Important titles taken from.!!
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[ ] Arms and Men (Shaw) - Virgil's Aeneid
[ ] Captain Courageous (Kipling) - Mary Ambree
[ ] Where Angles Fear to Tread ( E M Foster) - An Essay on Criticism
[ ] Passage to India - Leaves of Grass
[ ] Cakes and Ale,or The Skelton in the Cupboard(Maugham) - Twelfth night
[ ] Appointment in Samaria ( John Hora) - A Merchant in Bagdad(Maugham)
[ ] Antic Hay ( Huxley)s- EdwardII (Marlowe)
[ ] Those Barren Leaves (Huxley)- The Tables Turned ( Wordsworth)
[ ] After Many a Summer (Huxley)- Tennyson's Tithonus
[ ] Time Must Have a Stop (Huxley)- Henry IV. Part 1
[ ] The Less Deceived (Larkin)- The Tempest
[ ] Darkness visible ( Golding)- The Paradise Lost
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Some facts.!!
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◼D.H.Lawrence called one of his novels Kangaroo as “Thought Adventure".

◼The phrase ‘religion of the blood' is associated with D.H.Lawrence.

◼A character in Virginia Woolf’s novel Orlando changes his sex. Charles II is characterised in this novel.

◼A woman's search for a fitting mate is the central theme of Bernard Shaw's Man and Superman.

◼‘Chocolate cream hero' appears in Shaw’s Arms and the Man.

◼The phrase 'Don Juan in Hell' occurs in Shaw’s Man and Superman.

◼Prostitution is the central theme of Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession.

◼Labour and Capital conflict is the central theme of Galsworthy’s Strife.

◼"The law is what it is -a majestic edifice sheltering all of us, each stone of which rests on another." These lines occur in Galsworthy’s Justice.

◼Bernard Shaw was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1925.

◼Joseph Conrad's novels are generally set in the background of the sea.

◼Rudyard Kipling wrote the poem “ If”

◼The term 'Stream of consciousness' was first used by William James.

◼The terms 'Inscape' and 'Instress' are associated with Hopkins.

◼Sprung Rhythm' was originated by Hopkins.

◼T .S. Eliot called 'Hamlet' an artistic failure.

◼The World Within World is an autobiography of Stephen Spender.

◼G. B. Shaw said, "For art's sake alone I would not face the toil of writing a single sentence”.
◼Aldous Huxley borrowed the title ‘Brave New World’ from Shakespeare’s The Tempest.

William Morris is the author of The Earthly Paradise.

◼T S Eliot was believed to be "a classicist in literature, royalist in politics and anglo-catholic in religion”.

◼Virginia Woolf was the founder of the Bloomsbury Group, a literary club of England.

◼George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty – Four and Aldous Huxley's Brave New World are prophetic novels.

◼Plato said, ‘Art is twice removed from reality'.

◼Plato proposed in his Republic that poets should be banished from the ideal Republic.

◼Five principal sources of Sublimity are there according to Longinus.

◼In Dryden's Essay of Dramatic Poesy there are four speakers representing four different ideologies. Neander expresses Dryden's own views.

◼Dr. Johnson called Dryden 'the father of English criticism'

◼Shelley said, "poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world”.

◼Dr . Johnson preferred Shakespeare's comedies to his Tragedies.

◼Coleridge said, "I write in metre because I am about to use a language different from that of prose."

◼Heroic Couplet is a two-line stanza having two rhyming lines in Iambic Pentameter.

◼Alexandrine is a line of six iambic feet occasionally used in a Heroic couplet.
◼Terza Rima is a run-on three-line stanza with a fixed rhyme-scheme.
◼Rhyme Royal stanza is a seven-line stanza in iambic pentameter.
◼Ottawa Rima is an eight-line stanza in iambic pentameter with a fixed rhyme-scheme.
◼Spenserian stanza is a nine-line stanza consisting of two quatrains in iambic pentameter, rounded off with an Alexandrine.

◼Blank verse has a metre but no rhyme.

◼Simile is a comparison between two things which have at least one point common.

◼Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement for the sake of emphasis.

◼The poem by Chaucer known to be the first attempt in English to use the Heroic Couplet is The Legend of Good Women.

◼Chaucer introduced the Heroic couplet in English verse and invented Rhyme Royal.

◼The invention of the genre, the Eclogues (pastoral poetry) is attributed to Alexander Barclay.

◼Mort D' Arthur is the first book in English in poetic prose.

◼First to use blank verse in English drama Thomas Sackville.

◼The first English play house called The Theatre was founded in London, 1576.
◼Thomas Wyatt introduced the sonnet form to England.

◼Thomas Nash was the creator of the picaresque novel. ( The Unfortunate Traveler)
◼Francis Bacon is the first great stylist in English prose.

◼Marlowe wrote only tragedies.

◼Sir Walter Raleigh wrote the introductory sonnet
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*Some Basic Terms Coined by Writers in Literature*
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1. Objective Correlative by T.S.Eliot
2. Dissociation of Sensibility by T.S.Eliot
3. Willing to Suspension of Disbelief by Coleridge
4. Negative Capability by Keats
5. American Renaissance by F.O Matthiessen
6.Natyashastra by Bharata
7. Rasa concept by Bharata
8. Kavya Prakasha by Mamata
9. Dhvanyaloka or Suggestion by Anandvardhana
10. Vakrokti by Kuntaka
11. Riti, Guna, Kavyalankara by Vaman
12. Positivism by August Campte
13. Romantic by Friedrich Schlegel
14. Metaphysical Poets by Dr.Johnson
15. Upstart Crow is Robert Green
16. Cultural Materialism by Raymond Williams
17. Imagism by T.E.Hume
18. Imagined Communities by Benedict Anderson
19. Horizon of Expectation by H.R.Jauss
20. Strategic Essentialism by Gayitri Spivak
21. Utilitarianism by J.S..Mill
22. Incunabula means Books published before 1501
23. Tension by Allen Tate
24. Strong Lined Poetry by G.M.Hopkins
25. Dictum 'Life Imitates Art' by John Ruskin
26. Theatre of Cruelty by Jerzy
27. Epic Theatre by Bertold Bretch
28. Theatre of Oppressed by Augusto Bal
29. Expressionist Theatre by George Kaiser
30. The Guilded Age by Mark Twain
31. Ambiguity by William Empson
32. Intertextuality by Julia Kristeva
33. Heteroglossia by M.Bakhtin
34. Dialogic Imagination by M.Bakhtin
35. Sublime by Longinus
36. Carnivalesque by M.Bakhtin
37. Jacobian Novel by Garry Kelly
38. Surrealism by Andre Breton
39. Decorum by Horace
40. The wasp of Twickenham by Pope
41. Theory of Avant Grade by Peter Berger
42. Chaucer of Scotland is William Dunbar
43. Poetic Justice by Rhymer
44. TouchStone method by M.Arnold
45. Pathetic Fallacy by John Ruskin
46. Theory of Population by Malthus
47. Provincialising Europe by Dipesh Chakravarthy
48. Egotistical Sublime is to William Wordsworth
49. Young Juvenile is Thomas Nash
50. Macabre element by John Webster
51. Sprung Rhythm and Curtal Sonnet and Inscape and Instress are by G.M.Hopkins
52. Life Force by G.B.Shaw
53. Light of Asia is Admin Arnold
54. Only Connect by E.M.Forster
55. Sports of Time by W. Wordsworth
56. Orientalism by E.Said
57. Womanism by Alice Walker
58. Third Space by Edward Doha
59. Hybridity by Homi Bhaba
60. Reception aesthetics by Wolfgang User
61. Langue and Parole by Ferdinand Saussure
62. Interlanguage by M.A.K.Halliday
63. Difference and Defferecnce by Derrida
64. Signs by Saussure
65. Stock Responses by I.A.Richards
66. Deep Structure by N.Chomsky
67. Competency and Performance by N.Chomsky
68. Readerly and Writerly Text by R.Bathes
69. Ironic and Indexical by C.S.Pierce
70.Habitus by Julia Kristeva
72. Flaneur by Walter Benjamin
73. Chora by J.Kristeva
74. Simulacrum or Simulacra by Jean Baurdrillard
75. Subaltern by G.Spivak
76. Metahistory by Hayden White
77. Polyphony by M.Bakhtin
78. Hegemony by Antonio Gramsky
79. Theoretician of Sociability is Malcolm Braburry
80. New Historicism by Greenblatt

Terms in Literature
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Most Important Terms in Literature
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🌷Comedy
it is a type of drama in which characters amuse the audience and it ends happily .

🌷Classical
Classical means a piece of literature that shows the traditions and modes of Greek and Latin writings.

🌷Antithesis
It means reversal of something It describes the opposite of something or someone.

🌷Allusion
It is used for direct reference it can be an idea,person or piece of text.

🌷Allegory
It is used to reveal the true story or hidden meanings.In this type of term characters stand for an abstract idea.Its purpose is to moralize people.

🌷Alliteration
It is a stylistics device used to describe the the repetition of a consonant in 2 or more words.

🌷Ballad
It is a form of verse.It is a poem or song which describes the story in stanzas.

🌷Biography
It is the type of literature genre in which history of a person’s life written by one else.

🌷Blank Verse
It is the type of verse written in iambic pentameter.there is no any rhyme pattern that is why it is called Blank verse.

🌷Auto-Biography
It is bio data of one's life written by the same person.

🌷Act
It is the important division of a play .In which we can see rising action, climax and resolution of the play.

🌷Canto
It is the type of poetic term in which long poems divided into many sections .

🌷Chorus
Chorus were very important in Greek plays they were stand for group of singers who narrates the circumstances and used to comment on the pathetic conditions of a tragic hero.

🌷Catharsis
It is the purification of feelings and emotions in tragedy and arouses the elements of pity and fear in audience.

🌷Catastrophe
It is the end of the hero or downfall of the tragic hero in a tragedy.

🌷Didactic
It is the type of poetry used to aim at teaching something instructional to its readers.

🌷Dirge
It is the kind of song that expresses mourning or grief.

🌷Diction
It is the use or choice of words,selection of words in literary work

🌷Dialect
It can be a language of specific area or a group of people .

🌷Difference between drama and novel
Drama is for performance while a novel is for reading.

🌷Epic
It is long poem.It has grand style and always have supernatural characters.Paradise Los by Milton.

🌷Epilogue
It can be the concluding part of a play novel or poem .

🌷Fable
It is the kind of story that describes the story based on morality.

🌷Farce
It is a comic work aim to provoke laughter in audience.

🌷Foot
It is the basic unit of meter in poem.It is usually contains one stressed syllable .

🌷Fiction
It is the type of prose fiction in which imaginations plays an important part.

🌷Genre
it refers to a classification of English literature.

🌷Hyperbole
It is taken from Greek word which means over-casting .It is a figure of speech writers used to exaggerate thing.

🌷Limerick
It is the kind of poem which has five line stanza.

🌷Metaphysical Poetry

It is highly philosophical poetry.it discusses the maters of love and existence of life.It was first coined by Samuel Johnson.

🌷Metaphor
Metaphor is a figure of speech that describes the things or objects,actions that is not true literally true .

🌷Novelette
It is extensive than a short story and less than a novel.

🌷Ode
It is a lyric poem which deals with serious matters.

🌷Prologue
it is the beginning of a fiction or a drama.

🌷Romanticism
It was movement in literature which stands for reason and focuses on emotions and feelings.

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https://t.me/English_for_NET_SET_PGT_Etc

NTA-NET SET English:
1. What ‘I’ is The Chinese Book Of divination?
Answer: I Ching.🌹
2. Who wrote the poems “Ozymandias” and “Ode to the West Wind”?
Answer: Shelley.🌹
3. What ‘TOTH’ Is A. A. Milne’s play taken from a book by Kenneth Grahame?
Answer: Toad of Toad Hall.🌹
4. What book about four days in Iowa took Robert J. Waller two weeks to write, and topped bestseller lists for seven months?
Answer: The Bridges of Madison County.🌹
5. Which comic actor and writer co-wrote the book “Life and How to Survive It”?
Answer: John Cleese.🌹
6. What town was the birthplace of William Shakespeare?
Answer: Stratford-upon-Avon.🌹
7. Who wrote Myra Breckinridge, Lincoln and Julian?
Answer: Gore Vidal.🌹
8. What ‘N’ is the bird Keats wrote an ode to?
Answer: Nightingale.🌹
9. What was the only novel to be written by Margaret Mitchell?
Answer: Gone with the Wind.🌹
10. Which Author created The Sleuths Miss Jane Marple and Hercule Poirot?
Answer: Agatha Christie.🌹
11. Which 4 letter word for having sex first appeared in a dictionary in 1986?
Answer: Bonk – not the obvious one!🌹
12. Which ‘JE’ is Governess to The Ward Of Mr Rochester, in the book bearing her name?
Answer: Jane Eyre.🌹
13. How many sonnets did William Shakespeare write?
Answer: 154.🌹
14. Which authors first (unsuccessful) book was inland voyage?
Answer: Robert Louis Stevenson.🌹
15. Who wrote “An Outcast of the Islands”?
Answer: Joseph Conrad.🌹
16. Who wrote Charlie And The Chocolate Factory?
Answer: Roald Dahl.🌹
17. In which Thomas Hardy novel does the character BathSheba Everdene Appear?
Answer: Far from the Madding Crowd.🌹
18. Who wrote the science fiction novel Slaughterhouse Five?
Answer: Kurt Vonnegut.🌹
19. What seven words provide the opening line of the Shakespeare play Richard III?
Answer: Now is the winter of our discontent.🌹
20. Which group of fans are the only ones to be mentioned in the Oxford English Dictionary?
Answer: Trekkies.🌹
21. Who wrote the novel Invisible Man In 1952?
Answer: Ralph Waldo Emerson.🌹
22. John Ridd is the male lead in which book with a girl’s name as its title?
Answer: Lorna Doone.🌹
23. Which great book was started in Bedford Jail In 1675?
Answer: The Pilgrim’s Progress.🌹
24. The authorised version of the Holy Bible was made at the order of which king?
Answer: James The First (1611).🌹
25. Which novel opens with the words, ‘Last night I dreamed I went to Manderley again … ”
Answer: Rebecca🌹
26. Who wrote about a pig called the Empress of Blandings?
Answer: P G Wodehouse.🌹
27. Whose 1995 novel The Moor’s Last Sigh enraged Hindu militants in
India?
Answer: Salman Rushdie’s.🌹
28. Which county shares its name with the first name of an English author?
Answer: Somerset (Maugham).🌹
29. What title is held by Shakespeare’s Cymbeline?
Answer: King of Britain.🌹
30. Excluding the word Hawaii what is the only word in the English dictionary that has a double i?
Answer: Skiing (Possibly Radii).🌹

𝗚𝗢𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗦𝗠𝗔𝗟𝗟 𝗧𝗛𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 𝗕𝗬 𝗔𝗥𝗨𝗡𝗗𝗛𝗔𝗧𝗜 𝗥𝗢𝗬
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Arundhati Roy published her first novel, The God of Small Things, in 1997. At the time, Roy’s work concerned political activism, human rights, and environmental issues. Her other works include “The Cost of Living,” “The End of Imagination,” and “The Doctor and The Saint.” Much of Roy’s nonfiction maintains a consistent voice on reoccurring issues, which show the reader that Roy’s first novel is a lot more personal than what’s presented.

The novel’s timeline begins around the 1960s and travels through to the 1990s. Arundhati Roy, an amateur writer at the time, took two big leaps with the structure of her novel. The God of Small Things breaks many conventions in writing and is written in a nonlinear narrative.

The God of Small Things takes place in Ayemenem, a small village in the southwestern Indian state of Kerala. The novel follows two-egg twins, Rahel and Estha, the quiet and the empty. The political and social implications Roy covers in this book set barriers for the two-egg twins. Some of the major themes are Western influence and its domination of the Eastern hemisphere, gender roles in new-born communist societies, and what Roy refers to as the “love laws.”

The narrative’s first section is a flashback to the funeral of Sophie Mol, Estha and Rahel’s half-English cousin. In the beginning, we see Estha and Rahel alongside their single mother, Ammu, apart from the rest of their family during the funeral service. They are purposely segregated from the group, but for reasons unknown. Right away, this scene is a metaphor for the forced segregation allowed by law during the caste system’s existence in India. While the caste system is no longer in place in the novel, its effects remain very much alive through forms of discrimination. The family’s seclusion is an example of the normative, while Ammu and her two-egg twins are examples of the outsider.

Sophie Mol’s presence takes precedence. Even though Ammu is jobless, practically homeless, and raising two kids on her own, she is expected to welcome Sophie Mol and her mother, Margaret, due to all the time at her disposal. Roy highlights the privileges that Sophie Mol arrives to, using the children’s rhetoric techniques and even the children’s literature. The children are expected to learn English for Sophie Mol, with the correct “pre-NUN-sea-ayshun.” The children are expected to learn Shakespeare, so Sophie Mol feels like she is at home, back in England. At face value, the reader is saddened by her death, yet it is noted that the children had a minuscule connection with her and interacted with her through a forced etiquette. Sophie Mol does little to adapt to life in Ayemenem, while the twins do everything they can to adopt English culture.

The second half of the novel takes full consideration of Ammu’s sacrifices. She realizes her mistakes very early on but is the one who suffers the most for other people’s decisions. In her first marriage, her husband becomes a drunk and leaves, and she is stuck taking care of twins on her own. She is left with nowhere to turn except back home at the Paradise Pickle and Preserves mansion in Ayemenem.

However, her aunt, Kochamma, places a limit on her stay. Ammu teaches her children to behave using odd techniques. Rather than using traditional discipline, she makes her children feel guilty. Basically, she tells them that if they do not behave, people will get a bad impression of her. Roy details Ammu’s desire for a clean reputation as a mother. Ammu understands how people react to the idea of single mothers, especially in the cultural context. Her biggest concern is how her children will be received if people realize their mother’s past. Roy’s realistic detail in describing minuscule lessons on behavior and social interaction become extremely vivid in Ammu’s role as a woman in India.

The entire novel focuses on the “love laws,” which basically determine who the twins can love, how they can love them, and how much they can love them

. The “love laws” are most vivid in the character of Velutha, Ammu’s hidden love interest, and one of the very few men in the twins’ lives. Before the laws changed in India, Velutha was an untouchable, the lowest caste in the Hindu Caste system. When the Caste system lawfully discriminated against the untouchables, Velutha faced blatant discrimination. Yet, not much changes when the law is overturned.

Velutha cannot claim his love for Ammu because of what her mother might think. Velutha cannot raise Ammu’s children as he’d wish, and he is shunned by most of his coworkers at Paradise Pickles and Preserves. Velutha enforces the children’s innocence with his careful nature, while every other adult in the novel slowly shatters the twins’ curious outlook on life. Velutha sneaks off into the night to console Ammu, even though they admit their love is forbidden. Velutha is the only man who respects Ammu and her choices. And although Velutha is the most wholesome character throughout the entire novel, he is the one with the worst punishment.

It can be argued that Velutha is an allusion to Dr. Bhimarao Ramji Ambedkar, a former untouchable, who was a leader and representative in the anti-caste movement. Arundhati Roy wrote the essay “The Doctor and The Saint” to expose Gandhi’s ideals through his contradictions. Her essay details the vigorous work Dr. Ambedkar did for the anti-caste movement and her rage regarding his lack of recognition. Dr. Ambedkar rallied thousands of untouchables to question the government they lived under. He believed the merit of someone’s worth came from their work and not their birth. Roy argues that Dr. Ambedkar’s work is buried in history because of his background as a former untouchable, while Gandhi’s fame came from him already being a wealthy, educated man.

Velutha’s presence is never recognized, even though the family’s private business is only in operation because of his work. Plus, Ammu is only surviving because she is clinging to the hope that she and Velutha will one day be able to share a life together. No one recognizes the real, undeniable love Velutha holds for Ammu’s children. Velutha’s tragic ending, compared to his careful, good nature is The God of Small Things’ greatest contradiction. Roy moves the reader with pathos, only to show us our own contradictions. We let our biases distort reality.

Arundhati Roy takes us to the other side of the world with a very relevant, relatable topic. The issue with India’s caste system is the same issue the United States has with race. Reading The God of Small Things is a life-altering experience, and one that I recommend taking. Roy’s wide themes explore a specific human experience in its social context, while remaining relevant to a universal audience.
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𝐓𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐊𝐒 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐆
English Literature for NET, SET, PGT Etc.☺️

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Classical Literature👆👇