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هاي فعل بكتريا clostridium tetani وهاي الوضعية مال تقلص عضلات الظهر تسمى opisthotonous

A patient suffering from Tetanus (Lockjaw) by Sir Charles Bell 1809

1st generation anti-depressants:

• TriCyclic Antidepressants (TCA)
• MonoAmine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI)


2nd generation anti-depressants:

• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)
• Serotonin & Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI)
• Atypical anti-depressants, like Norepinephrine & Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (NDRI)

Locus Coeruleus*
مو Lateral Coeleus...

ولو ثنينهن اختصارهن (LC)

Dopaminergic & Reward system of the brain:

- Substantia Nigra
- Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

Nigrostriatal tract

Mesolimbic & Mesocortical tracts

Antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs

Autonomic nervous system & Denervation hypersensitivity

على ذكر ال LSD

Sympathetic nervous system
Preganglionic neurons & fibers

White ramus communicate

Grey ramus communicate

Preganglionic fibers come from:

Spinal cord --> White ramus communicate --> sympathetic ganglion --> then they either:

1- synapse with postganglionic neurons IN the paravertebral ganglion

2- or pass through paravertebral fibers to a superior/inferior ganglion

3- or pass through grey ramus communicate to reach a "pre"vertebral ganglion

Some notes

Divergence/Convergence in neural networks & sympathetic nervous system

The human cortex is made up of:

• Neocortex

• Allocortex:
1- Paleocortex
2- Archicortex