Classical Literature👆👇

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Plato ( 427- 347 B.C.E.)

_ Plato laid the foundations of western philosophy.

_Plato says that the qualities of any object in the physical world r derived from the ideal forms.for example an object in the physical world is beautiful bcoz it partakes of the ideal form of beauty which exist in the higher realm.

- In the Ion Socrates points out that the rhapsody like the poet himself, is in a state of " divine possession " and speaks not with his own voice which is merely a medium through which a God speaks.

- poetry in its very nature is steeped in emotional transport and lack of self possession.

- " each one man must perform one social service in the state for which his nature was best adapted.

- He elaborates his famous triad we find three beds , one existing in nature which is made by God, another which is made by carpenter , and third which is made by painter or poet .

- He inscribed the words over the door of his Academy " let no one enter here who is ignorant of mathematics. "

- what we know is not learned but recollected.

- However the souls memories of its life r washed clean in the River Lethe the soul then returns as the soul of another person to live a new life from birth .

- What Socrates hoped his listeners would understand was that what they saw through sight was less clear n further from the truth than what they were able to see in their minds eye or understanding.

- In the beginning human had three types that were each composed of two people conjoined in a spherical shape female n female, Male n Male, Male n female. These creatures were strong n tried to storm Heaven itself. The God didn't want to destroy them but something had to be done. Zeus's solution was to weaken them by cutting each of the being in half. The result is that every human being is in search of their missing half . Men n women who were conjoined as hermaphrodites seek each other . Lesbians seek other women to compete themselves, n men who were joined to men r attracted to other men . Both Diotima n Aristophanes explanation of love clearly involves sexual consumption n r not Platonic.

- He served in military campaigns in the war against Sparta n was probably in the cavalry.

- He never married n when he died at the age 81 he was poor.

Horace ( 65 - 08 BC )

- The influence of Horace s Ars poetica has been vast exceeding the influence of Plato .

- In the realm of literary criticism he has conventionally been associated with the notion that " a poem is like a painting " that poetry should " teach and delight ".

- Horace insists that the " principal fountainhead of writing correctly is wisdom ".

- Hence the poet's work must be based on knowledge, not bookish knowledge but a detailed empirical knowledge derived from acute observation of actual life.

- " My instruction would be to examine that model of human life and manners as an informed copyist and to elicit from it a speech that lives."

- Horace remarks that ... a poet has matched every demand if he mingles the useful with the pleasant by charming n not less advising the reader that is a book that earns money for the publishers a book that crosses the sea n making its writer known forecast a long life for him .

- " it will be permissible to destroy what u have not published the voice once sent forth can't return "

*Bhabha, Homi K. (1949– )*



Homi Bhabha was born in India and educated at Bombay University and Christchurch College, Oxford (UK). He is currently Professor in the Humanities at the University of Chicago, where he teaches in the Departments of English and Art. Strongly influenced by the poststructuralism of Derrida, Lacan and Foucault, Bhabha argues against the tendency to essentialize ‘Third World’ countries into a homogeneous identity claiming instead that all sense of nationhood is narrativized. He also suggests that there is always ambivalence at the site of colonial dominance so that the colonizer and the colonized help to constitute each other.

For Bhabha, the instability of meaning in language leads us to think of culture, identities and identifications as always a place of borders and hybridity rather than of fixed stable entities, a view encapsulated in his use of concepts such as mimicry, interstice, hybridity and liminality.

A Doll’s House:
• A Doll's House is a three-act play written by Norwegian writer Henrik Ibsen.
• A Doll’s House was published in Copenhagen, Denmark, where it premiered.
• Ibsen’s A Doll’s House (1879), written while Ibsen was in Rome and Amalfi, Italy, was conceived at a time of revolution in Europe.
• A Doll's House was based on the life of Laura Kieler (maiden name Laura Smith Petersen), a good friend of Ibsen.
• The play opens at Christmas time.
• A Doll's House tells the story of Nora, a housewife hides her financial problems from her husband Torvald. When Torvald learns of her deceit, he becomes angry.
• As a result Nora leaves him to become an independent woman.
• In order to protect her secret, Nora tries to defend Krogstad, one of Torvald’s employees.
• Torvald insists on firing the employee.
• He sends a letter to Torvald detailing Nora’s deceit.
• Torvald eventually reads the letter and gets angry with Nora.
• He dismisses the fact that she borrowed the money to save his life.
• After learning that the money does not need to be repaid, Torvald forgives Nora.
• But she cannot give forgiveness for his self-centeredness and leaves him and their children.
• Here in this novel Ibsen sharply defined marital roles.
• Ibsen presented Nora as a prime example of the “new woman,” .
• Some criticized that although a woman might leave her husband, she would never leave her children.
• Nora leaves her family in order to establish a separate identity.
• Further, Ibsen himself declared that he was not writing solely about women but instead about issues of his society and about the need for individuals, both men and women.
• Torvald’s pride leads him to treat Nora like a possession instead of loving her as an equal.
• Nora matures from a childlike, dependent role into an independent woman who understands her own worth.
• A Doll's House questions the traditional roles both men and women in 19th-century marriage.

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NTA-NET SET English:
Frankfurt School.......




In sociology and political philosophy, the term Critical Theory describes the neo-Marxist philosophy of the Frankfurt School, which was developed in Germany in the 1930s. Frankfurt theorists drew on the critical methods of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud. Critical Theory maintains that ideology is the principal obstacle to human liberation.[6] Critical Theory was established as a school of thought primarily by five Frankfurt School theoreticians: Herbert Marcuse, Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, and Erich Fromm. Modern Critical Theory has additionally been influenced by György Lukács and Antonio Gramsci, as well as the second generation Frankfurt School scholars, notably Jürgen Habermas. In Habermas's work, Critical Theory transcended its theoretical roots in German idealism, and progressed closer to American pragmatism. Concern for social "base and superstructure" is one of the remaining Marxist philosophical concepts in much of contemporary Critical Theory.

The Bloomsbury Group—or Bloomsbury Set—was a group of associated English writers, intellectuals, philosophers and artists,[1] the best known members of which included Virginia Woolf, John Maynard Keynes, E. M. Forster and Lytton Strachey. This loose collective of friends and relatives were closely associated with Cambridge University for the men and King's College London for the women, and they lived, worked or studied together near Bloomsbury, London, during the first half of the 20th century.

The Scriblerus Club was an informal association of authors, based in London, that came together in the early 18th century. They were prominent figures in the Augustan Ageof English letters. The nucleus of the club included the satirists Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope. Other members were John Gay, John Arbuthnot, Henry St. John and Thomas Parnell. The group was founded in 1714 and lasted until the death of the founders, finally ending in 1745. 

1. Who wrote the famous American play The Iceman Cometh?
(a) John Osborne
(b) Eugene O'Neill ✔️
(c) Earnest Hemingway
(d) Walt Whitman
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