Terms in Literature
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Most Important Terms in Literature
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🌷Comedy
it is a type of drama in which characters amuse the audience and it ends happily .

🌷Classical
Classical means a piece of literature that shows the traditions and modes of Greek and Latin writings.

🌷Antithesis
It means reversal of something It describes the opposite of something or someone.

🌷Allusion
It is used for direct reference it can be an idea,person or piece of text.

🌷Allegory
It is used to reveal the true story or hidden meanings.In this type of term characters stand for an abstract idea.Its purpose is to moralize people.

🌷Alliteration
It is a stylistics device used to describe the the repetition of a consonant in 2 or more words.

🌷Ballad
It is a form of verse.It is a poem or song which describes the story in stanzas.

🌷Biography
It is the type of literature genre in which history of a person’s life written by one else.

🌷Blank Verse
It is the type of verse written in iambic pentameter.there is no any rhyme pattern that is why it is called Blank verse.

🌷Auto-Biography
It is bio data of one's life written by the same person.

🌷Act
It is the important division of a play .In which we can see rising action, climax and resolution of the play.

🌷Canto
It is the type of poetic term in which long poems divided into many sections .

🌷Chorus
Chorus were very important in Greek plays they were stand for group of singers who narrates the circumstances and used to comment on the pathetic conditions of a tragic hero.

🌷Catharsis
It is the purification of feelings and emotions in tragedy and arouses the elements of pity and fear in audience.

🌷Catastrophe
It is the end of the hero or downfall of the tragic hero in a tragedy.

🌷Didactic
It is the type of poetry used to aim at teaching something instructional to its readers.

🌷Dirge
It is the kind of song that expresses mourning or grief.

🌷Diction
It is the use or choice of words,selection of words in literary work

🌷Dialect
It can be a language of specific area or a group of people .

🌷Difference between drama and novel
Drama is for performance while a novel is for reading.

🌷Epic
It is long poem.It has grand style and always have supernatural characters.Paradise Los by Milton.

🌷Epilogue
It can be the concluding part of a play novel or poem .

🌷Fable
It is the kind of story that describes the story based on morality.

🌷Farce
It is a comic work aim to provoke laughter in audience.

🌷Foot
It is the basic unit of meter in poem.It is usually contains one stressed syllable .

🌷Fiction
It is the type of prose fiction in which imaginations plays an important part.

🌷Genre
it refers to a classification of English literature.

🌷Hyperbole
It is taken from Greek word which means over-casting .It is a figure of speech writers used to exaggerate thing.

🌷Limerick
It is the kind of poem which has five line stanza.

🌷Metaphysical Poetry

It is highly philosophical poetry.it discusses the maters of love and existence of life.It was first coined by Samuel Johnson.

🌷Metaphor
Metaphor is a figure of speech that describes the things or objects,actions that is not true literally true .

🌷Novelette
It is extensive than a short story and less than a novel.

🌷Ode
It is a lyric poem which deals with serious matters.

🌷Prologue
it is the beginning of a fiction or a drama.

🌷Romanticism
It was movement in literature which stands for reason and focuses on emotions and feelings.

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https://t.me/English_for_NET_SET_PGT_Etc

NTA-NET SET English:
1. What ‘I’ is The Chinese Book Of divination?
Answer: I Ching.🌹
2. Who wrote the poems “Ozymandias” and “Ode to the West Wind”?
Answer: Shelley.🌹
3. What ‘TOTH’ Is A. A. Milne’s play taken from a book by Kenneth Grahame?
Answer: Toad of Toad Hall.🌹
4. What book about four days in Iowa took Robert J. Waller two weeks to write, and topped bestseller lists for seven months?
Answer: The Bridges of Madison County.🌹
5. Which comic actor and writer co-wrote the book “Life and How to Survive It”?
Answer: John Cleese.🌹
6. What town was the birthplace of William Shakespeare?
Answer: Stratford-upon-Avon.🌹
7. Who wrote Myra Breckinridge, Lincoln and Julian?
Answer: Gore Vidal.🌹
8. What ‘N’ is the bird Keats wrote an ode to?
Answer: Nightingale.🌹
9. What was the only novel to be written by Margaret Mitchell?
Answer: Gone with the Wind.🌹
10. Which Author created The Sleuths Miss Jane Marple and Hercule Poirot?
Answer: Agatha Christie.🌹
11. Which 4 letter word for having sex first appeared in a dictionary in 1986?
Answer: Bonk – not the obvious one!🌹
12. Which ‘JE’ is Governess to The Ward Of Mr Rochester, in the book bearing her name?
Answer: Jane Eyre.🌹
13. How many sonnets did William Shakespeare write?
Answer: 154.🌹
14. Which authors first (unsuccessful) book was inland voyage?
Answer: Robert Louis Stevenson.🌹
15. Who wrote “An Outcast of the Islands”?
Answer: Joseph Conrad.🌹
16. Who wrote Charlie And The Chocolate Factory?
Answer: Roald Dahl.🌹
17. In which Thomas Hardy novel does the character BathSheba Everdene Appear?
Answer: Far from the Madding Crowd.🌹
18. Who wrote the science fiction novel Slaughterhouse Five?
Answer: Kurt Vonnegut.🌹
19. What seven words provide the opening line of the Shakespeare play Richard III?
Answer: Now is the winter of our discontent.🌹
20. Which group of fans are the only ones to be mentioned in the Oxford English Dictionary?
Answer: Trekkies.🌹
21. Who wrote the novel Invisible Man In 1952?
Answer: Ralph Waldo Emerson.🌹
22. John Ridd is the male lead in which book with a girl’s name as its title?
Answer: Lorna Doone.🌹
23. Which great book was started in Bedford Jail In 1675?
Answer: The Pilgrim’s Progress.🌹
24. The authorised version of the Holy Bible was made at the order of which king?
Answer: James The First (1611).🌹
25. Which novel opens with the words, ‘Last night I dreamed I went to Manderley again … ”
Answer: Rebecca🌹
26. Who wrote about a pig called the Empress of Blandings?
Answer: P G Wodehouse.🌹
27. Whose 1995 novel The Moor’s Last Sigh enraged Hindu militants in
India?
Answer: Salman Rushdie’s.🌹
28. Which county shares its name with the first name of an English author?
Answer: Somerset (Maugham).🌹
29. What title is held by Shakespeare’s Cymbeline?
Answer: King of Britain.🌹
30. Excluding the word Hawaii what is the only word in the English dictionary that has a double i?
Answer: Skiing (Possibly Radii).🌹

𝗚𝗢𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗦𝗠𝗔𝗟𝗟 𝗧𝗛𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 𝗕𝗬 𝗔𝗥𝗨𝗡𝗗𝗛𝗔𝗧𝗜 𝗥𝗢𝗬
👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇
Arundhati Roy published her first novel, The God of Small Things, in 1997. At the time, Roy’s work concerned political activism, human rights, and environmental issues. Her other works include “The Cost of Living,” “The End of Imagination,” and “The Doctor and The Saint.” Much of Roy’s nonfiction maintains a consistent voice on reoccurring issues, which show the reader that Roy’s first novel is a lot more personal than what’s presented.

The novel’s timeline begins around the 1960s and travels through to the 1990s. Arundhati Roy, an amateur writer at the time, took two big leaps with the structure of her novel. The God of Small Things breaks many conventions in writing and is written in a nonlinear narrative.

The God of Small Things takes place in Ayemenem, a small village in the southwestern Indian state of Kerala. The novel follows two-egg twins, Rahel and Estha, the quiet and the empty. The political and social implications Roy covers in this book set barriers for the two-egg twins. Some of the major themes are Western influence and its domination of the Eastern hemisphere, gender roles in new-born communist societies, and what Roy refers to as the “love laws.”

The narrative’s first section is a flashback to the funeral of Sophie Mol, Estha and Rahel’s half-English cousin. In the beginning, we see Estha and Rahel alongside their single mother, Ammu, apart from the rest of their family during the funeral service. They are purposely segregated from the group, but for reasons unknown. Right away, this scene is a metaphor for the forced segregation allowed by law during the caste system’s existence in India. While the caste system is no longer in place in the novel, its effects remain very much alive through forms of discrimination. The family’s seclusion is an example of the normative, while Ammu and her two-egg twins are examples of the outsider.

Sophie Mol’s presence takes precedence. Even though Ammu is jobless, practically homeless, and raising two kids on her own, she is expected to welcome Sophie Mol and her mother, Margaret, due to all the time at her disposal. Roy highlights the privileges that Sophie Mol arrives to, using the children’s rhetoric techniques and even the children’s literature. The children are expected to learn English for Sophie Mol, with the correct “pre-NUN-sea-ayshun.” The children are expected to learn Shakespeare, so Sophie Mol feels like she is at home, back in England. At face value, the reader is saddened by her death, yet it is noted that the children had a minuscule connection with her and interacted with her through a forced etiquette. Sophie Mol does little to adapt to life in Ayemenem, while the twins do everything they can to adopt English culture.

The second half of the novel takes full consideration of Ammu’s sacrifices. She realizes her mistakes very early on but is the one who suffers the most for other people’s decisions. In her first marriage, her husband becomes a drunk and leaves, and she is stuck taking care of twins on her own. She is left with nowhere to turn except back home at the Paradise Pickle and Preserves mansion in Ayemenem.

However, her aunt, Kochamma, places a limit on her stay. Ammu teaches her children to behave using odd techniques. Rather than using traditional discipline, she makes her children feel guilty. Basically, she tells them that if they do not behave, people will get a bad impression of her. Roy details Ammu’s desire for a clean reputation as a mother. Ammu understands how people react to the idea of single mothers, especially in the cultural context. Her biggest concern is how her children will be received if people realize their mother’s past. Roy’s realistic detail in describing minuscule lessons on behavior and social interaction become extremely vivid in Ammu’s role as a woman in India.

The entire novel focuses on the “love laws,” which basically determine who the twins can love, how they can love them, and how much they can love them

. The “love laws” are most vivid in the character of Velutha, Ammu’s hidden love interest, and one of the very few men in the twins’ lives. Before the laws changed in India, Velutha was an untouchable, the lowest caste in the Hindu Caste system. When the Caste system lawfully discriminated against the untouchables, Velutha faced blatant discrimination. Yet, not much changes when the law is overturned.

Velutha cannot claim his love for Ammu because of what her mother might think. Velutha cannot raise Ammu’s children as he’d wish, and he is shunned by most of his coworkers at Paradise Pickles and Preserves. Velutha enforces the children’s innocence with his careful nature, while every other adult in the novel slowly shatters the twins’ curious outlook on life. Velutha sneaks off into the night to console Ammu, even though they admit their love is forbidden. Velutha is the only man who respects Ammu and her choices. And although Velutha is the most wholesome character throughout the entire novel, he is the one with the worst punishment.

It can be argued that Velutha is an allusion to Dr. Bhimarao Ramji Ambedkar, a former untouchable, who was a leader and representative in the anti-caste movement. Arundhati Roy wrote the essay “The Doctor and The Saint” to expose Gandhi’s ideals through his contradictions. Her essay details the vigorous work Dr. Ambedkar did for the anti-caste movement and her rage regarding his lack of recognition. Dr. Ambedkar rallied thousands of untouchables to question the government they lived under. He believed the merit of someone’s worth came from their work and not their birth. Roy argues that Dr. Ambedkar’s work is buried in history because of his background as a former untouchable, while Gandhi’s fame came from him already being a wealthy, educated man.

Velutha’s presence is never recognized, even though the family’s private business is only in operation because of his work. Plus, Ammu is only surviving because she is clinging to the hope that she and Velutha will one day be able to share a life together. No one recognizes the real, undeniable love Velutha holds for Ammu’s children. Velutha’s tragic ending, compared to his careful, good nature is The God of Small Things’ greatest contradiction. Roy moves the reader with pathos, only to show us our own contradictions. We let our biases distort reality.

Arundhati Roy takes us to the other side of the world with a very relevant, relatable topic. The issue with India’s caste system is the same issue the United States has with race. Reading The God of Small Things is a life-altering experience, and one that I recommend taking. Roy’s wide themes explore a specific human experience in its social context, while remaining relevant to a universal audience.
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𝐓𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐊𝐒 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐆
English Literature for NET, SET, PGT Etc.☺️

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Classical Literature👆👇

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NET SET English
This group has been created for lover of literature and those candidate who are preparing UGC Net and Set Examination.
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Plato ( 427- 347 B.C.E.)

_ Plato laid the foundations of western philosophy.

_Plato says that the qualities of any object in the physical world r derived from the ideal forms.for example an object in the physical world is beautiful bcoz it partakes of the ideal form of beauty which exist in the higher realm.

- In the Ion Socrates points out that the rhapsody like the poet himself, is in a state of " divine possession " and speaks not with his own voice which is merely a medium through which a God speaks.

- poetry in its very nature is steeped in emotional transport and lack of self possession.

- " each one man must perform one social service in the state for which his nature was best adapted.

- He elaborates his famous triad we find three beds , one existing in nature which is made by God, another which is made by carpenter , and third which is made by painter or poet .

- He inscribed the words over the door of his Academy " let no one enter here who is ignorant of mathematics. "

- what we know is not learned but recollected.

- However the souls memories of its life r washed clean in the River Lethe the soul then returns as the soul of another person to live a new life from birth .

- What Socrates hoped his listeners would understand was that what they saw through sight was less clear n further from the truth than what they were able to see in their minds eye or understanding.

- In the beginning human had three types that were each composed of two people conjoined in a spherical shape female n female, Male n Male, Male n female. These creatures were strong n tried to storm Heaven itself. The God didn't want to destroy them but something had to be done. Zeus's solution was to weaken them by cutting each of the being in half. The result is that every human being is in search of their missing half . Men n women who were conjoined as hermaphrodites seek each other . Lesbians seek other women to compete themselves, n men who were joined to men r attracted to other men . Both Diotima n Aristophanes explanation of love clearly involves sexual consumption n r not Platonic.

- He served in military campaigns in the war against Sparta n was probably in the cavalry.

- He never married n when he died at the age 81 he was poor.

Horace ( 65 - 08 BC )

- The influence of Horace s Ars poetica has been vast exceeding the influence of Plato .

- In the realm of literary criticism he has conventionally been associated with the notion that " a poem is like a painting " that poetry should " teach and delight ".

- Horace insists that the " principal fountainhead of writing correctly is wisdom ".

- Hence the poet's work must be based on knowledge, not bookish knowledge but a detailed empirical knowledge derived from acute observation of actual life.

- " My instruction would be to examine that model of human life and manners as an informed copyist and to elicit from it a speech that lives."

- Horace remarks that ... a poet has matched every demand if he mingles the useful with the pleasant by charming n not less advising the reader that is a book that earns money for the publishers a book that crosses the sea n making its writer known forecast a long life for him .

- " it will be permissible to destroy what u have not published the voice once sent forth can't return "

*Bhabha, Homi K. (1949– )*



Homi Bhabha was born in India and educated at Bombay University and Christchurch College, Oxford (UK). He is currently Professor in the Humanities at the University of Chicago, where he teaches in the Departments of English and Art. Strongly influenced by the poststructuralism of Derrida, Lacan and Foucault, Bhabha argues against the tendency to essentialize ‘Third World’ countries into a homogeneous identity claiming instead that all sense of nationhood is narrativized. He also suggests that there is always ambivalence at the site of colonial dominance so that the colonizer and the colonized help to constitute each other.

For Bhabha, the instability of meaning in language leads us to think of culture, identities and identifications as always a place of borders and hybridity rather than of fixed stable entities, a view encapsulated in his use of concepts such as mimicry, interstice, hybridity and liminality.

A Doll’s House:
• A Doll's House is a three-act play written by Norwegian writer Henrik Ibsen.
• A Doll’s House was published in Copenhagen, Denmark, where it premiered.
• Ibsen’s A Doll’s House (1879), written while Ibsen was in Rome and Amalfi, Italy, was conceived at a time of revolution in Europe.
• A Doll's House was based on the life of Laura Kieler (maiden name Laura Smith Petersen), a good friend of Ibsen.
• The play opens at Christmas time.
• A Doll's House tells the story of Nora, a housewife hides her financial problems from her husband Torvald. When Torvald learns of her deceit, he becomes angry.
• As a result Nora leaves him to become an independent woman.
• In order to protect her secret, Nora tries to defend Krogstad, one of Torvald’s employees.
• Torvald insists on firing the employee.
• He sends a letter to Torvald detailing Nora’s deceit.
• Torvald eventually reads the letter and gets angry with Nora.
• He dismisses the fact that she borrowed the money to save his life.
• After learning that the money does not need to be repaid, Torvald forgives Nora.
• But she cannot give forgiveness for his self-centeredness and leaves him and their children.
• Here in this novel Ibsen sharply defined marital roles.
• Ibsen presented Nora as a prime example of the “new woman,” .
• Some criticized that although a woman might leave her husband, she would never leave her children.
• Nora leaves her family in order to establish a separate identity.
• Further, Ibsen himself declared that he was not writing solely about women but instead about issues of his society and about the need for individuals, both men and women.
• Torvald’s pride leads him to treat Nora like a possession instead of loving her as an equal.
• Nora matures from a childlike, dependent role into an independent woman who understands her own worth.
• A Doll's House questions the traditional roles both men and women in 19th-century marriage.