✅ SEBI IT – MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS (1–50) ✅

🟢 1. Which of the following is violated when unauthorized modifications happen? 
✅ Answer: Integrity

🟢 2. Which algorithm is used for finding the shortest path in a graph that may have negative edge weights? 
✅ Answer: Johnson–Ford Algorithm

🟢 3. How to access a global variable when its name conflicts with a local variable (C++)? 
✅ Answer: Using scope resolution operator (::)

🟢 4. What will be the output of the following C program? 
int arr[] = {10, 20, 30, 40}; 
printf("%d", *(arr + 2)); 
✅ Answer: 30

🟢 5. What does the NOT NULL constraint ensure in SQL? 
✅ Answer: A column cannot store NULL values

🟢 6. Which aggregate function in SQL is used to count non-NULL records? 
✅ Answer: COUNT(column_name)

🟢 7. Which block executes code whether an exception occurs or not? 
✅ Answer: finally block

🟢 8. Which device forwards data packets based on IP address? 
✅ Answer: Router

🟢 9. What are packet header sizes used for in networking? 
✅ Answer: To store control info like source, destination, protocol, length

🟢 10. SQL condition to select names starting with A or B? 
✅ Answer: WHERE name LIKE 'A%' OR name LIKE 'B%'

🟢 11. How do you count records where department is NOT NULL? 
✅ Answer: SELECT COUNT(dept) FROM table_name;

🟢 12. What is multilevel inheritance? 
✅ Answer: A class derived from another derived class (A → B → C)

🟢 13. Which of the following is an Application Layer protocol? 
✅ Answer: DNS

🟢 14. Attack where server resources exhaust due to half-open TCP connections? 
✅ Answer: SYN Flood Attack

🟢 15. What does INNER JOIN return in SQL? 
✅ Answer: Only matching rows from both tables

🟢 16. Which property of Structure is true? 
✅ Answer: Separate memory is allocated for each member

🟢 17. Compile-time polymorphism is achieved using? 
✅ Answer: Function / Method Overloading

🟢 18. Output of the code: 
int x = 10, y = 20; 
if (x > y) print A 
else if (x == y) print B 
else print C 
✅ Answer: C

🟢 19. Which algorithm uses Divide and Conquer technique? 
✅ Answer: Quick Sort

🟢 20. Which sorting algorithm is comparison-based and uses heap data structure? 
✅ Answer: Heap Sort

🟢 21. C pointer example output: 
int a = 5; 
int *p = &a; 
int **q = &p; 
printf("%d", **q); 
✅ Answer: 5

🟢 22. Can any class access public data members of another class in C++? 
✅ Answer: Yes

🟢 23. Johnson’s Algorithm is used to: 
✅ Answer: Find shortest paths between all pairs of vertices (no negative cycles)

🟢 24. What does ROLLBACK do in SQL? 
✅ Answer: Reverts all changes in current transaction

🟢 25. Which firewall tracks connection states? 
✅ Answer: Stateful Firewall

🟢 26. Destructor properties: 
✅ Answer: Automatically called, used for cleanup

🟢 27. Can a destructor throw an exception? 
✅ Answer: Yes, but not a good practice

🟢 28. Which is NOT a data pre-processing step? 
✅ Answer: Model Deployment

🟢 29. Properties of Structure (struct) – which is correct? 
✅ Answer: Members may have different data types & each member has separate memory

🟢 30. Lazy loading is based on: 
✅ Answer: Timestamp / Demand-based loading

🟢 31. Which UNIX command is used to find differences between two files? 
✅ Answer: diff

🟢 32. A switch uses which protocol to prevent loops? 
✅ Answer: STP (Spanning Tree Protocol)

🟢 33. Shell condition: 
if [ -f file ] && [ -s file ] 
When is "ok" printed? 
✅ Answer: Only when file exists AND is non-empty

🟢 34. Function to find number of rows and columns in R? 
✅ Answer: dim()

🟢 35. Does a spanning tree work on a disconnected graph? 
✅ Answer: No, only on connected graphs

🟢 36. Minimum Ethernet frame size (header + trailer)? 
✅ Answer: 64 bytes

🟢 37. Which is NOT a function of Python re module? 
✅ Answer: suball()

🟢 38. Python list – output? 
val = [1,2,3] 
val.append([4,5]) 
print(len(val)) 
✅ Answer: 4

🟢 39. malloc() is used for dynamic memory allocation but: 
✅ Answer: Does NOT initialize memory (garbage value stored)

🟢 40.

Infinite looping in networking is controlled by: 
✅ Answer: TTL (Time To Live)

🟢 41. Command to clear terminal screen in shell: 
✅ Answer: clear

🟢 42. Which statements are TRUE for Second Normal Form (2NF)? 
1️⃣ Must be in 1NF 
2️⃣ No partial dependency 
3️⃣ Must be in BCNF 
✅ Answer: 1 and 2 only

🟢 43. SQL query to find 2nd highest salary from emp table: 
SELECT MAX(salary) FROM emp WHERE salary < (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM emp);

🟢 44. Python list shows mutability because: 
[1,2,3].append([4,5]) 
✅ Answer: List is mutable (length becomes 4)

🟢 45. In Python slicing list[start:end:step], which parameter is optional? 
✅ Answer: step

🟢 46. C pointer double dereference example: 
int a = 5; int *p = &a; int q = &p; printf("%d", q); 
✅ Answer: 5

🟢 47. Infinite looping ko control kaun karta hai? 
✅ Answer: TTL (Time To Live)

🟢 48. Python list mutability check: 
[1,2,3].append([4,5]) 
✅ Answer: List is mutable (length becomes 4)

🟢 49. In a B-Tree of order m, what is the minimum number of keys in a non-root (internal) node? 
✅ Answer: ⌈m / 2⌉ − 1 keys

🟢 50. What is stored in the leaf nodes of a B+ Tree? 
✅ Answer: Actual data records or data pointers

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