical e.g. Keats’s odes.
37. Linguistic:-is the scientific and systematic study of language.
38. Melodrama:-A highly sensational drama with happy ending.
Example ‘The Spanish Tragedy’ –Kyd.
39. Metaphysical Poetry:-Meta means beyond and physical is related to body . . . . . . . . .
40. Mock-epic:-It is a long satirical poem dealing with a trivial theme. Example: “The rape of the lock”-Alexander Pope.
41. Metaphor:-A metaphor is an implicit comparison between two different things.
42. Metre:-The recurrence of similar stress pattern in some lines of a poem.
43. Novel:-is a long prose narrative fiction with plot, characters, etc.
44. Novelette:-is longer than a short story and shorter than a novel.
45. Ode:-is a long narrative poem of varying, line length dealing with serious subject matter.
46. Objectivity:-We have objectivity in a literary piece when the author focuses on an object from broadened point of view.
47. Octave:-is the firs part of Italian sonnet.
48. Oxymoron:-is apparently a physical contrast which oddly makes sense on a deeper level.
49. Prologue:-is the beginning part of a novel or a play or a novel.
50. Prose:-Any material that is not written in a regular meter like a
poetry.
51. Prosody:-Prosody is the mechanics or grammar of verse.
52. Protagonist:-Protagonist is the main character in a literary work
53. Plot:-The arrangement of incidents is called plot.
54. Pun:-A pun is playing with words.
55. Periods of English literature:-The Anglo-Saxon, Middle English Renaissance, Restoration, Neoclassical Romantic,
Victorian, Modern, Post-Modern.
56. Romanticism:-was a literary movement. It stands Opposite to reason and focuses on emotion.
57. Rhetoric:-Rhetoric is the art of persuasive argument through writing.
58. Symbol:-A symbol is anything that stands for something else.
59. Sonnet:-is a lyric poem consisting of fourteen rhymed lines dealing with a lofty theme.
60. Satire:-is ridiculing the vices and follies of an individual or a society with a corrective design. E.g. “The rape of the lock”---Pope.
51. Prosody:-Prosody is the mechanics or grammar of verse.
52. Protagonist:-Protagonist is the main character in a literary work
53. Plot:-The arrangement of incidents is called plot.
54. Pun:-A pun is playing with words.
55. Periods of English literature:-The Anglo-Saxon, Middle English Renaissance, Restoration, Neoclassical Romantic,
Victorian, Modern, Post-Modern.
56. Romanticism:-was a literary movement. It stands Opposite to reason and focuses on emotion.
57. Rhetoric:-Rhetoric is the art of persuasive argument through writing.
58. Symbol:-A symbol is anything that stands for something else.
59. Sonnet:-is a lyric poem consisting of fourteen rhymed lines dealing with a lofty theme.
60. Satire:-is ridiculing the vices and follies of an individual or a society with a corrective design. E.g. “The rape of the lock”---Pope.
🔰ENGLISH LITERATURE* WRITERS/POETS🔰
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William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) English poet and playwright Famous plays include Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Merchant of Venice and Hamlet. Shakespeare is widely considered the seminal writer of the English language.
Jonathan Swift (1667 – 1745) Anglo-Irish writer born in Dublin Swift was a prominent satirist, essayist and author. Notable works include Gulliver’s Travels (1726), A Modest Proposal and A Tale of a Tub.
Samuel Johnson (1709 – 1784) British author best known for his compilation of the English dictionary. Although not the first attempt at a dictionary, it was widely considered to be the most comprehensive – setting the standard for later dictionaries.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 – 1832) German poet, playwright, and author Notable works of Goethe include: Faust, Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship and Elective Affinities.
Jane Austen (1775 – 1817) English author who wrote romantic fiction combined with social realism. Her novels include: Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813) and Emma (1816).
Honore de Balzac (1799 – 1850) French novelist and short story writer Balzac was an influential realist writer who created characters of moral ambiguity – often based on his own real life examples. His greatest work was the collection of short stories La Comédie humaine.
Alexander Dumas (1802 – 1870) French author of historical dramas, including – The Count of Monte Cristo (1844), and The Three Musketeers (1844). Also prolific author of magazine articles, pamphlets and travel books
Victor Hugo (1802 – 1885) French author and poet Hugo’s novels include Les Misérables, (1862) and Notre-Dame de Paris (1831).
Charles Dickens (1812 – 1870) – English writer and social critic. His best-known works include novels such as Oliver Twist, David Copperfield and A Christmas Carol.
Charlotte Bronte (1816 – 1855) English novelist and poet, from Haworth Her best known novel is ‘Jane Eyre’ (1847)
Henry David Thoreau (1817 – 1862) – American poet, writer and leading member of the Transcendentalist movement. Thoreau’s “Walden” (1854) was a unique account of living close to nature
Emily Bronte (1818 – 1848) English novelist Emily Bronte is best known for her novel Wuthering Heights (1847), and her poetry
George Eliot (1819 – 1880) Pen name of Mary Ann Evans Wrote novels, The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Middlemarch (1871–72), and Daniel Deronda (1876)
Leo Tolstoy (1828 – 1910) Russian novelist and moral philosopher Famous works include the epic novels – War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877). Tolstoy also became an influential philosopher with his brand of Christian pacifisms
Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881) Russian novelist, journalist and philosopher Notable works include Notes from Underground, Crime and Punishment and The Idiot
Lewis Carroll (1832-1898) Oxford mathematician and author Famous for Alice in Wonderland, Through the Looking Glass, and poems like The Snark
Mark Twain (1835 – 1910) American writer and humorist, considered the ‘father of American literature’. Famous works include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885)
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) English novelist and poet Hardy was a Victorian realist who was influenced by Romanticism. He wrote about problems of Victorian society – in particular, declining rural life. Notable works include: Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), Tess of the d’Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895)
Oscar Wilde (1854 – 1900) – Irish writer and poet. Wilde wrote humorous, satirical plays, such as ‘The Importance of Being Earnest‘ and ‘The Picture of Dorian Grey’
Kenneth Graham (1859 – 1932) Author of the Wind in the Willows (1908), a classic of children’s literature
George Bernard Shaw (1856 – 1950) Irish playwright and wit Famous works include Pygmalion (1912), Man and Superman (1903) and Back to Methuselah (1921)
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859 – 1930) British author of historical novels and plays Most famo
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William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) English poet and playwright Famous plays include Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Merchant of Venice and Hamlet. Shakespeare is widely considered the seminal writer of the English language.
Jonathan Swift (1667 – 1745) Anglo-Irish writer born in Dublin Swift was a prominent satirist, essayist and author. Notable works include Gulliver’s Travels (1726), A Modest Proposal and A Tale of a Tub.
Samuel Johnson (1709 – 1784) British author best known for his compilation of the English dictionary. Although not the first attempt at a dictionary, it was widely considered to be the most comprehensive – setting the standard for later dictionaries.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 – 1832) German poet, playwright, and author Notable works of Goethe include: Faust, Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship and Elective Affinities.
Jane Austen (1775 – 1817) English author who wrote romantic fiction combined with social realism. Her novels include: Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813) and Emma (1816).
Honore de Balzac (1799 – 1850) French novelist and short story writer Balzac was an influential realist writer who created characters of moral ambiguity – often based on his own real life examples. His greatest work was the collection of short stories La Comédie humaine.
Alexander Dumas (1802 – 1870) French author of historical dramas, including – The Count of Monte Cristo (1844), and The Three Musketeers (1844). Also prolific author of magazine articles, pamphlets and travel books
Victor Hugo (1802 – 1885) French author and poet Hugo’s novels include Les Misérables, (1862) and Notre-Dame de Paris (1831).
Charles Dickens (1812 – 1870) – English writer and social critic. His best-known works include novels such as Oliver Twist, David Copperfield and A Christmas Carol.
Charlotte Bronte (1816 – 1855) English novelist and poet, from Haworth Her best known novel is ‘Jane Eyre’ (1847)
Henry David Thoreau (1817 – 1862) – American poet, writer and leading member of the Transcendentalist movement. Thoreau’s “Walden” (1854) was a unique account of living close to nature
Emily Bronte (1818 – 1848) English novelist Emily Bronte is best known for her novel Wuthering Heights (1847), and her poetry
George Eliot (1819 – 1880) Pen name of Mary Ann Evans Wrote novels, The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Middlemarch (1871–72), and Daniel Deronda (1876)
Leo Tolstoy (1828 – 1910) Russian novelist and moral philosopher Famous works include the epic novels – War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877). Tolstoy also became an influential philosopher with his brand of Christian pacifisms
Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881) Russian novelist, journalist and philosopher Notable works include Notes from Underground, Crime and Punishment and The Idiot
Lewis Carroll (1832-1898) Oxford mathematician and author Famous for Alice in Wonderland, Through the Looking Glass, and poems like The Snark
Mark Twain (1835 – 1910) American writer and humorist, considered the ‘father of American literature’. Famous works include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885)
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) English novelist and poet Hardy was a Victorian realist who was influenced by Romanticism. He wrote about problems of Victorian society – in particular, declining rural life. Notable works include: Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), Tess of the d’Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895)
Oscar Wilde (1854 – 1900) – Irish writer and poet. Wilde wrote humorous, satirical plays, such as ‘The Importance of Being Earnest‘ and ‘The Picture of Dorian Grey’
Kenneth Graham (1859 – 1932) Author of the Wind in the Willows (1908), a classic of children’s literature
George Bernard Shaw (1856 – 1950) Irish playwright and wit Famous works include Pygmalion (1912), Man and Superman (1903) and Back to Methuselah (1921)
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859 – 1930) British author of historical novels and plays Most famo
us for his short stories about the detective – Sherlock Holmes, such as The Hound of the Baskervilles (1902) and Sign of Four (1890)
Beatrix Potter (1866 – 1943) English conservationist and author of imaginative children’s books, such as the Tales of Peter Rabbit (1902)
Marcel Proust (1871 – 1922) French author Best known for epic novel l À la recherché du temps perdu (In Search of Lost Time) published in seven parts between 1913 and 1927
William Somerset Maugham 1874 – 1965) British novelist and writer One of the most popular authors of 1930s Notable works included The Moon and Sixpence (1916), The Razor’s Edge (1944), and Of Human Bondage (1915)
P.G.Wodehouse (1881 – 1975) English comic writer Best known for his humorous and satirical stories about the English upper classes, such as Jeeves and Wooster and Blandings Castle
Virginia Woolf (1882 – 1941) English modernist writer, a member of the Bloomsbury group Famous novels include Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927) and Orlando (1928)
James Joyce (1882 – 1941) Irish writer from Dublin Joyce was one of most influential modernist avant-garde writers of the Twentieth Century. His novel Ulysses (1922), was ground-breaking for its stream of consciousness style. Other works include Dubliners (1914) and Finnegans Wake (1939)
D H Lawrence (1885 – 1930) English poet, novelist and writer Best known works include Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928) – which was banned for many years
Agatha Christie (1890 – 1976) British fictional crime writer Many of her books focused on series featuring her detectives ‘Poirot’ and Mrs Marple
J.R.R. Tolkien (1892 – 1973) – Professor of Anglo-Saxon and English at Oxford University. Tolkien wrote the best-selling mythical trilogy The Lord of the Rings. Other works include, The Hobbit and The Silmarillion, and a translation of Beowulf
Vera Brittain (1893 – 1970) British writer best known for her autobiography – Testament of Youth (1933) – sharing her traumatic experiences of the First World War
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896 – 1940) American author Iconic writer of the ‘jazz age’ Notable works include The Great Gatsby (1925), and Tender Is the Night (1934) – cautionary tales about the ‘Jazz decade’ and the American Dream based on pleasure and materialism
Enid Blyton (1897 – 1968) British children’s writer known for her series of children’s books – The Famous Five and The Secret Seven. Blyton wrote an estimated 800 books over 40 years
C.S. Lewis (1898 – 1963) Irish / English author and professor at Oxford University Lewis is best known for The Chronicles of Narnia, a children’s fantasy series. Also well known as a Christian apologist
Ernest Hemingway (1899 – 1961) Ground breaking modernist American writer. Famous works included For Whom The Bell Tolls (1940) and A Farewell to Arms (1929)
Vladimir Nabokov (1899 – 1977) Russian author of Lolita (1955) and Pale Fire (1962)
Barbara Cartland (1901 – 2000) One of most prolific and best selling authors of the romantic fiction genre. Some suggest she has sold over 2 billion copies worldwide
John Steinbeck (1902 – 1968) American writer who captured the social change experienced in the US around the time of the Great Depression. Famous works include – Of Mice and Men (1937), The Grapes of Wrath (1939) and East of Eden (1952)
George Orwell (1903 – 1950) – English author. Famous works include Animal Farm, and 1984. – Both stark warnings about the dangers of totalitarian states, Orwell was also a democratic socialist who fought in the Spanish Civil War, documenting his experiences in “Homage to Catalonia” (1938)
Samuel Beckett (1906-1989) Irish avant grade, modernist writer Beckett wrote minimalist and thought provoking plays, such as ‘Waiting for Godot’ (1953) and ‘Endgame‘ (1957). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1969
Albert Camus (1913 – 1960) – French author, journalist, and philosopher. Associated with existentialism and absurdisim Famous works included The Myth of Sisyphus, The Stranger and The Plague
Roald D
Beatrix Potter (1866 – 1943) English conservationist and author of imaginative children’s books, such as the Tales of Peter Rabbit (1902)
Marcel Proust (1871 – 1922) French author Best known for epic novel l À la recherché du temps perdu (In Search of Lost Time) published in seven parts between 1913 and 1927
William Somerset Maugham 1874 – 1965) British novelist and writer One of the most popular authors of 1930s Notable works included The Moon and Sixpence (1916), The Razor’s Edge (1944), and Of Human Bondage (1915)
P.G.Wodehouse (1881 – 1975) English comic writer Best known for his humorous and satirical stories about the English upper classes, such as Jeeves and Wooster and Blandings Castle
Virginia Woolf (1882 – 1941) English modernist writer, a member of the Bloomsbury group Famous novels include Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927) and Orlando (1928)
James Joyce (1882 – 1941) Irish writer from Dublin Joyce was one of most influential modernist avant-garde writers of the Twentieth Century. His novel Ulysses (1922), was ground-breaking for its stream of consciousness style. Other works include Dubliners (1914) and Finnegans Wake (1939)
D H Lawrence (1885 – 1930) English poet, novelist and writer Best known works include Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928) – which was banned for many years
Agatha Christie (1890 – 1976) British fictional crime writer Many of her books focused on series featuring her detectives ‘Poirot’ and Mrs Marple
J.R.R. Tolkien (1892 – 1973) – Professor of Anglo-Saxon and English at Oxford University. Tolkien wrote the best-selling mythical trilogy The Lord of the Rings. Other works include, The Hobbit and The Silmarillion, and a translation of Beowulf
Vera Brittain (1893 – 1970) British writer best known for her autobiography – Testament of Youth (1933) – sharing her traumatic experiences of the First World War
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896 – 1940) American author Iconic writer of the ‘jazz age’ Notable works include The Great Gatsby (1925), and Tender Is the Night (1934) – cautionary tales about the ‘Jazz decade’ and the American Dream based on pleasure and materialism
Enid Blyton (1897 – 1968) British children’s writer known for her series of children’s books – The Famous Five and The Secret Seven. Blyton wrote an estimated 800 books over 40 years
C.S. Lewis (1898 – 1963) Irish / English author and professor at Oxford University Lewis is best known for The Chronicles of Narnia, a children’s fantasy series. Also well known as a Christian apologist
Ernest Hemingway (1899 – 1961) Ground breaking modernist American writer. Famous works included For Whom The Bell Tolls (1940) and A Farewell to Arms (1929)
Vladimir Nabokov (1899 – 1977) Russian author of Lolita (1955) and Pale Fire (1962)
Barbara Cartland (1901 – 2000) One of most prolific and best selling authors of the romantic fiction genre. Some suggest she has sold over 2 billion copies worldwide
John Steinbeck (1902 – 1968) American writer who captured the social change experienced in the US around the time of the Great Depression. Famous works include – Of Mice and Men (1937), The Grapes of Wrath (1939) and East of Eden (1952)
George Orwell (1903 – 1950) – English author. Famous works include Animal Farm, and 1984. – Both stark warnings about the dangers of totalitarian states, Orwell was also a democratic socialist who fought in the Spanish Civil War, documenting his experiences in “Homage to Catalonia” (1938)
Samuel Beckett (1906-1989) Irish avant grade, modernist writer Beckett wrote minimalist and thought provoking plays, such as ‘Waiting for Godot’ (1953) and ‘Endgame‘ (1957). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1969
Albert Camus (1913 – 1960) – French author, journalist, and philosopher. Associated with existentialism and absurdisim Famous works included The Myth of Sisyphus, The Stranger and The Plague
Roald D