1/ An investment in your mental health is the single most important investment you will make.

"Being happy personally is the pathway to help everything else make sense."

Open up. Talk to someone. It doesn't make you weak.

It will make you a stronger, happier, clearer thinker.

2/ Embrace imposter syndrome.

"The sense of being an imposter is overpowering. And it's like this dragon that I've been trying to slay my
whole life, and I haven't been able to."

Embrace this feeling. Get uncomfortable. Let it fuel you to learn and grow.

3/ Providing a path to financial freedom will solve many societal inequities.

"I think that if more people believed that they could be economically self-sufficient, it would solve a lot
of the societal implications of inequity."

If we light the path, people will walk along it.

4/ Go long on growth.

"Because whether rates are at minus five or plus five, the thing that overcomes all of that noise is fast
growth. CEOs that can invest all the money they make today for the future."

Let the best capital allocators reinvest for you. Let compounding work.

5/ Create rules that prevent you from falling into psychological traps of investing.

"I think it is that if you define certain behavioral principles that protect you from the worst parts of your
own psychology, that’s a winning strategy."

Create these rules. Stick to them.

It took me...

200+ articles before I got a book deal.
250+ articles before I got major media coverage (NYT).
100+ interviews before my book hit the bestseller list.

You need a lot of shots on goal. Not everything will work, but some of it will.

Keep shooting.

- James Clear

Dunning-Kruger Effect 101

In a year when the markets have minted many new self-proclaimed geniuses, it is worth remembering the Dunning-Kruger Effect.

But what is the Dunning-Kruger Effect and how does it work?

Here's Dunning-Kruger Effect 101!

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1/ First, a few definitions.

The Dunning-Kruger Effect is a cognitive bias in which people with low ability at a given task are prone to overestimate their ability at that task.

Put simply, humans are notoriously incapable of objective evaluation of their competency levels.

2/ The cognitive bias was first identified by psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger in a 1999 study.

Their paper, entitled Unskilled and Unaware of It, summarized, "People tend to hold overly favorable views of their abilities in many social and intellectual domains."

3/ The two men had studied the bizarre case of McArthur Wheeler, a 5'6" 270lb bank robber who was swiftly caught after robbing two banks in broad daylight.

He hadn't worn a mask.

Instead, he had put lemon juice on his face, believing it would make him invisible to cameras.

4/ Wheeler was aware that lemon juice was used as invisible ink, so (incorrectly) inferred that it could be used to make himself invisible to security cameras.

Even after he was caught, he was legitimately incredulous that his plan with the lemon juice hadn't worked.

5/ Dunning and Kruger studied whether the least skilled are the most overconfident.

Their finding: the worst performers consistently overestimated their abilities relative to others.

Let's look at a few examples of this bias in action and how you can avoid its pitfalls.

6/ In investing?

As the saying goes, "everyone is a genius in a bull market."

When markets are ripping and your portfolio seems to grow by the day, many fall victim to the Dunning-Kruger Effect.

We may wrongly attribute this performance to our innate talent as investors.

7/ In politics?

With politics, intellectual humility is an aberration, not the norm.

Politicians espouse policy ideas with great confidence even if they have a weak handle of the details.

It's not shocking that we see Cobra Effects in the policy realm.

8/ In business?

Everyone has had that one boss - the know-it-all who actually knows very little.

These bosses (who typically get stuck in middle management) hold back organizations from high performance.

They are easy to spot - we all know who they are.

Beware this boss!

9/ But while we can all rail against the politicians, bosses, or public figures who seem to epitomize the Dunning-Kruger Effect, it is important to recognize that, as humans, we are all prone to this cognitive bias!

So how do we avoid it?

Here are a few strategies.

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10/ Identify your Circle of Competence.

The Circle of Competence is the set of topic areas that align with a person's expertise.

Be ruthless in identifying and protecting the boundaries of your Circle of Competence.

Hint: it's usually smaller than you think.

11/ Get comfortable with, "I don't know."

Most people have an inherent discomfort with saying, "I don't know."

Change that. Embrace what you don't know.

The world would be a much better, more efficient place if we stripped out the fluff and cut to the "I don't know" chase.

12/ Be a first principles thinker.

Think you know something? Challenge yourself, your reasoning, and your assumptions as a matter of practice.

It's uncomfortable, but it is also essential to creating non-linear outcomes.

13/ As Charlie Munger said, "It is remarkable how much long-term advantage people like us have gotten by trying to be consistently not stupid, instead of trying to be very intelligent."

Know your competencies, focus on them.

Know your incompetencies, avoid (or outsource) them.