POETICS:
ARISTOTLE’S OBSERVATION ON POETRY:
• Aristotle's work on aesthetics consists of the Poetics, Politics and Rhetoric.
• The Poetics is specifically concerned with drama.
• It is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory.
• Poetics contains twenty six small chapters.
• Chapter I, II, III, IV and the XXV are devoted to poetry.
• Chapter V in general way to comedy, epic, and tragedy.
• Chapter VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII and XIX are exclusively to tragedy.
• Chapter XX, XXI and XXII to poetic diction.
• Chapter XXIII to epic poetry.
• Chapter XXIV, XXVI to a comparison of epic poetry and tragedy.
• According to Aristotle the poet imitates things ‘as they were or are’, ‘as they are said or thought to be’ or ‘as they ought to be’.
• Unlike Plato, Aristotle does not consider the poet’s imitations of life as twice removed from reality.
• To prove this Aristotle makes a comparison between poetry and history. The poet relates what may happen. The historian relates what has happened. Poetry therefore is more philosophical and higher than history.
• Aristotle considers pleasure as the end of poetry. Because it pleases both poet and reader.
• Poetry makes an immediate appeal to the emotions.
• Tragedy arouses the emotions of pity and fear.
• According to him these emotions are aroused with a view to their purgation or catharsis.
• Aristotle says that emotional appeal of poetry is not harmful but health-giving.
• Poetry can also be an excellent learning device.
ARISTOTLE’S OBSERVATION ON POETRY:
• Aristotle's work on aesthetics consists of the Poetics, Politics and Rhetoric.
• The Poetics is specifically concerned with drama.
• It is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory.
• Poetics contains twenty six small chapters.
• Chapter I, II, III, IV and the XXV are devoted to poetry.
• Chapter V in general way to comedy, epic, and tragedy.
• Chapter VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII and XIX are exclusively to tragedy.
• Chapter XX, XXI and XXII to poetic diction.
• Chapter XXIII to epic poetry.
• Chapter XXIV, XXVI to a comparison of epic poetry and tragedy.
• According to Aristotle the poet imitates things ‘as they were or are’, ‘as they are said or thought to be’ or ‘as they ought to be’.
• Unlike Plato, Aristotle does not consider the poet’s imitations of life as twice removed from reality.
• To prove this Aristotle makes a comparison between poetry and history. The poet relates what may happen. The historian relates what has happened. Poetry therefore is more philosophical and higher than history.
• Aristotle considers pleasure as the end of poetry. Because it pleases both poet and reader.
• Poetry makes an immediate appeal to the emotions.
• Tragedy arouses the emotions of pity and fear.
• According to him these emotions are aroused with a view to their purgation or catharsis.
• Aristotle says that emotional appeal of poetry is not harmful but health-giving.
• Poetry can also be an excellent learning device.
The Nobel Prize:
• It is a Swedish literature prize.
• It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895.
• It has become the world's most prestigious literature prize.
• Alfred Nobel in his last will stated that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature.
• According to Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy was to award the Prize in Literature.
• The award is usually announced in October.
• A Literature Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.
• The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year.
• If a prize is awarded jointly to two or more laureates, the money is split among them.
• The laureate is also invited to give a lecture during "Nobel Week" in Stockholm’
• The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket in Sweden.
• Since 2012 the Nobel medals has been manufactured by Mint of Norway.
• The first literature prize was awarded to French poet and essayist Sully Prudhomme in 1901.
• In 1909, Selma Legerlof became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.
• The youngest winner to date is Mumbai-born British author Rudyard Kipling.
• Rabindranath Tagore was the first non-European or non-white recipient of the Nobel Prize.
• Doris Lessing is the oldest winner.
• The Nobel Medal for Literature was designed by Swedish sculptor and engraver Erik Lindberg and represents a young man sitting under a laurel tree.
• It will not be awarded in 2018, but two names will be awarded in 2019.
• It is a Swedish literature prize.
• It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895.
• It has become the world's most prestigious literature prize.
• Alfred Nobel in his last will stated that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature.
• According to Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy was to award the Prize in Literature.
• The award is usually announced in October.
• A Literature Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.
• The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year.
• If a prize is awarded jointly to two or more laureates, the money is split among them.
• The laureate is also invited to give a lecture during "Nobel Week" in Stockholm’
• The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket in Sweden.
• Since 2012 the Nobel medals has been manufactured by Mint of Norway.
• The first literature prize was awarded to French poet and essayist Sully Prudhomme in 1901.
• In 1909, Selma Legerlof became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.
• The youngest winner to date is Mumbai-born British author Rudyard Kipling.
• Rabindranath Tagore was the first non-European or non-white recipient of the Nobel Prize.
• Doris Lessing is the oldest winner.
• The Nobel Medal for Literature was designed by Swedish sculptor and engraver Erik Lindberg and represents a young man sitting under a laurel tree.
• It will not be awarded in 2018, but two names will be awarded in 2019.
1. Where was Aristotle born?
ANS: Stagira
2. Which pupil of Aristotle became a conqueror?
ANS: Alexander
3. When did Aristotle live?
ANS: 384-322 BC
4. To where did Aristotle withdraw after Alexander's death?
ANS: Chalcis
5. Which philosopher was Aristotle’s master?
ANS: Plato
6. Who was the first literary critic who said that “Art is twice removed from reality”?
ANS: Plato
7. Aristotle discusses the theory of Tragedy in -----
ANS: Poetics
8. Aristotle’s critical work is entitled----
ANS: Poetics
9. Which Academy colleague left with Aristotle after Plato's death and accompanied him in some of his travels?
ANS: Xenocrates
10. Whose niece did Aristotle marry?
ANS: Hermias’s
11. For which subject is Aristotle least known?
ANS: Mathematics
12. What did Aristotle refer to metaphysics as?
ANS: First Philosophy
13. What was the profession of Aristotle's father?
ANS: Physician
14. What was the name of Aristotle's guardian after his parents' death?
ANS: Proxenus
15. What did Aristotle found in 335 BC?
ANS: A school (The Lyceum, in Athens)
ANS: Stagira
2. Which pupil of Aristotle became a conqueror?
ANS: Alexander
3. When did Aristotle live?
ANS: 384-322 BC
4. To where did Aristotle withdraw after Alexander's death?
ANS: Chalcis
5. Which philosopher was Aristotle’s master?
ANS: Plato
6. Who was the first literary critic who said that “Art is twice removed from reality”?
ANS: Plato
7. Aristotle discusses the theory of Tragedy in -----
ANS: Poetics
8. Aristotle’s critical work is entitled----
ANS: Poetics
9. Which Academy colleague left with Aristotle after Plato's death and accompanied him in some of his travels?
ANS: Xenocrates
10. Whose niece did Aristotle marry?
ANS: Hermias’s
11. For which subject is Aristotle least known?
ANS: Mathematics
12. What did Aristotle refer to metaphysics as?
ANS: First Philosophy
13. What was the profession of Aristotle's father?
ANS: Physician
14. What was the name of Aristotle's guardian after his parents' death?
ANS: Proxenus
15. What did Aristotle found in 335 BC?
ANS: A school (The Lyceum, in Athens)
Aphorism:
• ‘Aphorism’ is a term transferred from the “Aphorisms of Hippocrates”.
• Hippocrates, the ancient Greek physician, coined the term aphorism. He wrote a book called Aphorisms, which was full of short statements expressing medical truths.
• Aphorism is a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner.
• In ancient times many of these aphorisms were in religious literature.
• Aphoristic collections, sometimes known as wisdom literature.
• Making use of aphorisms allows a writer to teach a philosophical or moral truth.
• The first noted published collection of aphorisms is Adagia by Erasmus.
• Many popular quotes that get passed around are examples of aphorisms.
• Aphorisms are closely related to proverbs and adages.
• Two influential collections of aphorisms published in the twentieth century were The Uncombed Thoughts by Stanisław Jerzy Lec and Itch of Wisdom by Mikhail Turovsky.
• Sir Francis Bacon excels in the aphoristic style of writing. Possibly, his sayings are the most quoted of all. Consider the following examples: “Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability.” (Of Studies)
• Alexander Pope was a great aphoristic writer of the 18th century.
Example: “To err is human, to forgive divine.” (An Essay on Criticism)
• Literary writers such as Franz Kafka and Oscar Wilde are also noted for their frequent usage of aphorisms.
• Writers of literature often invent memorable aphorisms because they need to communicate a big idea in a striking manner.
• Some aphorisms that originated in literature and their origin is practically unknown, while other aphorisms
• ‘Aphorism’ is a term transferred from the “Aphorisms of Hippocrates”.
• Hippocrates, the ancient Greek physician, coined the term aphorism. He wrote a book called Aphorisms, which was full of short statements expressing medical truths.
• Aphorism is a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner.
• In ancient times many of these aphorisms were in religious literature.
• Aphoristic collections, sometimes known as wisdom literature.
• Making use of aphorisms allows a writer to teach a philosophical or moral truth.
• The first noted published collection of aphorisms is Adagia by Erasmus.
• Many popular quotes that get passed around are examples of aphorisms.
• Aphorisms are closely related to proverbs and adages.
• Two influential collections of aphorisms published in the twentieth century were The Uncombed Thoughts by Stanisław Jerzy Lec and Itch of Wisdom by Mikhail Turovsky.
• Sir Francis Bacon excels in the aphoristic style of writing. Possibly, his sayings are the most quoted of all. Consider the following examples: “Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability.” (Of Studies)
• Alexander Pope was a great aphoristic writer of the 18th century.
Example: “To err is human, to forgive divine.” (An Essay on Criticism)
• Literary writers such as Franz Kafka and Oscar Wilde are also noted for their frequent usage of aphorisms.
• Writers of literature often invent memorable aphorisms because they need to communicate a big idea in a striking manner.
• Some aphorisms that originated in literature and their origin is practically unknown, while other aphorisms
www.englishlecturenotes.com
Shakespeare’s dramatic work is generally divided in four periods:
1. The First Period(1588-1593):
a) Henry VI
b) Titus Andronicus
Comedies…
c) Love’s Labour’s Lost
d) Two Gentlemen of Verona
e) The Comedy of Errors
f) A Midsummer Night's Dream
Tragedy
g) Romeo and Juliet
2. The Second Period(1594- 1600):
a) Richard II
b) King John
c) The Merchant of Venice
d) Henry IV, part I
e) Henry IV, part II
f) Henry V
g) The Taming of the Shrew
h) The Merry Wives of Windsor
i) Much Ado About Nothing
j) As You Like It
k) Twelfth Night
3. The Third Period(1601- 1608):
a) Julius Caesar
b) Hamlet
c) All’s Well That Ends Well
d) Measure for Measure
e) Troilus and Cressida
f) Othello
g) King Lear
h) Macbeth
i) Antony and Cleopatra
j) Coriolanus
k) Timon of Athens
4. The Fourth Period(1608- 1612):
a) Cymbeline
b) The Tempest
c) Winter,s Tale
d) Pericles
e) Henry VIII
Shakespeare’s dramatic work is generally divided in four periods:
1. The First Period(1588-1593):
a) Henry VI
b) Titus Andronicus
Comedies…
c) Love’s Labour’s Lost
d) Two Gentlemen of Verona
e) The Comedy of Errors
f) A Midsummer Night's Dream
Tragedy
g) Romeo and Juliet
2. The Second Period(1594- 1600):
a) Richard II
b) King John
c) The Merchant of Venice
d) Henry IV, part I
e) Henry IV, part II
f) Henry V
g) The Taming of the Shrew
h) The Merry Wives of Windsor
i) Much Ado About Nothing
j) As You Like It
k) Twelfth Night
3. The Third Period(1601- 1608):
a) Julius Caesar
b) Hamlet
c) All’s Well That Ends Well
d) Measure for Measure
e) Troilus and Cressida
f) Othello
g) King Lear
h) Macbeth
i) Antony and Cleopatra
j) Coriolanus
k) Timon of Athens
4. The Fourth Period(1608- 1612):
a) Cymbeline
b) The Tempest
c) Winter,s Tale
d) Pericles
e) Henry VIII
✍ _*येत्या 30 जून रोजी राज्यस्तरीय पात्रता परीक्षा (सेट) परीक्षा*_
_*LetsUp | Update*_
📅 सावित्रीबाई फुले पुणे विद्यापीठामार्फत महाराष्ट्र आणि गोवा राज्यात घेण्यात येणारी राज्यस्तरीय पात्रता परीक्षा (सेट) परीक्षा येत्या 30 जून रोजी घेण्यात येणार, याचे वेळापत्रक फेब्रुवारी महिन्यात जाहीर करण्यात येणार
👉 यंदाच्या सेट परीक्षेच्या स्वरूपात बदल - परीक्षेत दोनच पेपर घेण्यात येणार, ही परीक्षा ऑफलाइन होणार असल्याची विद्यापीठाची माहिती
📝 सेट परीक्षेत आता 350 गुणांसाठी घेण्यात येणारे तीन पेपरचे रूपांतर दोनच पेपरमध्ये करण्यात येणार, त्यानुसार पहिला पेपर 100 गुण, तर दुसरा पेपर 200 गुण अशा एकूण 300 गुणांसाठी एकाच दिवशी तीन तास ही परीक्षा घेण्यात येणार
💫 परीक्षेचा अर्ज ऑनलाइनच भरावा लागणार, हे ऑनलाइन अर्ज आधारकार्डला लिंक करण्यात आले आहे, त्यामुळे विद्यार्थ्यांकडे आधारकार्ड असणे अनिवार्य
_*LetsUp | Update*_
📅 सावित्रीबाई फुले पुणे विद्यापीठामार्फत महाराष्ट्र आणि गोवा राज्यात घेण्यात येणारी राज्यस्तरीय पात्रता परीक्षा (सेट) परीक्षा येत्या 30 जून रोजी घेण्यात येणार, याचे वेळापत्रक फेब्रुवारी महिन्यात जाहीर करण्यात येणार
👉 यंदाच्या सेट परीक्षेच्या स्वरूपात बदल - परीक्षेत दोनच पेपर घेण्यात येणार, ही परीक्षा ऑफलाइन होणार असल्याची विद्यापीठाची माहिती
📝 सेट परीक्षेत आता 350 गुणांसाठी घेण्यात येणारे तीन पेपरचे रूपांतर दोनच पेपरमध्ये करण्यात येणार, त्यानुसार पहिला पेपर 100 गुण, तर दुसरा पेपर 200 गुण अशा एकूण 300 गुणांसाठी एकाच दिवशी तीन तास ही परीक्षा घेण्यात येणार
💫 परीक्षेचा अर्ज ऑनलाइनच भरावा लागणार, हे ऑनलाइन अर्ज आधारकार्डला लिंक करण्यात आले आहे, त्यामुळे विद्यार्थ्यांकडे आधारकार्ड असणे अनिवार्य
Which school of criticism has been called 'Neo-Aristotleans'?
(A)The Myth Criticism
(B)Historicism
(C)The New Criticism
(D)The Chicago Critics
(A)The Myth Criticism
(B)Historicism
(C)The New Criticism
(D)The Chicago Critics
'Positivism' was enunciated by:
(A)August Strindberg
(B) Isaac Newton
(C)August Comte
(D) John Locke
(A)August Strindberg
(B) Isaac Newton
(C)August Comte
(D) John Locke
Which one of the following is associated with the Royal Court Theatre, London?
(A)Arnold Wesker
(B) Alan Plater
(C) Edward Bond
(D)Tom Stoppard
(A)Arnold Wesker
(B) Alan Plater
(C) Edward Bond
(D)Tom Stoppard
The Cenciwas written by:
(A)Boccaccio
(B) Shelley
(C) Carducci
(D) Keats
(A)Boccaccio
(B) Shelley
(C) Carducci
(D) Keats
Strophe, antistrophe and epode are the components of:
(A)Pindaric Ode
(B)Horatian Ode
(C)Sophoclean Chorus
(D)Aeschylian Chorus
(A)Pindaric Ode
(B)Horatian Ode
(C)Sophoclean Chorus
(D)Aeschylian Chorus
Who coined the term Stream of Consciousness?
(A)William James
(B) Henry James
(C) James Joyce
(D) J. S. Mill
(A)William James
(B) Henry James
(C) James Joyce
(D) J. S. Mill
Who among the following is also known as a lexicographer?
(A)Webster
(B) Golding
(C) Johnson
(D) Sterne
(A)Webster
(B) Golding
(C) Johnson
(D) Sterne
*'जॉन मिल्टन' की कविता 'ऑन हिज ब्लाइंडनेस' (ON HIS BLINDNESS) का हिंदी अनुवाद*
👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻
जब मैं समझा ये दुनिया रोशनी खो चुकी है और मेरी आंखें अंधी हो चुकी हैं
फिर भी आधी जिंदगी और काटनी है; इस अंधेरे, बड़े संसार को बांटनी है
आज जब कर्म ही पूजा है मैं जानता हूं, आत्मा को मालिक की सेवा के और काबिल मानता हूं
पर वो कैसे कह सकता है सुंदर अक्षरों के लिए, जब खुद ही बुझाए हैं मेरी आंखों के दिए
मैं आसमान पर चिल्लाकर पूछना चाहता हूं,
पर धैर्य मेरी भुनभुनाहट का गला रेत देता है
हड़बड़ाया सा जवाब देता है, वो है ईश्वर!
इंसान क्या ही उसकी इच्छा पुराएगा? उसका मन उपहारों से लुभाएगा?
जो भी बैलों सी लगाम मुंह में डाले नधता जाता है
वही उस स्वर्गिक सत्ता वाले की सेवा कर पाता है
कहते हैं, उसका एक आदेश पाते ही हजारों दौड़ जाते हैं, जमीन और सागरों के पार
यों ही वे उसकी सेवा करते हैं, जो लंगड़े होकर भी खड़े रहते हैं और करते हैं इंतजार
और जिसे मौत ही छीन सकती है मेरा वो फन, अब यूं फालतू है जैसे गरीब का यौवन
फिर सोचता हूं आज वो मुझे नकार देगा, सेवा न कर पाने पर फटकार देगा
______________________________________________________
*Original Poem*
👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻
When I consider how my light is spent
Ere half my days in this dark world and wide,
And that one talent which is death to hide
Lodg’d with me useless, though my soul more bent
To serve therewith my Maker, and present
My true account, lest he returning chide,
“Doth God exact day-labour, light denied?”
I fondly ask. But Patience, to prevent
That murmur, soon replies: “God doth not need
Either man’s work or his own gifts: who best
Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state
Is kingly; thousands at his bidding speed
And post o’er land and ocean without rest:
They also serve who only stand and wait.”
🙏🏻🙏🏻🙏🏻🙏🏻🙏🏻🙏🏻🙏🏻🙏🏻
👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻
जब मैं समझा ये दुनिया रोशनी खो चुकी है और मेरी आंखें अंधी हो चुकी हैं
फिर भी आधी जिंदगी और काटनी है; इस अंधेरे, बड़े संसार को बांटनी है
आज जब कर्म ही पूजा है मैं जानता हूं, आत्मा को मालिक की सेवा के और काबिल मानता हूं
पर वो कैसे कह सकता है सुंदर अक्षरों के लिए, जब खुद ही बुझाए हैं मेरी आंखों के दिए
मैं आसमान पर चिल्लाकर पूछना चाहता हूं,
पर धैर्य मेरी भुनभुनाहट का गला रेत देता है
हड़बड़ाया सा जवाब देता है, वो है ईश्वर!
इंसान क्या ही उसकी इच्छा पुराएगा? उसका मन उपहारों से लुभाएगा?
जो भी बैलों सी लगाम मुंह में डाले नधता जाता है
वही उस स्वर्गिक सत्ता वाले की सेवा कर पाता है
कहते हैं, उसका एक आदेश पाते ही हजारों दौड़ जाते हैं, जमीन और सागरों के पार
यों ही वे उसकी सेवा करते हैं, जो लंगड़े होकर भी खड़े रहते हैं और करते हैं इंतजार
और जिसे मौत ही छीन सकती है मेरा वो फन, अब यूं फालतू है जैसे गरीब का यौवन
फिर सोचता हूं आज वो मुझे नकार देगा, सेवा न कर पाने पर फटकार देगा
______________________________________________________
*Original Poem*
👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻
When I consider how my light is spent
Ere half my days in this dark world and wide,
And that one talent which is death to hide
Lodg’d with me useless, though my soul more bent
To serve therewith my Maker, and present
My true account, lest he returning chide,
“Doth God exact day-labour, light denied?”
I fondly ask. But Patience, to prevent
That murmur, soon replies: “God doth not need
Either man’s work or his own gifts: who best
Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state
Is kingly; thousands at his bidding speed
And post o’er land and ocean without rest:
They also serve who only stand and wait.”
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Emailing moulin_rouge_r_jayant_gune.pdf