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Very important concept for RBI SEBI and IFSCA Interview.

Yield to Maturity (YTM) - simplest explanation!
With 3 ways to calculate it in EXCEL 
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What is YTM?
Yield to Maturity is the return we expect to make on a bond if we buy it today at the current market price and hold it till its maturity.

Assume a bond with following characteristics
Coupon : 10%
Tenor: 3 years
Face Value: 100
Current Price: 98

If you buy this bond at 100, and hold to maturity, then your return will be the same as the coupon.

But if you buy the bond at 98, your return will be higher (The money to be received is fixed)

If Current Price < Face Value, YTM > Coupon
If Current Price > Face Value, YTM < Coupon

How do we calculate it in Excel?

3 methods

▶️ IRR

- Use IRR in Excel
- IRR (-98,10,10,110)

= 10.82%

▶️ YIELD
- Use YIELD function in Excel.
- Yield has a syntax as given below
- YIELD(settlement, maturity, rate, pr, redemption, frequency, [basis])
- Settlement is any date – say 1 Jan 2024
- Maturity is a date 3 years down the line – 1 Jan 2027
- Rate is coupon, expressed in % = 10%
- PR = Price = 98
- Redemption is the Face Value = 100
- Frequency = 1 = Annual 
- Basis = 1 = Actual Day count convention

Input data, and you will get the same answer (10.82%)

▶️ RATE
You can also use the RATE function
- PV = -98 (-ve since you are paying this)
- FV = 100
- PMT = 10
- NPER = 3 years
- Payment at the end of the period

Solve for the function RATE, and you will get 10.82%

Key points to NOTE

📌 Yield to Maturity assumes Reinvestment at the same yield. That may not happen in real life, and hence actual returns may be slightly different.

📌 IRR and RATE will work if the time when you buy the bond at the beginning or a coupon date. If you buy between coupon dates, YIELD function will give you the correct answer.

📌 YIELD function works on a bond with face value of 100. It will give incorrect results if you take different face values like 1000 etc.

This is the reason why some research or guidance is needed otherwise this will happen, 3-4-5 years of preparation and then realisation that this not is not worth, then frustration and wastage of energetic years of our life!

850 Is Huge Number!
If you have very close friends or relatives then ask the inside story!

About 850 IRS officers took retirement under VRS in last 10 years: MoS Finance - The Hindu
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