26. “Nature is the incarnation of thought
The world is the mind precipitated”
Which is the philosophical doctrine that holds the above belief?
a) Transcendentalism
b) Romanticism
c) Naturalism
d) Realism
Answer:…………………..

27. “The Tears of the world are a constant quantity. For each one who begins to weep, somewhere else another stops, the same is true of laugh”.
Who says so and in which work appear these lines?
a) Pozzo in Waiting for Godot
b) Camus in The Myth of Sisyphus
c) Nietzsche in Thus Spoke Zarathusthra
d) Kazantzakis in The Report to Greco
Answer:………………….
28. “The peculiar nakedness of Wordsworth’s poetry, its strong sense of being alone with the visible universe, with no myth or figure to meditate between ego and phenomena, is to a surprisingly large extent not so much a result of history as it is of Wordsworth’s personal faith in the reality of the body of nature”.
The above passage is taken from a classical study of Romanticism. Identify the author and work?
a) The Romantic Imagination by Mourice Bowra
b) The Visionary Company by Harold Bloom
c) Natural Supernaturalilsm by M.H Abrams
d) The Mirror and Lamp by M.H Abrams
Answer:…………………..

29. “... the entire history of the concept of structure, before the rupture of which we are speaking, must be thought of as a series of substitutions of centre for centre, as a linked chain of determinations of the centre. Successively, and in a regulated fashion, the centre receives different forms or names. The history of metaphysics, like the history of the West, is the history of these metaphors and metonymies. Its matrix [...] is the determination of being as presence in all senses of this word. It could be shown that all the names related to fundamentals, to principles, or to the centre have always designated an invariable presence (essence, existence, substance, subject, transcendentality, consciousness, God, man, and so forth).”
Who is the author of the above passage?
a) Roman Jakobson
b) Roland Barthes
c) Jacques Derida
d) Jacques Lacan
Answer:…………………..

30. “History, Stephen said, is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake.”
Identify the author and work?
a) James Joyce Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
b) James Joyce Ulysses
c) Beckett, Murphy
d) Beckett, Moloy
Answer:…………………..

31. “Let us go then, you and I,
When the evening is spread out against the sky
Like a patient etherized upon a table.”
In which poem by Eliot appear the above lines?
a) The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
b) The Waste Land
c) The Hollow Men
d) Ash-Wednesday
Answer:…………………..
32. It is a narrative form which deals with the artist’s growth to maturity. It means the “artis’s novel”. Wordsworth’s Prelude, Dickens’ David Copperfield, etc. are examples of this narrative form. Name this narrative form.
a) Künstlerroman
b) Bildungsroman
c) Autobiography
d) Historical novel
33. “Incredulity towards meta-narratives” is a definition of postmodernism given by:
a) Lyotard
b) Baudrillard
c) Fredric Jameson
d) Terry Eagleton
Answer:…………………..
34. “With this same key
Shake-speare unlocked his heart' once more!
Did Shakespeare? If so, the less Shake-speare he!”
Identify the author of the above lines.
a. Robert Browning
b. Ben Johnson
c. Dr. Samuel Johnson
d. Coleridge
Answer:…………………..
35. “An ambiguity, in ordinary speech, means something very pronounced, and as a rule witty or deceitful.... any verbal nuance, however slight, which gives room for alternative reactions to the same piece of language”.
Identify the author and Work.
a. I.A Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism
b. Derrida, Speech and Phenomena
c. F.R Leavis, The Common Pursuit
d. William Empson, Seven Types of Ambiguity
Answer:…………………..


36. “Why can a street be completely rebuilt and still be the same? Because it does not constitute a purely material entity; it is based on certain conditions that are distinct from the materials that fit the conditions, i.e. its location with respect to other

street”

The passage reminds you of.....

A, Archetypal criticism

B, Structuralism

C, Postmodernism

D, Poststructuralism

Answer:…………………..

37. 1, Barthes a, History

2, Levi Strauss b, Anthropology

3, Foucault c, Philosophy

4, Derrida d, Literature

A 1-d, 2-b, 3-a, 4-c
B 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b
C 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b
D 1-b, 2-c, 3-d 4-d
Answer:…………………..

38. Which is/are not by Foucault...
1, Order of Things
2, Madness and Civilisation
3, A Study of History
4, History of Sexuality

A, Only 1
B, Only 3
C, Both 1 and 2
D, Both 3 and 4
Answer:…………………..

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POETICS:
ARISTOTLE’S OBSERVATION ON POETRY:
• Aristotle's work on aesthetics consists of the Poetics, Politics and Rhetoric.
• The Poetics is specifically concerned with drama.
• It is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory.
• Poetics contains twenty six small chapters.
• Chapter I, II, III, IV and the XXV are devoted to poetry.
• Chapter V in general way to comedy, epic, and tragedy.
• Chapter VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII and XIX are exclusively to tragedy.
• Chapter XX, XXI and XXII to poetic diction.
• Chapter XXIII to epic poetry.
• Chapter XXIV, XXVI to a comparison of epic poetry and tragedy.
• According to Aristotle the poet imitates things ‘as they were or are’, ‘as they are said or thought to be’ or ‘as they ought to be’.
• Unlike Plato, Aristotle does not consider the poet’s imitations of life as twice removed from reality.
• To prove this Aristotle makes a comparison between poetry and history. The poet relates what may happen. The historian relates what has happened. Poetry therefore is more philosophical and higher than history.
• Aristotle considers pleasure as the end of poetry. Because it pleases both poet and reader.
• Poetry makes an immediate appeal to the emotions.
• Tragedy arouses the emotions of pity and fear.
• According to him these emotions are aroused with a view to their purgation or catharsis.
• Aristotle says that emotional appeal of poetry is not harmful but health-giving.
• Poetry can also be an excellent learning device.

The Nobel Prize:

• It is a Swedish literature prize.
• It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895.
• It has become the world's most prestigious literature prize.
• Alfred Nobel in his last will stated that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature.
• According to Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy was to award the Prize in Literature.
• The award is usually announced in October.
• A Literature Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.
• The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year.
• If a prize is awarded jointly to two or more laureates, the money is split among them.
• The laureate is also invited to give a lecture during "Nobel Week" in Stockholm’
• The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket in Sweden.
• Since 2012 the Nobel medals has been manufactured by Mint of Norway.
• The first literature prize was awarded to French poet and essayist Sully Prudhomme in 1901.
• In 1909, Selma Legerlof became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.
• The youngest winner to date is Mumbai-born British author Rudyard Kipling.
• Rabindranath Tagore was the first non-European or non-white recipient of the Nobel Prize.
• Doris Lessing is the oldest winner.
• The Nobel Medal for Literature was designed by Swedish sculptor and engraver Erik Lindberg and represents a young man sitting under a laurel tree.
• It will not be awarded in 2018, but two names will be awarded in 2019.

1. Where was Aristotle born?
ANS: Stagira
2. Which pupil of Aristotle became a conqueror?
ANS: Alexander
3. When did Aristotle live?
ANS: 384-322 BC
4. To where did Aristotle withdraw after Alexander's death?
ANS: Chalcis
5. Which philosopher was Aristotle’s master?
ANS: Plato
6. Who was the first literary critic who said that “Art is twice removed from reality”?
ANS: Plato
7. Aristotle discusses the theory of Tragedy in -----
ANS: Poetics
8. Aristotle’s critical work is entitled----
ANS: Poetics
9. Which Academy colleague left with Aristotle after Plato's death and accompanied him in some of his travels?
ANS: Xenocrates
10. Whose niece did Aristotle marry?
ANS: Hermias’s
11. For which subject is Aristotle least known?
ANS: Mathematics
12. What did Aristotle refer to metaphysics as?
ANS: First Philosophy
13. What was the profession of Aristotle's father?
ANS: Physician
14. What was the name of Aristotle's guardian after his parents' death?
ANS: Proxenus
15. What did Aristotle found in 335 BC?
ANS: A school (The Lyceum, in Athens)

Aphorism:
• ‘Aphorism’ is a term transferred from the “Aphorisms of Hippocrates”.
• Hippocrates, the ancient Greek physician, coined the term aphorism. He wrote a book called Aphorisms, which was full of short statements expressing medical truths.
• Aphorism is a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner.
• In ancient times many of these aphorisms were in religious literature.
• Aphoristic collections, sometimes known as wisdom literature.
• Making use of aphorisms allows a writer to teach a philosophical or moral truth.
• The first noted published collection of aphorisms is Adagia by Erasmus.
• Many popular quotes that get passed around are examples of aphorisms.
• Aphorisms are closely related to proverbs and adages.
• Two influential collections of aphorisms published in the twentieth century were The Uncombed Thoughts by Stanisław Jerzy Lec and Itch of Wisdom by Mikhail Turovsky.
• Sir Francis Bacon excels in the aphoristic style of writing. Possibly, his sayings are the most quoted of all. Consider the following examples: “Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability.” (Of Studies)
• Alexander Pope was a great aphoristic writer of the 18th century.
Example: “To err is human, to forgive divine.” (An Essay on Criticism)
• Literary writers such as Franz Kafka and Oscar Wilde are also noted for their frequent usage of aphorisms.
• Writers of literature often invent memorable aphorisms because they need to communicate a big idea in a striking manner.
• Some aphorisms that originated in literature and their origin is practically unknown, while other aphorisms

www.englishlecturenotes.com
Shakespeare’s dramatic work is generally divided in four periods:

1. The First Period(1588-1593):

a) Henry VI
b) Titus Andronicus
Comedies…
c) Love’s Labour’s Lost
d) Two Gentlemen of Verona
e) The Comedy of Errors
f) A Midsummer Night's Dream
Tragedy
g) Romeo and Juliet

2. The Second Period(1594- 1600):

a) Richard II
b) King John
c) The Merchant of Venice
d) Henry IV, part I
e) Henry IV, part II
f) Henry V
g) The Taming of the Shrew
h) The Merry Wives of Windsor
i) Much Ado About Nothing
j) As You Like It
k) Twelfth Night

3. The Third Period(1601- 1608):

a) Julius Caesar
b) Hamlet
c) All’s Well That Ends Well
d) Measure for Measure
e) Troilus and Cressida
f) Othello
g) King Lear
h) Macbeth
i) Antony and Cleopatra
j) Coriolanus
k) Timon of Athens

4. The Fourth Period(1608- 1612):

a) Cymbeline
b) The Tempest
c) Winter,s Tale
d) Pericles
e) Henry VIII

✍ _*येत्या 30 जून रोजी राज्यस्तरीय पात्रता परीक्षा (सेट) परीक्षा*_

_*LetsUp | Update*_

📅 सावित्रीबाई फुले पुणे विद्यापीठामार्फत महाराष्ट्र आणि गोवा राज्यात घेण्यात येणारी राज्यस्तरीय पात्रता परीक्षा (सेट) परीक्षा येत्या 30 जून रोजी घेण्यात येणार, याचे वेळापत्रक फेब्रुवारी महिन्यात जाहीर करण्यात येणार

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Which school of criticism has been called 'Neo-Aristotleans'?

(A)The Myth Criticism
(B)Historicism
(C)The New Criticism
(D)The Chicago Critics