The Road Not Taken

Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;

Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,

And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black.
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
I doubted if I should ever come back.

I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
Robert Frost

POET LAUREATE OF USA:

The position of poet laureate of the United States is somewhat different from that of Britain, where the title was first established in the 17th century. Whereas the British office renders the laureate a salaried member of the British royal household, the American poet laureate acts as the chair of poetry for the Library of Congress. The position was established in 1936 by an endowment from the author Archer M. Huntington, and the title of poet laureate was created in 1985. Although the British poet laureate is now free of specific poetic duties, the American poet laureate, who is appointed annually, is expected to present one major poetic work and to appear at certain national ceremonies. This list orders the laureates chronologically, from the first to the most recent.

Joseph Auslander
Allen Tate
Robert Penn Warren
Louise Bogan
Karl Shapiro
Robert Lowell, Jr.
Léonie Adams
Elizabeth Bishop
Conrad Aiken
William Carlos Williams
Randall Jarrell
Robert Frost
Richard Eberhart
Louis Untermeyer
Howard Nemerov
Reed Whittemore
Stephen Spender
James Dickey
William Jay Smith
William Stafford
Josephine Jacobsen
Daniel Hoffman
Stanley Kunitz
Robert Hayden
William Meredith
Maxine Kumin
Anthony Hecht
Robert Fitzgerald
Reed Whittemore
Gwendolyn Brooks
Robert Penn Warren
Richard Wilbur
Howard Nemerov
Mark Strand
Joseph Brodsky
Mona Van Duyn
Rita Dove
Robert Hass
Robert Pinsky
Stanley Kunitz
Billy Collins
Louise Glück
Ted Kooser
Donald Hall
Charles Simic
Kay Ryan
W.S. Merwin
Philip Levine
Natasha Trethewey
Charles Wright
Juan Felipe Herrera
Tracy K. Smith

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English Literature questions with answers 🌟🌻🦋👇🎄🌲🌷🌹

1.The earliest surviving work in English Literature is
Ans: Caedmon's Hymn
2. The epic poem Beowulf consists
Ans: 3182 alliterative lines
3. Which epic poem from old English Literature has been declared the national epic poem of England?
Ans: Beowulf Epic Poem
4. The epic poem Beowulf is written in
Ans: Scandinavian Script
5. Who wrote the epic poem Beowulf?
Ans: Anonymous
6. The Old English "Martyrology" is a Merican collection of
Ans: Hagiographies
7. Eynsham was a prolific 10th-century writer of
Ans: Hagiographies and Homilies
8. The earliest English poet whose name is known is;
Ans: Caedmon
9. King Alfred's reign ended in
Ans: 9th century
10. In the battle of Maldon in 991, The Anglo-Saxons failed to prevent
Ans: Vikings' Invasion
11. "The Wanderer" is an old English poem that consists
Ans: 115 Lines of alliterative verse
12. A poem that mourns a loss, or has the more general meaning of a simply sorrowful piece of writing is called;
Ans: Elegy
13. The English Literature is generally seen as beginning with the;
Ans: Epic Poem Beowulf
14. Normans conquered England in
Ans: 1066
15. Which language became the standard language of courts, parliament and polite society during the reign of Normans?
Ans: Law French
16. Who translated the Bible in the Middle English Period?
Ans: Wycliffe
17. Which pre-Reformation movement rejected many of the distinctive teachings of the Roman Catholic Church?
Ans: The Lollard Movement
18. The term "Lollard" refers to whom?
Ans: The followers of John Wycliffe
19. A prominent theologian who was dismissed from the University of Oxford in 1381 for criticism of the Church was:
Ans: John Wycliffe
20. Middle English Period lasts until:
Ans: 1470
21. Patience and Purity are alliterative poems written by;
Ans: Sir Gawain
22. What is the term "Chancery Standard" meant in English Literature?
Ans: A form of London-based English
23. Where is the Geoffrey Chaucer buried in?
Ans: Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey
24. Geoffrey Chaucer is best known for his;
Ans: Canterbury Tales
25. The first recorded association of Valentine's Day is in Chaucer's;
Ans: Parliament of Fouls
26. Who was the personal friend of Geoffrey Chaucer?
Ans: John Gower
27. Which book is believed to be the first published book written by a woman in the English language?
Ans: Revelation of Divine Love
28. William Caxton invented the printing press in
Ans: 1476
29. Pilgrim's progress is a famous allegory of medieval period written by;
Ans: John Bunyan
30. Renaissance is usually regarded as beginning in 14th-century in;
Ans: Italy
31. The term Renaissance in English Literature means
Ans: Re-birth
32. The English Renaissance was actually the;
Ans: Cultural and Artistic Movement
33. John Florio was an excellent;
Ans: Linguist and Lexicographer
34. Sonnet was introduced into English Literature from
Ans: Italian Literature
35. The Faerie Queene, an epic poem was written by
Ans: Edmund Spencer
36. The Defense of Poetry is the work of
Ans: Sir Philip Sidney
37. What is significant about "Gorboduc" the first verse drama in English Literature?
Ans: Blank Verse was used in it for the first time ever
38. Reign of the Elizabeth-I started in
Ans: 1558
39. Reign of the James-I started in
Ans: 1603
40. Thomas Wyatt is one of the earliest English poet of
Ans: Renaissance Age
41. Who is known as the poets' poet in English Literature?
Ans: Edmund Spencer
42. Sonnet is a
Ans: 14-lines poem
43. What is called the first eight lines of Sonnet?
Ans: Octave
44. What is called the last six lines of Sonnet?
Ans: Sestet
45. What is the rhyming scheme of Octave in sonnet?
Ans: a-b-b-a-a-b-b-a
46. What is the rhyming scheme of sestet in sonnet?
Ans: : c-d-e-c-d-e or c-d-c-c-d-c.
47. William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and Christopher Marlowe were
Ans: Elizabethan playwrights.
48. Dr. Faustus is the very famous play, written by
Ans: Christopher Marlowe
49. The Alchemist, comedy was written by
Ans: Ben Johnson
50. The 'Table Alphabetically' i

s believed to be first ever dictionary in English language was written in 1604 by;
Ans: Robert Cawd.
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*Cultural Studies*
🌹Importan Authors 🌹
Roland Barthes
Walter Benjamin
Susan Bordo
Frantz Fanon
Michel Foucault Antonio Gramsci
Jurgen Habermas Stuart Hall
Donna Haraway
Dick Hebdige
Max Horkheimer Theodor W. Adorno Laura Mulvey
Edward W. Said Raymond Williams

cultural materialism literature?
Cultural materialism emerged as a theoretical movement in the early 1980s along with new historicism, an American approach to early modern literature, with which it shares much common ground. The term was coined by Williams, who used it to describe a theoretical blending of leftist cultural ism and Marxist analysis.

ThecharacterStephenDedaluswasmodelledon--------(JamesJoyce)

336.InwhichnovelJoyceuses‘StreamofConsciousness’technique?(Ulysses)

337.Whointroduced‘StreamofConsciousness’technique?(VirginiaWoolf)

338.WhichworkofVirginiaWoolfremainsincomplete?(Orlando,aBiography)

339.WhichnovelofEdwardMorganForsterdealswiththemisunderstandingbetweenindividualandraces?(Howards’End)

340.InwhichnovelofEdwardMorganForsterdealswiththeconflictbetweentwodifferentcultures?(WhereAngelsFeartoTread)

341.WhichnovelofAldousLeonardHuxleyisalightenedsatireoncontemporarysociety?(CromeYellow)

342.WhichnovelderivesitstitlefromShakespeare?(BraveNewworld)

343.WhichwasthebestnovelofMaugham?(CakesandAle)

344.----------isanautobiographicalnovel(OfHumanBoundage)

345.WhichnovelofPriestleydealswiththestoryoftheadventuresoftouring?(TheGoodCompanions)

346.WhoworkedasadirectorofFaberandFaberpublication?(T.S.Eliot)

347.WhichpoemwasbasedonTheLegendofFisherKing?(TheWasteLand)

348.WhichbookofT.S.Eliotcontainsnon-dramaticpoetry?(FourQuartets)

349.WhichplaycontainsthemovingspeechesofchorusofthewomenofCanterbury?(MurderintheCathedral)

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384.TheJourneyoftheMagiisapoemwrittenbyT.S.Eliot.Anotherpiecewrittenby‘O’Henryistitled--------(TheGiftoftheMagi)

385.WhatisthelengthofT.S.Eliot’sTheWasteLand?(FiveParts–about400lines)

386.BetweenOctober–November1922TheWasteLandwasserializedin--------(TheCriterion)

387.HowwouldyouclassifyThelove–songofAlfredY.Prufrock’?(Asadramaticmonologue)

388.HippopotamusapoembyT.S.Eliotisasatireon--------(TheChurch)389.WhoistheauthorofI.Claudius?(RobertGraves)

390.Never,NeverLandisdepictedin--------(ThePigeonbyJohnGalsworthy)

391.Humannaturedoesnotchange.ThisThemerunsin--------(J.M.Barrie’sDearBrutus)

392.Whosays‘Godotwillcomeandwewillbesavedifwedrophim’hiswillpunishus--------(Vladimir)

393.IntheplayChairs,Lonescoshowsemptinessofexistencebyrepresenting--------(Emptychairs)

Top 10 Linguists of All Time

(1) Noam Chomsky (1928-present) revolutionized the philosophy of language as well as the formal methods used to describe linguistic structures. Most schools of linguistic thought either directly incorporate his views on the generative nature of syntactic structure, or stand in reaction to it.

(2) Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) was the first linguist to distinguish between synchronic and diachronic analyses of language: how languages function today versus how they evolved over time. He is also considered the father of semiotics.

(3) Pāṇini (ca. 4th century BC) was a profoundly influential Sanskrit grammarian who formulated rules of morphological analysis that were more advanced than any western linguist until the 20th century.

(4) Roman Jakobson (1896-1982) developed many of de Saussure's ideas about synchronic linguistics, including introducing the distinction between phonetic and phonological representations of languages, as well as the notion of linguistic markedness and feature theory.

(5) Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835) was the first modern European linguist to identify language as a rule-governed system rather than a hodge-podge collection of words and phrases. Besides advancing our understanding of Indo-European languages, he was also one of the first to investigate the notion of subtrate phenomena by identifying place names in Spain and France where Basque used to be spoken.

(6) Edward Sapir (1884-1939) helped to establish that non-European languages have structures as complex as European ones, and sometimes more so. He helped to document dozens of native languages of the Americas (especially the Athabaskan family), established by and large which were related to which, and became famous for his investigations of the relationship between language and thought, known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (or Linguistic relativity).

(7) Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949) made major contributions to the study of Indo-European, Austronesian and especially Algonquian languages, but he is best known for his popularization of scientific approaches to language, particularly through Structural linguistics and later Behaviorism.

(8) Joseph Greenberg (1915-2001) became best known for his contributions to the study of language typology (how language varies across time and space), but became controversial later in life for the methods of mass-comparison that used in reconstructing the proto-families of Africa and the Americas.

(9) Karl Brugmann (1849-1919) helped to establish the systematicity of sound change as a feature of language evolution through time and began to make linguistics independent of classical philology.

(10) Sibawayh (760-796) wrote the first grammar of Arabic and was the first grammarian (outside India) to actually analyze the grammar rather than merely describe it. He backed up his claims with empirical data rather than a priori theorizing about what should be correct or incorrect, and set the standard for much grammatical reasoning for the next thousand years.

Animal Farm is a novel about a group of animals who take control of the farm they live on.

The animals get fed up of their master, Farmer Jones, so they kick him out. Once they are free of the tyrant Jones, life on the farm is good for a while and there is hope for a happier future of less work, better education and more food. However, trouble brews as the pigs, Napoleon and Snowball, fight for the hearts and minds of the other animals on the farm. Napoleon seizes power by force and ends up exploiting the animals just as Farmer Jones had done. The novel ends with the pigs behaving and even dressing like the humans the animals tried to get rid of in the first place.

Equality and inequality:

In Animal Farm, Orwell uses the animals and their actions to make the reader think about equality and inequality. Before 1917, the majority of Russian people suffered from great inequality - they had far less money and food than the ruling classes.

Likewise, before the rebellion in Animal Farm Mr Jones takes everything that the animals have away from them. After the Rebellion the animals are free from the tyranny of Mr Jones and seek to establish equality amongst themselves.

One of the Commandments is 'All animals are equal'. However, this equality is short-lived and the pigs begin to bend the rules until inequality returns to the farm.

Power and control:

Power and control is one of the most important themes in Animal Farm. Orwell explores political power - Mr Jones owns the farm and the animals and uses his men and whips to keep them under control and maintain his power.

Orwell shows that the animals have the power to challenge Mr Jones' control and take over the farm - using power in a positive way. He then explores how the pigs use rhetoric and propaganda to establish themselves in power and take control of the farm. It is interesting that the working animals, especially Boxer the horse, have great physical power but they don’t use it to break free from the control of the pigs.

Old Major is partly based on Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Karl Marx, was a German philosopher who lived during the 19th-century. His ideas formed the basis of communism - his ideas are collectively known as ‘Marxism’, like ‘Animalism’ in the novel. He developed theories on how power structures in society keep people under control. Vladimir Lenin was a Russian revolutionary who established a form of ‘Marxism’ in Russia in the early 20th-century.

Orwell explores the idea of power leading to corruption. Many of the characters in the novel are eventually corrupted by the power they have, particularly the pigs, as they manipulate their position of leadership to exploit other animals.

Animal Farm - Characters overview:

The characters in Animal Farm can be split into three groups - the humans, the pigs and the other animals. The humans are the villains, thoughtless and neglectful. The pigs are scheming, clever and forceful and replace the humans as villains. The other farmyard animals are trusting, passive and hardworking - they are the heroic victims of the novel. Each group represents a different element of the Russian Revolution in 1917.

Main characters:

Old Major
Napoleon
Snowball
Boxer

Secondary characters:

Mr Jones
Squealer
Benjamin

Minor characters:

Clover - the mother figure of the farm. A kind and caring horse that sees the faults in Napoleon’s rule but like Boxer, lacks the words to express herself.
The dogs - there are good dogs: Bluebell, Jessie and Pitcher, then there are Napoleon's dogs that he uses to police the farm. They represent the secret organisations of the police.
The hens - they bravely protest about their eggs being taken.
Mollie - a horse that is happy to be ruled by humans.
Moses - Jones' pet raven, also a preacher.
The young pigs - they speak out against Napoleon and are executed as a result.
The sheep - they interrupt debate on the farm with chants of "four legs good, two legs bad". They play a crucial role in Napoleon's rise to power.
Mr Pilkington - an 'easy going' gentleman farmer who spends most of his time hunting

.
Mr Frederick - a tough farmer who fights to get what he wants.
Mr Whymper - a lawyer that the pigs hire.

________________
1. Which narrative poem by Lord Tennyson presents the story of a fisherman turned merchant-sailor who, after a shipwreck, is marooned on a desert island ?
(1) "Crossing the Bar"
(2) "Tithonus"
3) "Enoch Arden" ☑️
(4) "Maud"

Additional Info:
Enoch Arden is a narrative poem published in 1864 by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. The hero of the poem, fisherman turned merchant sailor Enoch Arden, leaves his wife Annie and three children to go to sea with his old captain, who offers him work after he had lost his job due to an accident; in a manner that reflects the hero's masculine view of personal toil and hardship to support his family, Enoch Arden left his family to better serve them as a husband and father. However during his voyage, Enoch Arden is shipwrecked on a desert island with two companions; both eventually die, leaving Arden alone there. Enoch Arden remains lost and missing for more than ten years.

He finds upon his return from the sea that, after his long absence, his wife, who believed him dead, is married happily to another man, his childhood friend Philip (Annie has known both men since her childhood, thus the rivalry), and has a child by him. Enoch's life remains unfulfilled, with one of his children now dead, and his wife and remaining children now being cared for by his onetime rival.

Enoch never reveals to his wife and children that he is really alive, as he loves her too much to spoil her new happiness. Enoch dies of a broken heart.

________________
2. In "Memorial Verses" Matthew Arnold pays tribute to three great poets. Who are they ?
(1) Goethe, Shakespeare, Wordsworth
(2) Goethe, Shakespeare, Milton -
(3) Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth
(4) Goethe, Wordsworth, Byron ☑️

Additional Info:
Memorial Verses April 1850

Goethe in Weimar sleeps, and Greece,
Long since, saw Byron's struggle cease.
But one such death remain'd to come;
The last poetic voice is dumb—
We stand to-day by Wordsworth's tomb

________________
3. Who among the following English playwrights wrote screenplays on novels such as Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time, John Fowles's French Lieutenant's Woman, and Margaret Atwood's Handmaid's Tale ?
(1) John Arden
(2) Edward Bond
(3) Harold Pinter ☑️
(4) David Hare

Additional Info:
Harold Pinter was a Nobel Prize-winning British playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. One of the most influential modern British dramatists, his writing career spanned more than 50 years. His best-known plays include The Birthday Party (1957), The Homecoming (1964), and Betrayal (1978), each of which he adapted for the screen. His screenplay adaptations of others' works include The Servant (1963), The Go-Between (1971), The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981), The Trial (1993), and Sleuth (2007). He also directed or acted in radio, stage, television, and film productions of his own and others' works.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Harold_Pinter

________________
4. The years in English literary history between 1649 and 1660 are known as
(1) the Neo-classical period
(2) the Commonwealth period ☑️
(3) the Stuart period
(4) the Jacobean period

Additional Info:
This era in English history can be divided into four periods:
The first period of the Commonwealth of England from 1649 until 1653
The Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell from 1653 to 1658
The Protectorate under Richard Cromwell from 1658 to 1659
The second period of the Commonwealth of England from 1659 until 1660

________________
5. In R.K. Narayan's Swami and Friends, which game offers Swami the best kind of emotional release from the strains and pressures of disagreeable circumstances ?
(1) cricket ☑️
(2) football
(3) tennis
(4) hockey

Additional Info:
Cricket is a game mentioned throughtout the novel. Swami's friend Rajam is the Captain of Malgudi Cricket Club (Victory Union Eleven). The other cricketers mentioned in the book are Jack Hobbs, Donald Bradman, Duleep, Maurice Tate

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NTA-NET SET English:
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Famous authours and their pseudonyms-
_____________________
1. Emily Brontë - Ellis Bell
2.Charlotte Brontë - Currer Bell
3.Anne Brontë - Acton Bell
4.Daniel Foe -Daniel Defoe
5.Charles Lamb -Elia
6. Mary Ann Evans -George Eliot
7. Eric Arthur Blair - George Orwell
8. Charles Dickens - Boz
9Agatha Christie -Mary Westmacott
10.William Sydney Porter - O. Henry
11.Hector Hugh Munro - Saki
12. François-Marie Arouet - Voltaire
13.Ray Bradbury - Douglas Spaulding
14.Doris Lessing - Jane Somers
15. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson - Lewis Caroll
16. Samuel Langhorne Clemens - Mark Twain
17. Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum - Ayn Rand
18.John Anthony Burgess Wilson - Anthony Burgess
19.Ford Hermann Hueffer - Ford Madox Ford
20.Erika Leonard(born Erika Mitchell) - E. L. James
21.Theodor Seuss Geisel - Dr. Seuss
22.Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski - Joseph Conrad
23. Robert Lynd - Y.Y
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